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Photoshop
UNIT-III Introduction to Photoshop
1.What is Photoshop ? Explain Its Features.
Ans: Photoshop is the leading professional image editing program., which is
used for photo/image editing, cover page designing, photo scanning and
giving different types of effects to the image. This program is developed by
Adobe Corporation, USA.

The Photoshop software is available for both Windows and Mac operating
systems. Photoshop provides so many features to manipulate images. These
feature can be described as follows:
1. Cropping: If we want to remove parts of an image, we can crop it. We
can think of cropping like using a pair of scissors to cut out the parts of
the image that we no longer want.

2. Resizing: We can make an image smaller or larger by using

photoshop. The resizing has to be done by the user without decreasing
the quality of an image.

3. Rotating: The user can change the orientation of an image by rotating

the image left or right or specify the degree such as 90 0 and 1800
clockwise or anti-clockwise.

4. Color adjustment: The main benefit of using photoshop is that it

provides various options to improve the color of an image such as
increasing brightness, hue and saturation etc.

5. Smoothness: An image can be smoothened by using some tools like

brushes to improve the visibility of the image.

6. Remove red eye: We can also remove the redness of an eye in an

image.

7. Repairing an image: In addition to adding color to an image, the

photoshop also provides options to repair the patches of an image
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(especially the old images) by using a tool called]“patch tool and

healing tool” .

8. Designing: In addition to make adjustments to the existing images, the

user can also design new images by using some predefined shapes and
custom shapes with the use of tools like pen and brushes. We can also
design business cards , letter heads , logos , news letters etc.

9. Combining Images: In photoshop , each image is treated as a layer.

When we complete the designing of all layers of a document, we can
combine all those layers into a single image.

10. Fill Patterns and Filters: To improve the visibility of an image,

we can also fill different types of patterns and apply different types of
filters to the images.
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2.
Title bar Menu bar Options bar Tool bar Current Document

Panes/Palettes
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Title Bar: Title bar always displays the name of the program that you are
currently working, so title bar contains ―Adobe Photoshop.
Menu Bar: Menu bar is a horizontal bar; it contains file, edit, image, layer,
select, filter, view, window, and help menus. All options for working with the
Photoshop are available in the menus.

Options bar: Every tool in Photoshop Elements has options that you can
change; options bar contains the options for your currently using tool in the
toolbar.

Tool bar: Tool bar is a vertical bar; it has so many tools that enable us to
design an efficient image. Tool bar contains the following tools, they are:
marquee tool, move tool, lasso tool, magic wand tool, crop tool, slice tool, pen
tool etc.

Current document: which document you are currently working is called as

current document.

Panes: Panes are also vital features that relay all kinds of information like
tool options, layer selection, history, display location information, and text
style, among others. Here is a list of panes you are most likely to encounter
when you start using Photoshop: Palettes, Layers, etc.

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3.How to Cerate New Image(File), Save , Open, Revert and Close your
files? Explain
Or
Explain about Saving, closing, reverting files in Photoshop.

Creating New file:

 Choose File > New.

 In the New dialog box, type a name for the image.

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 (Optional) Choose a document size from the Document Type menu.

 Set the Resolution, Color Mode, and bit depth.

 If you’ve copied a selection to the clipboard, the image dimensions and

resolution are automatically based on that image data.

 Select a Background Contents option:

White
Fills the background layer with white, the default background color.
Background Color
Fills the background layer with the current background color.
Transparent
Makes the first layer transparent, with no color values.

 Now you can click OK to open the new file.

Saving file in Photoshop:

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 Go to file menu and select save option.

 It will display ―Save As‖ dialog box.

 In the save as dialog box first select the location where the document
will be save in your computer.
 Type the name of the file name.
 Choose format for your image such as JPEG / TIFF / Photoshop, etc.
 After using required options in the dialog box press ―SAVE‖ push
button.
 Photoshop file will be saved.

Opening files in Photoshop:

 Choose File > Open.

 It will display ―Open dialog box.
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 Select the name of the file you want to open.

 Click Open.
Reverting Files in Photoshop
The word revert means to return to something earlier or to go back. While
changing an image in the Photoshop, do you want to cancel the previous step
and get the image into the previous state then you can use revert option in
the file menu.
Follow the below steps to know how to use revert option:
 Open an image

 Make changes in the original image.

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 To revert (kept the image in the previous state), then click revert option
in the file menu.
 You can see that the last action you have used on the image will be
reverted.
 You can use revert option until you reached the image in original stage.

Closing(Close) Files in Photoshop

To close the Photoshop document, follow the below steps:
 To go file menu and select ‗close‘ option.
 It displays the following dialog box.

 The above dialog box means photoshop don‘t lets you close the
photoshop file until saving the
 changes made by you.
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 If you want to close the document with changes made by you then
press ‗yes‘ push button.
 If you want to close the document without changes made by you then
press ‗no‘ push button.
 To close this dialog box then press ‗cancel‘ button.
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4.What is Tool Box? Write about various tools present in it.

Ans: Photoshop provides a toolbox that contains several tools to perform
editing on images. We can select a variety of tools from the Toolbox by
clicking on the icons. To view the Toolbox , Go To “Window => Tools”
option.

The tool box contains several following tools

Move Tool (V): The move tool simply lets you move objects in a
given layer around the Photoshop canvas. To use it, click anywhere
on the canvas and drag

Marquee(M): The marquee lets you select part of the canvas in a

specific shape. By default you get a rectangular ,but you can also select
in the shape of an ellipse
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Lasso(L): The lasso is a free-form selection tool that lets you drag
around the canvas and select anything on the image. Within this tool
you also have access to the polygonal lasso and magnetic lasso tools.

Magic Wand (W): Clicking an area with the magic wand will tell
Photoshop to select the spot you clicked on and anything around it
that's similar.

Crop Tool (C) :The crop tool is used to crop your pictures. You can
specify the exact size and constrain the crop tool to those
proportions.

Eyedropper (I): The eyedropper tool lets you click on any part of the
canvas and sample the color at that exact point. The eyedropper will
change your foreground color to whatever color it sampled from the
canvas.

Healing Brush (J): The healing brush lets you sample part of the
photograph and use it to paint over another part.

Paintbrush and Pencil (B): The paintbrush is a tool that emulates a

paintbrush and the pencil is a tool that emulates a pencil.

Clone Stamp (S): Like the healing brush, the clone stamp lets you
sample part of the photograph and use it to paint over another part.

History Brush (Y): The history brush lets you paint back in time.
Photoshop keeps track of all the moves you make (well, 50 by
default) and the history brush lets you paint the past back into the
current photo.

Eraser Tool (E) :The erase tool is almost identical to the paintbrush,
except it erases instead of paints.

Paint Can and Gradient Tools (G) :The paint can tool lets you fill in
a specific area with the current foreground color. The gradient tool
will, by default, create a gradient that blends the foreground and background
tool
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Blur, Sharpen, and Smudge Tools (R): All three of these tools act
like paintbrushes, but each has a different impact on your picture.
The blur tool will blur the area where you paint, the sharpen tool
will sharpen it, and the smudge tool will smudge the area all around the
canvas .

Burn, Dodge, and Sponge Tools (O): The burn, dodge, and
sponge tools are paintbrush-like tools that manipulate light and
color intensity. The burn tool can make areas in your photo
darker. The dodge tool can make them lighter. The sponge tool can
saturate or desaturate color in the area you paint with it.

Pen Tool (P):The pen tool is used for drawing vector graphics. It
can also be used to create paths.

Type Tool (T): The type tool lets you type horizontally. Tools
hidden beneath the horizontal type tool will let you type vertically
and also create horizontal and vertical text masks.

Path Tool (A):The path tool lets you move any created paths
around. It's like the move tool, but for paths.

Shape Tool (U): The shape tool lets you create vector rectangles,
rounded rectangles, circles, polygons, lines, and custom shapes.
These tools are very useful when designing or when creating shape
masks for photos.

Note Tool (N) : You can use the note tool to add text notes to
a file inPhotoshop.

Hand Tool (H): The hand tool allows you to click and drag around
the Photoshop canvas. This tool is for easily navigating around when
you're zoomed in, or a picture is simple too big to fit on the screen at 100%.

Zoom Tool (Z): The zoom tool lets you zoom in and out of the
Photoshop canvas by clicking on a given area

Color Selection Tools: These tools let us managing foreground and

background colors of an image.
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UNIT-IV Images
5.Discuss about COLOR MODES and IMAGE ADJUSTMENTS in Adobe
Photoshop?
Ans: The main element in photoshop is the image. The photoshop provides
several options to manipulate images. It contains a menu called “Image” that
contains several options to make required adjustments to the images.
IMAGE COLOR MODES:
Photoshop supports different color modes for setting up the image.
They are:
RGB: Constitute of Red(R), Green(G) and Blue(B). These are known as
Primary Colors. RGB images use these 3 colors, to reproduce up to 16.7
million colors on screen.
CMYK: Constitute of Cyan (C) , Magenta (M), Yellow (Y), and Black (K).
These are the secondary colors formed by mixing the primary colors. Images
are edited in RGB mode but are converted in CMYK for color separations
before sending for print.
L*a*b color: It consists of a luminance or lightness component (L) and
two components: The *a* component (from green to red) and the *b*
component (from blue to yellow). Lab mode is device independent. The Lab
colors are consistent on monitors, printers and scanners.
Grayscale: This mode uses up to 256 shades of gray. It ranges from 0
(black) to 255 (white)
Bitmap: It uses one of two color values (black and white) to represent
the pixels in a image. This mode is used for line art.
Duotone: This mode creates duotone(two-color), triton(three-color)
and quad-tone (four-color) grayscale images. Duotones are usually created
to add a color tint to black and white photographs.
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Indexed color: This mode uses 256 levels of gray in each channel.
Index color images are created from RGB images. It gives more control over
the palette and has the ability to create identify palettes.
IMAGE ADJUSTMENTS:
Levels: The Levels option enables to correct the tonal range of an
image which represents the amount of contrast, ranging from darkest pixels
to the lightest pixels.
1. Auto Levels: This option will automatically shift the darkest pixels to
black, and the lightest pixels to white and thereby greatly improve the
contrast.
2. Auto Contrast: It adjusts the overall contrast and mixture of colors in an
image automatically.
3. Auto Color: It removes unpleasant casts created by scanners and digital
cameras. It looks for the darkest and lightest points in the image, and
balance out the colors.
4. Curves: It adjusts the entire tonal range of an image by using the 3
variables(highlights, shadows and midtones).
5. Color Balance: This option changes the overall mixture of colors in an
image for generalized color correction.
6. Hue/Saturation: This option lets us adjust the hue, saturation, and
brightness of an image.
7. Selective Color: This option is used by high-end scanners to increase
and decrease the amount of process colors in primary color components in
an image.
8. Channel Mixer: This command makes it possible to mix the color from
multiple channels.
9. Brightness/Contrast: This option enables to adjust the brightness and
contrast of an image.
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10. Desaturate Command: It is used to change colors or brightness values

in an image but are typically used for enhancing color and producing special
effects.
11. Invert : This option is used to make a positive black and white image
negative. When we invert an image , the brightness value of each pixel in the
channel is converted to inverse value on the 256-step color-values scale.
12. Equalize: It redistributes the brightness values of the pixels in an image
so that they more evenly represent the entire range of brightness levels.
13. Threshold: Converts grayscale or color images to high-contrast, black-
and-white images. We can specify a certain level as a threshold. All pixels
lighter than the threshold are converted into white; all pixels darker are
converted to black.
14. Posterize: It enables to specify the number of tonal levels for each
channel in an image and then maps pixels to the closest matching level.
15. Gradient Map: Maps the equivalent grayscale range of an image to the
colors of a specified gradient fill.
16. Variations: This option is used to adjust the color, contrast, and
saturation of an image.
OTHER IMAGE OPTIONS:
i. Duplicate: This options makes a copy of our current document.
ii. Apply Image: It combines a layer and channel from one document
with a layer and channel from another document using the blend
mode and opacity.
iii. Calculations: This option works like ‘Apply Image’ , but instead of
combining layers and channels, it combines only channels.
iv. Image Size: We can use this option to resize an image, and it’s
pretty straight forward.
v. Canvas Size: Canvas size is similar to ‘Image Size’ , but changes to
an image’s canvas size can provide us more working area for the
image.
vi. Rotate canvas: It uses the following options to rotate the image.
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1800 - rotates the image by 180 degrees

900 Right – rotates the image by 90 degrees clockwise.
900 Left– rotates the image by 90 degrees anti-clockwise.
Custom - rotates the image by an arbitrary angle.
vii. CROP: The option enables us to crop an image by selecting the
required area of an image.
viii. TRIM: It is another way of crop an image. This option works by
removing unwanted parts of the image. The image crops by
trimming surrounding transparent pixels, or background pixels of
the color you specify etc.

6. How to change background of an image?

Ans: I was wondering that how can we change the background of a picture if
a person in standing in a place then how can we let it standing on another
place. Finally I have done the work using Magnetic Lasso Tool.

Steps are listed below:

1. Open the image in Adobe Photoshop using open dialog box

2. Now right click on lasso tool and click on magnetic lasso tool.

3. Then move the tool on the person’s body outline.

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4. Now press enter then it will look like this

5. Right click and click on layer via copy

6. On the layer menu click on new then layer or press

Shift+Ctrl+N.
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7. Now open the new background image in Photoshop.

8. Now select all the image by pressing Ctrl+A and copy using Ctrl+C.

9. Now paste it on the original image using Ctrl+P.

10. Now delete the layer named “Background”

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11. Change the order of the two layers Layer 1 and layer

2.
12. Now change the size of layer 2 using Ctrl+T.

13. You are done as shown in figure.

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UNIT-V Layers & Filters

7.What is Layer? Explain about Layer Palette.
Or
Explain about Layers in Photoshop .
Ans: A layer is simply one image stacked on top of another.
Layers are a powerful feature of Photoshop that allow you to work on one
part of an image without disturbing the rest of it. Every Photoshop
document contains at least one layer. Creating multiple layers lets you easily
control how your artwork is printed, displayed, and edited.

Creation of a New Layer:

A new layer can be created by choosing “File => New Layer” option. It
gives a couple of several following options:
“New Layer” option simply creates a new blank layer.
“New Layer from Background” option will change the background from a
locked layer to a layer you can work with.
“New Layer via copy” option will copy everything from the selected layer
and make a new layer from it.
“New Layer via cut” option will take whatever we have selected, cut it out of
that layer and create a new layer from that selection.
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Duplicate Layer :
This option will copy the selected layer and make an exact replica of it
as a new layer. A duplicate layer can be created by choosing “Layer =>
Duplicate Layer” Option.

Delete Layer:
It will delete the selected layer from the layers palette. We can delete a
layer by choosing “Layer => Delete Layer” option.
Layer Styles:
Photoshop provides various following layer styles.
.
1. Drop Shadow: Creates a shadow behind the layers contents.
2. Inner Shadow: Creates a shadow on top of the layers contents.
3. Outer Glow: Creates a glow behind the layers contents.
4. Inner Glow: Creates a glow on top of the layers contents.
5. Bevel and Emboss: Used to create unique high light and shadow
effects on layers contents.
6. Satin: Gives the layer contents a satin-like, glossy appearance.
7. Color Overlay: Fills the layer contents with a solid color.
8. Gradient Overlay: Fills the layer contents with a gradient.
9. Pattern Overlay: Fills the layer contents with a pattern.
10. Stroke: Creates an outline on layer contents using a solid color,
gradient or pattern.

Adjustment Layer: An adjustment layer allows to change things on the

digital photo without making changes on the original image. The following
options available under the adjustment layer.

1. Levels: Gives the value for highlights, shadows and midtones.

2. Curves: Lets us adjust the tonal range of the image.
3. Color Balance: Changes the color in an image for color correction.
4. Brightness / Contrast: Specify values for brightness / contrast by
making adjustments in tonal range of an image.
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5. Hue / Saturation: Adjusts the hue, saturation, and brightness in an

image.
6. Selective Color: Select the color, which we want to correct and drag
the sliders in the selected color dialog box.
7. Channel Mixer: Modifies the color channel by creating high quality
grayscale images.
8. Gradient Map: A gradient map will allow to replace a gradient layer
over the image. We can choose between grayscale maps and using
colors, or creating own gradient.
9. Invert: Invert layer will take the colors from another part of the image
and switch them to a differently colored portion of the image.
10. Threshold: This will get rid of gray within the image. Any tone
that is darker then threshold will be turned to pure black and any tone
lighter than the threshold number will be changed to white.
11. Posterize: Posterizing an image reduces the amount of colors in
the image to make it look more like a poster.

Layer Mask: Layer mask is used to hide portions of the layers and reveal
the layers below. For blending multiple photos into a single image, masking
layers is considered as a best technique. While adding a layer mask, we need
to decide whether we want to hide or show the entire layer. To add a layer
mask, select a layer or group ; click the “Add Layer mask” button in Layers
palette.

Arranging Layers: We can change the order of the layers one top of
another. It can done by choosing “Layers => Arrange” option.

Aligning Layers: Aligning layers allows to align the to align the top, bottom,
left or right edge of the contents of a layer or layers to the edge of the
contents of another layer, or to the edge of a document , or to a selection. It
can be done by choosing
“Layers => Align” option.
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Lock Layers: This option allows to either lock the layer completely so that
we cannot move it or do anything to it accidentally. We can also lock only
certain aspects of the layer such as only the areas that are transparent, or
only the areas that are not transparent or we can lock the position of the
contents of the layer. We can lock the layers by choosing “Layers => Lock
Layers” option.

Merge Layers: Merging the layers will combine all the layers appearing in a
single document into one image, rather than each piece of the document
being on a separate layer. When all the layers design is completed, they have
to be merged by using “Layers => Merge Layers” option , to treat them as a
single image.

8. Explain different filter operations in Photoshop.

(or)
Discuss about Filters in Photoshop (2017).
Ans: A “Filter” is software routine that changes the appearance of an image
in photoshop. Filters are mainly used to give different look to the images. In
photoshop, all the filters have defined in “Filter” menu. To apply filters , we
have to convert the Background layer to a standard layer.
Advantages of Filters:
There are several advantages of using filters in Photoshop.
1. Filters are used to clean up and retouch the photos
2. Using filters we can apply special art effects that give the image a
sketch appearance .
3. We can give distortions and lighting effects.
Filter Gallery:
Filters enable us to apply automated effects to an image. Photoshop has
a wide range of filters. They are used to add special effects to our images.
Filters are applied to all layers i.e., active and visible layers.
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Filters cannot be applied to some images , such as bitmap-mode and

indexed-color images. Some filters can be applied only on RGB, Lab, and
Grayscale images.

Classification of Filters:
Filters can be classified into two categories:
i. Corrective Filters:
These filters are image correction tools like Blur, Noise and
Sharpen.
ii. Destructive Filters:
These filters are used only for special effects.
Filters in Photoshop:
Photoshop provides various types of filters to apply different styles to
the image.
1. Liquify Filter: This filter contains various tools to apply distortions to
an image. It is mainly used by digital artists and special effect
designers.

2. Vanishing Point: This filter is used to create the illusion( భభ్రమ) of

perspective in images. It provides tools for creating and editing planes,
cloning, stamping, sampling, zooming and panning in an image.

3. Artistic Filter: This filter enables us to achieve artistic effects. We can

get some of the most distinct effects through this filter. This filter is
useful for giving objects a watery, glassy, or even metallic shine.

4. Blur Filter This filter enables us to soften the look of an image. We can
soften the entire image or part of an image. The three most important
items on the menu are Gaussian Blur, which allows you to specify how
many pixels to blur, Motion Blur, which causes "speed lines," and Radial
Blur, which either swirls the picture in a circle.
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5. Brush Strokes Filter: This filter enables us to create artistic effects

using brush strokes. It includes Angled strokes, Crosshatch, Spatter
filters etc.

6. Distort Filter: This filter enables us to distort the image so that we can
get a unique effect on the original image. Using this filter, we can give
Diffuse Glow, Glass , Shear , Zigzag effects to the image.

7. Noise Filter: This filter is used for creating textures. Many texture
effects can be added using this filter options. This filter is mainly used
when repairing photographs.

8. Pixelate Filter: It creates small cells in the image based on color

similarity. This filter is used to distort the colors of the image by
grouping areas of nearby pixels together into large blocks or dividing
portions of the image into various shapes and sizes.

9. Render Filter: This filter gives cloud and light effects to the image. This
filter includes the options such as 3D transform, Clouds, Lens Flare ,
Lighting effects etc.

10.Sharpen Filter: It sharpens the soft edges of an image by increasing

pixel contrast. It emphasizes the outlines of objects as determined by
sharp differences in color or intensity.

11.Sketch Filter: This works much like the artistic filter, except that it
gives the hand draw effect on the image. It simulates the artistic drawing
techniques.

12.Stylize Filter: This option us to create special stylish effects on the

image. This filter distorts the image colors in extreme ways. It is very
useful when designing patterns and logos.

13.Texture Filter: This filter enables us to create various types of texture

effects that can really enhance the image look. It applies a three-
dimensional or other texture to the image.
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14.Video Filter: when we have image captured through video, it can be

smoothen by using this filter.

15.Digimarc: we can use this option when we want to add a digital

watermark to the image that specifies that the image is our copyrighted
property.

Basic Shortcuts in Photoshop

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Accessibility is the Key

f1 - Toggles Adobe Online Help
f5 - Toggles Brush style palette
f6 - Toggles Colour, Swatches, Styles palette
f7 - Toggles Layers, Channels, Paths palette
f8 - Toggles Navigator, Info palette
f9 - Toggles Actions, History, Presets palette
Tab (Key) - Toggles all the palettes on screen
Shift + Tab (Key) - Toggles palettes on screen, excluding the Toolbar.
Tool Bar Short Cuts
R (Key) - Blur Tool
E (Key) - Eraser Tool
T (Key) - Horizontal Type Tool
Y (Key) - History Brush Tool
U (Key) - Line Tool
I (Key) - Measure Tool
O (Key) - Sponge Tool
P (Key) - Pen Tool
A (Key) - Direct Select Tool
W (Key) - Magic Wand Tool
S (Key) - Clone Stamp Tool
G (Key) - Gradient Stamp Tool
H (Key) - Hand Tool
J (Key) - Healing Stamp Tool
K (Key) - Slice Stamp Tool
L (Key) - Polygonal Lasso Tool
Z (Key) - Zoom Stamp Tool
C (Key) - Crop Stamp Tool
V (Key) - Move Tool
B (Key) - Brush Tool
N (Key) - Notes Tool
M (Key) - Rectangular Marquee Tool

Out of Ctrl Short Cuts

Ctrl + N - New Document Dialogue Box
Ctrl + M - Curves Dialogue Box
Ctrl + A - Selects all in the currently foreground document or currently selected layer
Ctrl + D - Deselects all in the currently foreground document or currently selected
layer
Ctrl + J - Automatically creates a duplicate of the currently selected layer
Ctrl + K - Preferences Dialogue Box
Ctrl + L - Levels Dialogue Box
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Ctrl + F4 - Closes current document

Ctrl + ' (Single Quote Key) - Toggles Grid Lines
Ctrl + Q - Quits Photoshop altogether
Ctrl + R - Toggles Rulers
Ctrl + U - Hue/Saturation Dialogue Box
Ctrl + O - Opens New File
Ctrl + P - Print Dialogue Box
Ctrl + Z - Undo last Action
Ctrl + Tab - Toggle between open documents
Ctrl + Shift + C - Copy Merged
Ctrl + C - Copy
Ctrl + H - Toggle Extras
Ctrl + ; - Toggle Guides
Ctrl + Shift + ; - Toggle Snap
Ctrl + X - Cut
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + X - Pattern Maker
Ctrl + V - Paste
Ctrl + Shift + V - Paste into selection
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + V - Paste Outside
Ctrl + T - Transform Tool
Ctrl + Shift + T - Repeats the last performed Transform
Shift + F5 / Shift + Backspace (Key) - Fill Layer Dialogue Box

Combination Number 9 Shortcuts - Ctrl + Shift / Alt

Ctrl + Shift + O - Photoshop's File Browser
Ctrl + Shift + P - Page Setup Dialogue Box
Ctrl + Shift + S - Save As Dialogue Box
Ctrl + Shift + K - Color Setting Preferences Box
Ctrl + Shift + F - Fade Dialogue Box
Ctrl + Shift + X - Liquify Filter Tool
Ctrl + Shift + N - Create New Layer Preferences Box
Ctrl + Shift + M - Launches ImageReady
Ctrl + Shift + E - Merges all layers into a single layer
Ctrl + Alt + Z - Step Backward
Ctrl + Shift + - (Minus Sign Key) - Zoom Out
Ctrl + Shift + + (Plus Sign Key) - Zoom In
Ctrl + Shift + Alt + N - Creates a new empty layer
Ctrl + Shift + Alt + S - Save For The Web Dialogue
Ctrl + Alt (in most Dialogue Boxes) - Changes the 'Cancel' command to 'Reset'
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Ctrl + Alt (in the 'Save For Web Dialogue') - Changes the 'Cancel' command to 'Reset'
& the 'Done' command to 'Remember'
Ctrl + Alt + ~(Tild Symbol) - Selects the brightest area of the currently selected layer
Ctrl + Shift + I - Inverts a selection
Ctrl + Alt + X - Extract
Shift + -/+ signs(on a layer) - Toggles the different layer modes
Shift + Ctrl + Z - Step Forward