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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

WCDMA RAN

RECOMMENDATION

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Copyright

© Ericsson AB 2014–2017. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be


reproduced in any form without the written permission of the copyright owner.

Disclaimer

The contents of this document are subject to revision without notice due to
continued progress in methodology, design and manufacturing. Ericsson shall
have no liability for any error or damage of any kind resulting from the use
of this document.

Trademark List

All trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.
These are shown in the document Trademark Information.

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Contents

Contents

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Purpose and Scope 1
1.2 Target Groups 1

2 Flow of Users 3

3 Dimensioning 5
3.1 Introduction 5
3.2 CPICH Planning 5
3.3 Carrier Planning 6
3.4 Receiver Diversity 6
3.5 Dimensioning EUL and HS User Licenses 9
3.6 UL Baseband Capacity 10
3.7 DL Baseband Capacity 13
3.8 Dimensioning of EUL Control Channels 18

4 Controlling Arrival Rate 23


4.1 Introduction 23
4.2 Single Resource Admission Control 23
4.3 Composite Admission Control 30
4.4 Efficient State Transitions 32

5 Maximizing Departure Rate 37


5.1 Introduction 37
5.2 Maximize Network Efficiency 37
5.3 Reduce Overhead 46
5.4 Secure Headroom for HSPA 50
5.5 Control Interference 53

6 Monitoring and Evaluating KPIs 63


6.1 How to Measure the Flow of Users 63
6.2 Monitoring Performance with GPEH 73

7 Appendix - List of Recommended Parameter Settings 75

8 Appendix - List of Recommended Features 81

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Reference List 87

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Introduction

1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose and Scope


This document provides guidance on parameter settings and feature
combinations allowing the WCDMA RAN to provide a steady flow of users.
It describes the quality trade-off between capacity and performance in
smartphone dominant networks. The Ericsson recommended parameter
settings are in line with this concept, see Reference [1]. Note that those
recommended settings are adapted to the list of recommended features.

The features and parameter recommendations in this document have been


evaluated in live networks. The document is continuously updated as new
software releases and features are deployed in networks worldwide and user
traffic behavior changes.

1.2 Target Groups


This document is written for operators and other users of Ericsson Radio
Access Network products. The document is aimed in particular at engineers in
the optimization processes of a WCDMA network as a support for parameter
tuning that will improve the user experience. The reader is assumed to have
working knowledge of WCDMA telecommunication system.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

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Flow of Users

2 Flow of Users

When a user accesses the WCDMA RAN the operator wants to provide the
best service possible. Once the user has been granted access to DCH state the
user should get the service that it requires, a speech service or a data service
with throughput sufficient for a good user experience.

For each user that access the network signaling resources are reserved. The
remaining resources can be used for user data transfer of either speech frames
or data frames. In the case where there are equal number of users entering
and leaving the system the flow of users is steady. This means that the users
can easily flow through the system.

As more users are admitted into the system the amount of signaling resources
needed increases and the available headroom for user data transfer reduces,
see Figure 1. If too many users are admitted the available headroom for user
data transfer becomes too small to cater to all users’ need and the system end
up stalling. The users are not able to finish their activity and start experiencing
no or low throughput.

System stable, steady flow of users System overloaded, fewer users/second served

Overhead cost

Payload Payload

More users queue up


More signalling attempts
Higher signalling load

U0001063C

Figure 1 Steady Flow of Users vs Overloaded System where System


Capacity is Reduced due to Large Overhead Signaling.

The point when this happens depends on network configuration and traffic
behavior.

In order to avoid a stalling system and ensure a steady flow of users there are
guiding principles to follow that focus on three areas:

• Dimensioning

• Arrival Rate

• Departure Rate

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Dimensioning
- CPICH and Carrier Planning
- HW Capacity
- HS and EUL User Licenses
- EUL Control Channel

Maximizing Departure Rate

Departure rate
Controlling Arrival rate - Maximize Network Efficiency

Arrival rate
- Admission control Arrival Departure - Reduce Overhead
- Efficient State Transition - Secure Headroom for HSPA
- Control Interference

U0001352A

Figure 2 Ensuring Good Flow of Users Requires Actions in Three Different


Areas

Dimensioning considers how to get the most out of each installed site in terms
of CE and EUL/HS licenses, CPICH and carrier planning.

Arrival rate considers how many users to grant access in order to provide the
already admitted users with enough capacity for their needs. This is done by
applying admission rules where PS accesses are delayed if the admission
thresholds are reached and provide efficient state transitions. Speech user
access is prioritized compared to PS user access.

Departure rate considers how to give the admitted users the resources
they need by reducing overhead, control uplink interference, enable carrier
capabilities to promote high throughput and secure headroom for HSPA.

With the emphasis on user experience and finished transactions it is important


to focus on successful sessions and not interpreting failed PS accesses as a
problem. The number of successful sessions is far more valuable. It is also
important to observe not only RNC KPIs but also regularly observe cell level
performance. When all recommended parameter settings are used and a KPI
degradation is observed, it is likely that a resource is limiting and an expansion
is needed.

To ensure a good flow of users, where users access the network, get their
service and leave the network fast, a number of feature combinations and
parameters have been identified. Maximizing the departure rate described in
Section 5 on page 37 is the proposed area to start with however many features
and parameter settings described in this document are dependent on each
other. Therefore, it is advisable to implement all recommendations since they
are dependent on each other in many cases.

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Dimensioning

3 Dimensioning

3.1 Introduction
A well dimensioned radio network is the foundation in order to provide excellent
end-user experience to users in a WCDMA network. The number of sites and
their locations play a significant role in the radio network performance.

This section focuses on the next level of dimensioning where getting the most
out of each installed site is the major goal. Network expansion by adding more
sites or carriers is not further discussed in this document.

3.2 CPICH Planning


When dimensioning for a certain coverage and capacity one important output
is the CPICH setting. The DL coverage of an unloaded cell is determined by
the absolute value of the CPICH, but the capacity of the cell is impacted by the
relation between the CPICH and the maximum output power.

A high ratio between CPICH and maximum output power (>16%) reduces the
available DL power for Speech, F-DPCH, A-DCH, HS, PS R99 and so reduces
the capacity of the cell. A low ratio (<5%) may result in performance issues
such as

• Poor channel estimation for DCH users

• Poor Idle Mode and speech coverage, giving more drops

• Poor HSDPA CQI estimates

The recommended ratio between CPICH and maximum output power is 8-10%.
For example, a 20 W (43 dBm) output power would result in a 2 W CPICH (33
dBm). The ratio must be calculated in Watt. If the CPICH and output power are
given in dBm they both need to be converted to Watt.

CPICH W [ ] = 10
((( CPICH dBm 0
[ ]) 30) = 10)

Equation 1 Conversion of CPICH power in dBm to Watt.

Table 1 Recommended CPICH Values


Parameter Recommended Value
primaryCpichPower 8-10% of min[maximumTransmissi
onPower,maxDlPowerCapabilit
y]

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

3.3 Carrier Planning


When having more than one carrier in a network, the capacity can be
significantly improved. However, it is important to configure the carriers so that
they work together by striving for equal utilization of carriers and minimize
unnecessary transitions between them. This is achieved by configuring the
same capabilities on all carriers, optimizing HS load sharing and idle mode
behavior.

It is important to equally distribute all traffic and services among the carriers
in the sector to get the most efficient network. It is always the preferred to
co-site cells in different frequency bands in the same sector, for example
WCDMA2100 and WCDMA900.

This document focuses on how to be most efficient within each WCDMA carrier
with the focus on flow of users. More details on carrier strategies and feature
and parameter recommendations for equal load sharing between WCDMA
carriers are found in Reference [2].

3.4 Receiver Diversity

3.4.1 Performance Gains with UL RX Diversity

To ensure good UL performance the use of receiver (RX) diversity is essential.


Adding RX diversity to a cell significantly increases the capacity. Figure 3
illustrates the importance of RX diversity. It shows link simulations for speech
where the second RX branch is attenuated to simulate lack of UL diversity
between RX branches. With no RX diversity (second branch 60 dB attenuated)
the Eb/No is 4.5 dB lower, which leads to 65% less capacity.

UL attenuation imbalance between RX branches can also reduce capacity.


With 3 dB difference in attenuation, the degradation is approximately 1 dB,
resulting in 20% lower capacity.

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Dimensioning

Unbalanced Feeders
10-1

no attentuation

~1 dB One ant. 3dB attenuated


BLER

10-2 One ant. 6dB attenuated


~4.5 dB
One ant. 10dB attenuated

One ant. 60dB attenuated

10-3
Relative EbN0 [dB]

U0001075B

Figure 3 Link Simulation Results for AMR 12.2 with Different Degree of
Feeder Loss

The Find Faulty Antenna Data feature, FAJ 121 1352, can be used to find
imbalances between RX branches. The data is collected from the antenna
receive branches in Node B, and is processed in OSS-RC, thereby enabling the
system to identify poor performing antenna installations as well as providing
an indication of the type of fault. This feature needs the OSS-RC Find Faulty
Antenna Expert for WCDMA, FAJ 121 1285 feature.

The feature 4-way Receiver diversity FAJ 121 1351, increases the coverage
and air interface capacity by supporting up to four receiver antennas in the
RBS. This increases the coverage for both common and dedicated channels.

Figure 4 compares drive test measurements with 2-way and 4-way Rx Diversity,
using AIR21. The results show an improvement in terms of coverage and
throughput, when using 4-way Rx Diversity.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Comparison UL User Throughput vs RSCP

5000
4-Way RxDiv
2-Way RxDiv
4000
UL Throughput [kbps]

3000

2000

1000

0
-135 -130 -125 -120 -115 -110 -105 -100 -95 -90 -85 -80
RSCP [dBm]

U0001165B

Figure 4 Drive Test Measurements - Comparison AIR 21 with 2-way versus


4-way RX Diversity

3.4.2 Uplink Coordinated Multi-Point Reception


The feature Uplink Coordinated Multi-Point Reception FAJ 121 4187, enables
reception and combining of UL signal on several cells in the same radio node.
It adds a diversity gain on the uplink where one radio node can receive the
uplink signal in several sectors on the same carrier without having both cells
in the active set.

Factors such as fading, traffic load, differences in configurations etc. impacts


the radio environment in such a way that the best cell from an uplink perspective
may not even be a part of the active set, this is where the gain of Uplink CoMP
comes from. UL CoMP can also compensate for faulty installations where the
RX branches of a cell are not connected to the same antenna, see Section
3.4.1 on page 6.

Field trials have shown a gain in capacity and a reduction of UL interference.

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Dimensioning

Number of EUL users vs UL RSSI


-103

-103.5

-104
UL RSSI [dBm]

-104.5

-105

-105.5
~10%

-106
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of EUL users

ULCOMP_OFF
ULCOMP_ON
Linear (ULCOMP_OFF)
Linear (ULCOMP_ON)
U0001346A

Figure 5 UL RSSI versus Average Number of EUL Users

It is recommended to enable the feature. No other parameter settings are


required.

Table 2 Recommendation for Uplink Coordinated Multi-Point Reception


Parameter Recommended Value
featureStateUlCoMpReception 1 (ACTIVATED)

3.5 Dimensioning EUL and HS User Licenses


The number of connected HSPA users in a cell can change significantly during
short periods of time. The average number of HSPA users obtained with PM
counters (over a 15 min ROP), does not give a clear idea of the peak number
of users at any time instant. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the ratio
between peak and average number of users in order to cater for all HSDPA and
EUL users in a cell. The number of EUL and HS licenses should be equal in
order to minimize spillover to R99 and reduce the probability of blocking.

3.5.1 Peak to Average Number of Users

The typical peak to average ratio is 2 for HS users. Therefore, the number of
HSPA user licenses should be set to 2 times the average number of HS users
in the system, measured based on 15 min ROP periods. In certain situations,
for example in subway, the peak to average is significantly higher. Here the

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

number of HSPA user licenses should be set to a factor of 4 times the average
HS users.

Figure 6 shows an example of peak to average ratio for EUL users measured
in a live network.

50

40

Subway
3-4x average traffic
Peak served EUL users

30

20

Small macro
1.8x average traffic
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Average served EUL users - counter
U0001164B

Figure 6 Peak to Average ratio for EUL users

The average peak number of HS and EUL users can be evaluated with GPEH
events, using for example event INTERNAL_SYSTEM_UTILIZATION sampled
every 2 s.

Table 3 Recommendations for EUL/HS User Licenses


Parameter Recommended Value
licenseCapacityNumHsdpaUse The licenses for EUL and HSDPA
rs should be set to the estimated peak
number of HSPA users (2 times
average number of HSDPA users in
busy hour ROP)
licenseCapacityNumEulUsers = licenseCapacityNumHsdpaUs
ers

3.6 UL Baseband Capacity


This section describes how the cost of UL Channel Elements (CE) can be
reduced by enabling features and how to identify UL CE limitations by means of
pm counters. For details on UL CE dimensioning refer to Reference [3].

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Dimensioning

UL HW is one important resource to evaluate in order to allow the maximum


number of users that can be served as well as the performance of existing users.

Table 4 lists the features that are recommended to achieve the lowest possible
UL CE cost for EUL users. With this set of features the UL CE cost for a 2 ms
TTI EUL user or a 10 ms TTI EUL user is equal to 1. This is same UL CE cost
as for a speech user.

Table 4 Channel Element Capacity Features


Feature Benefit Pre-requisite
Improved CE Provides double CE FAJ 121 1023: Enhanced
Ladder for E-DCH, efficiency for EUL users. Uplink Start Package
FAJ 121 1334 The basic cost for a EUL
10 ms TTI user can be
reduced to 1 CE. For a
EUL 2 ms TTI user the
minimum CE cost is 8
CE if only this feature is
activated.
Channel Element Reduces the minimum FAJ 121 1023: Enhanced
Capacity for EUL UL CE (static) cost of Uplink Start Package
Smartphones, EUL 2 ms TTI users from FAJ 121 1317: Enhanced
FAJ 121 1883 8 to 2 CE. This allows Uplink 2 ms TTI
operators to admit up to FAJ 121 1443: EUL Single
four times as many EUL HARQ Process Scheduling
2 ms users for each cell.
CE Extension for Extends the hardware -
EUL, FAJ 121 2598 capacity for CE available
to EUL by 50% of
licensed CE.
Additional CE Additional extension of FAJ 121 2598: CE
Extension for EUL, the CE available for EUL Extension for EUL
FAJ 121 4613 scheduling on top of the
CE Extension for EUL
feature.
Channel Element This feature reduce the FAJ 121 1883: Channel
Efficiency for EUL, CE cost for EUL 2ms Element capacity for EUL
FAJ 121 3214 TTI users from 2 CEs to Smartphones
1 CE.

The UL CE consumption can be monitored and evaluated using pm counters.


For EUL users the CE resources are divided in static UL CE and dynamic UL
CE. Static CE is the minimum CE allocation for an RLS in the Node B. For
E-DCH, RLS corresponds to the CE cost for the minimum Hardware Scheduling
Rate, eulMinHwSchRate, see Reference [4]. This considers both EUL 2 ms
TTI users and EUL 10 ms TTI users.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Accessibility KPIs using Reference [5] should be monitored as well as pm


counters directly related to UL CE consumption. When UL HW is the limiting
factor the following pm counters should be monitored and evaluated:

• pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackUlHw, pmNoFailedRabEstAttempt
LackUlHwBest, rbsSoftCongUlHw

• pmCapacityAllocRejUlCe

• UL Credits pmSamplesUlCredits and pmSumUlCredits

• Static UL CEs used by EUL pmStaticHwCePoolEul compared with the


percentage of EUL 2 ms TTI active frames pmNoActive2msIntervalsE
ulTti2, see Reference [4]

• Total UL CEs including both static and dynamic CE used by EUL


pmHwCePoolEul

• EUL scheduler limitations due to lack of UL HW pmGrantReductionReas


onEul, see Index [3] or HW Congestion pmNoUlHwLimitEul

• EUL Throughput in case EUL scheduler is limited by UL HW

• UL CE utilization above the license limit can be observed with


pmCapacityNodeBUlCeExt and pmCapacityUlCeExt

CE use can also be evaluated with GPEH event INTERNAL_SYSTEM_UTILIZ


ATION, see Reference [20].

Live measurements with the feature Channel Element Capacity for EUL
Smartphones show a reduction of up to 60% in terms of static UL CEs for the
same EUL traffic, for example 30 Erl, see Figure 7. With significant reduction
in static UL CEs for EUL, more dynamic UL CEs are available for example to
allow higher EUL rates. Increasing the number of EUL 2 ms users from 4 to 16
(blue and red curves) in a site with 3x2 configuration, an improvement can be
seen in terms of the static UL CEs.

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Dimensioning

EUL Erlang vs Static Hw CE Pool Eul Distribution


350

300
Avg Static Hw CE Pool Eul [CEs]

250
OFF

200

150
ON
-60%

100
ON

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Eul Traffic [Erl]

Ref_EUL_4Users: Baseline with 4 EUL 2 ms users admitted (eulServingCellUsersAdmTti2=4)

CE_Cap_EUL_4Users: Feature is activated

CE_Cap_EUL_16Users: Feature active and EUL 2 ms users increase to 16 (eulServingCellUsersAdmTti2=16)


U0001087C

Figure 7 Relation Between Static CEs Used for EUL and EUL Traffic in
Terms of Erlang.

3.7 DL Baseband Capacity


DL baseband capacity consists of different resources such as HS codes and HS
processing resources. The following sections describe how the DL baseband
capacity can be increased and thereby improve the end user performance
and increase the flow of users.

3.7.1 Codes Used by HS

One HS processing resource (HS-TXM) in a DUW supports 30 HS codes. The


maximum number of HS codes that can be allocated to HS in one cell is 15.
This means that one HS processing resource can be configured to support two
cells without having any code limitations. It is recommended to allow HS to use
up to 15 codes. A fraction of the code tree is reserved by HS according to the
setting of numHsPdschCodes, see Section 4.2.3 on page 26. The feature
Dynamic Code Allocation (DCA) FAJ 121 967, allows non-reserved codes to be
used for HS if there is no other DCH traffic requesting it.

In the case where more than two cells are allocated to the same HS processing
resource the feature Increased HSDPA Code Capacity on DUW FAJ 121 2870,
is needed, see Reference [24]. It increases the number of codes supported by
one HS processing resource from 30 to 60 codes.

As an example, if 4 cells are configured in the same HS processing resource


the feature should be activated to avoid HS code limitations.

Results from Live network, show an increase in terms of available HS codes


(see Figure 8) and in DL throughput (see Figure 9) with the feature activated.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

13,5
Feature ON Feature ON
13,0

12,5
Number of HS Codes available

12,0

11,5

11,0

10,5

10,0

9,5

9,0
Feature OFF
8,5

8,0
06:00

06:30

07:00

07:30

08:00

08:30

09:00

09:30

10:00

10:30

11:00

11:30

12:00

12:30

13:00

13:30

14:00

14:30

15:00

15:30

16:00

16:30

17:00

17:30

18:00

18:30
U0001094C

Figure 8 Example of the Impact in HS Codes with Feature Increased HS


Code Capacity on DUW

18
Feature ON Feature OFF
16

14

12
Throughput [Mbps]

10

8
Average speed Average speed
6
13,4 Mbps 9.23 Mbps
4

0
U0001095A

Figure 9 Example of the impact in User Throughput with Feature Increased


HS Code Capacity on DUW

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Dimensioning

Table 5 Recommendations for HS Code Allocation


Parameter Recommended Value Comment
maxNumHsPdschCode 15 If more than 2 cells
s share the same HS
processing resource the
feature Increased HS
Code Capacity on DUW
FAJ 121 967is needed
to maintain up to 15
codes per cell.
featureStateHsdpa 1 (ACTIVATED) More codes
DynamicCodeAlloca than defined by
tion numHsPdschCodes
can be used by HS
data if there is no other
DCH traffic using those
codes.

The following should be monitored:

• Used HS PDSCH Codes: pmUsedHsPdschCodes

• Codes shortage due to HW: pmRbsHsPdschCodePrio

• Average number of codes that are allocated for HS: pmSumNumHsPdschCo


desAdded /pmSampleNumHsPdschCodesAdded

• HS Throughput

3.7.2 Maximum Number of HS Users per HS Processing Resource


One HS processing resource supports up to 128 simultaneous HS users. If
more than one cell is sharing the same HS processing resource the maximum
number of simultaneous HS users in all cells is controlled by the capacity of
the HS processing resource. The number of HS users supported in each cell
is limited by maxNumHsdpaUsers. The actual number of HS users in each
cell depends on traffic distribution and admission limits, see Section 4.2.2 on
page 25.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Primary DUW

HS1 HS4

HS2 HS5

HS3 HS6

Carrier f1, Sector 1-3


Carrier f2, Sector 1-3

U0001345B

Figure 10 An Example of a DUW-31 that Supports 6 HS Processing


Resources

Figure 10 shows the HS processing allocation in a DUW-31 supporting 6


HS processing resources. In the case of a 3x2 configuration that does not
support Multi-Carrier, each cell can be allocated to an individual HS processing
resource. The resulting capacity is presented in Table 6.

Table 6 3x2 Configuration which Supports up to 128 HS Users per Cell


HS resource Id Cell-Carrier Max number Multi-Carrier/H
Mapping of HS users SDPA Dynamic
support Sharing Support
HS1 s1f1 128 No
HS2 s2f1 128 No
HS3 s3f1 128 No
HS4 s1f2 128 No
HS5 s2f2 128 No
HS6 s3f2 128 No

To enable Multi-Carrier, the Multi-Carrier pair needs to be handled by the same


HS processing resource, see Table 7. The same principle applies for HSDPA

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Dimensioning

Dynamic Power Sharing FAJ 121 3698. The power sharing cells need to be
handled by the same HS processing resource.

Table 7 3x2 Configuration which Supports Multi-Carrier and Dynamic HSDPA


Power Sharing
HS resource Id Cell-Carrier Max Number Multi-Carrier/H
Mapping of HS Users SDPA dynamic
Support Power Sharing
Support
HS1 s1f1, s1f2 128 in total in two Yes
cells
HS2 s2f1, s2f2 128 in total in two Yes
cells
HS3 s3f1, s3f2 128 in total in two Yes
cells
HS4 Not used - -
HS5 Not used - -
HS6 Not used - -

In order to fully utilize the installed hardware it is recommended to enabled the


feature HSDPA MC inter DU Joint Scheduling FAJ 121 2709, see Reference
[6]. With this feature the dependencies on how cells in the same sector are
allocated is removed as described in Table 8.

Table 8 3x2 Configuration Utilizing the Full Capacity of the Hardware


HS reso Cell-Carrier Max Multi-Carri Comment
urce Id Mapping Numb er/HSDPA
er of dynamic
HS Power
Users Sharing
Suppo Support
rt
HS1 s1f1 128 Yes Requires FAJ 121 2709:
HSDPA MC inter DU Joint
Scheduling
HS2 s2f1 128 Yes Requires FAJ 121 2709:
HSDPA MC inter DU Joint
Scheduling
HS3 s3f1 128 Yes Requires FAJ 121 2709:
HSDPA MC inter DU Joint
Scheduling
HS4 s1f2 128 Yes Requires FAJ 121 2709:
HSDPA MC inter DU Joint
Scheduling

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

HS5 s2f2 128 Yes Requires FAJ 121 2709:


HSDPA MC inter DU Joint
Scheduling
HS6 s3f2 128 Yes Requires FAJ 121 2709:
HSDPA MC inter DU Joint
Scheduling

3.8 Dimensioning of EUL Control Channels


EUL control channels need to be increased as the number of EUL users in a
cell increases. Recommended parameters related to EUL control channels are
shown in Section 3.8.3 on page 19.

The number of needed EUL control channels, E-AGCH, E-HICH and E-RGCH,
depends on the following:

• Number of EUL users in the cell and share of EUL 2 ms and EUL 10 ms
users

• Number of signatures reserved for E-RGCH

• Soft handover (SHO) overhead, see Reference [5]

3.8.1 DL Code Consumption


The number of consumed SF256 codes by EUL control channels can be
calculated as in Equation 2.

DL codeSF 256 = numEagchCodes + numEhichErgchCodes 2 2


Equation 2 DL Code Consumption by EUL Control Channels (SF256)

where:

numEagchCodes is the number of codes for E-AGCH


numEhichErgchCodes is the number of codes for E-HICH and
E-RGCH

Figure 11 shows an example of code tree consumption for 96 EUL users using
where code multiplexing for HSDPA is used:

• three SF128 codes used for HS-SCCH (defined by numHsScchCodes)

• four SF128 codes used for E-HICH/E-RGCH

• four SF256 codes used for E-AGCH

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Dimensioning

SF=16

SF=32

FACH
SF=64

PCH 3 * HS-SCCH
SF=128

SF=256
CPICH BCH AICH PICH

SF=16

SF=32

SF=64

4 * E-HICH/E-RGCH
SF=128

SF=256
4 * E-AGCH

U0001078B

Figure 11 Example of Code Tree Consumption for EUL Control Channels

3.8.2 E-HICH/E-RGCH Codes


E-HICH and E-RGCH are multiplexed on the same channelization code. The
number of channelization codes allocated to E-HICH and E-RGCH is specified
by numEhichErgchCodes. Each channelization code has 40 unique signature
sequences available, out of which eulNoERgchGroups are reserved for
E-RGCH. The remaining can be used for E-HICH.

3.8.3 Recommended Parameter Settings


Set EUL control channels depending on SHO overhead and likelihood for the
UE to share same E-RGCH. See recommended settings inTable 9 for SHO
overhead of 30 % and in Table 10 for SHO overhead of 50 %. SHO overhead
can be calculated according to Reference [5].

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Table 9 Recommended Settings for EUL Control Channels Depending on


EUL License and SHO Overhead 30%
Desired number of EUL users 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128
licenseCapacityNumEulUs 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128
ers
maxNumEulUsers 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128
eulServingCellUsersAdm 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128
eulNonServingCellUsersA 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
dm
(1)
numEagchCodes 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4
eulNoERgchGroups 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6
numEhichErgchCodes 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
# SF256 code equivalents for 3 6 7 10 12 12 14 14
E-AGCH, E-HICH/E-RGCH
# SF256 code equivalents for 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
HS-SCCH (3 SF128 codes)
# SF256 codes used by CPICH, 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
BCH, AICH, PICH, FACH,PCH
# SF256 codes used by 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
F-DPCH code
Available # SF256 codes 12 9 8 5 3 3 1 1
Available # SF16 codes for HS 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
(1) Minimum of 2 codes for E-AGCH are needed when eulMaxTotalProtectedRate is 640
kbps. If eulMaxTotalProtectedRate is 1280 kbps, set numEagchCodes to 4.

Note: Total Code Tree consumption should be evaluated considering all


control channels (as displayed in the example shown in Figure 11).

Table 10 Recommended Settings for EUL Control Channels Depending on


EUL License and SHO Overhead 50%
Desired number of EUL users 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128
licenseCapacityNumEulUs 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128
ers
maxNumEulUsers 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128
eulServingCellUsersAdm 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128
eulNonServingCellUsersA 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
dm
(1)
numEagchCodes 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4
eulNoERgchGroups 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 8

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Dimensioning

Desired number of EUL users 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128


numEhichErgchCodes 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
# SF256 code equivalents for 3 6 9 10 12 14 14 16
E-AGCH, E-HICH/E-RGCH
# SF256 code equivalents for 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
HS-SCCH (3 SF128 codes)
# SF256 codes used by CPICH, 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
BCH, AICH, PICH, FACH,PCH
# SF256 codes used by 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
F-DPCH code
Available # SF256 codes 12 9 6 5 3 1 1 15
Available # SF16 codes for HS 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13
(1) Minimum of 2 codes for E-AGCH are needed when eulMaxTotalProtectedRate is 640
kbps. If eulMaxTotalProtectedRate is 1280 kbps, set numEagchCodes to 4.

Note: Total Code Tree consumption should be evaluated considering all


control channels, as displayed in the example shown in Figure 11.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

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Controlling Arrival Rate

4 Controlling Arrival Rate

4.1 Introduction
It is not always possible to prevent overload by adding new resources. When
one or more resource is scarce there must be functions to prioritize some
users and delaying access for others in order to offer enough quality for those
already in the system.

Key rules are:

• Prioritizing voice over data

• Keep PS R99 usage to a minimum

• Maintain coverage despite UL load

• Spread traffic uniformly between carriers

• Use the most efficient state for given service

One reason to apply admission control is to maintain available resources for


high priority traffic, for example speech users or PS handovers. While allowing
those high priority users immediate access, these users can initiate release of
less prioritized users like for example A-DCH of PS data. This is called soft
congestion. It is very important that performance indicators for packet data
focuses on user experience and efficiency instead of access attempts that
are rejected.

The first section handles recommended admission rules based on a single


resource type while functionality involving many resources are described in the
next. The last section handles the choice of state and transitions.

4.2 Single Resource Admission Control

4.2.1 Limit Number of R99 Users


It is more efficient to run data on an HSPA bearers than on R99 bearers. An
R99 bearer in DL consumes four times more energy per bit than an HSDPA
bearer. Similarly, the interference contribution in UL per bit is larger and CE
consumption is higher. High rate R99 downlink, especially 128 kbps and 384
kbps radio bearers, also contribute to DL code tree fragmentation by creating
holes in the code tree.

R99 strategy given by Ericsson recommended settings:

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

• The highest allowed R99 PS single RAB is 16 kbps, uplink and downlink.
The number is limited to 10 users.

• The highest allowed R99 PS Multi RAB is 64 kbps, uplink and downlink.
The reason is to support old UE models not capable of EUL/HS Multi RABs.
The number is limited to 10 users.

Therefore, it is required to:

• Deactivate all UeRcs/RabCombinations with PS 128 or 384 kbps in uplink


and downlink including Multi Rabs.

• Deactivate all single RAB UeRcs/RabCombinations with PS 64 kbps users


in uplink and downlink.

• Set the admission levels per cell to 10 to limit the number of 16 kbps users
(sf64AdmUl and sf128Adm).

• Set the admission levels per cell to 10 to limit the number of 64 kbps
(sf16AdmUl and sf32Adm).

• Enabling feature Flexible Initial Rate Selection PS Interactive FAJ 121 977,
and set the parameters rateSelectionPsInteractive.ulPrefRate
and rateSelectionPsInteractive.dlPrefRate to 16. This is
required in order to allow R99 PS to start on 16 kbps meaning allow it to
start at all.

• Enabling feature Dynamic PS I/B RAB Establishment FAJ 121 845, DRE. In
case there is a lack of resources that stops the PS establishment on for
example EUL/HS, a user accessing from Idle is allowed to fall back on
FACH. If DRE feature is not enabled, the fallback is directed to DCH/HS or
DCH/DCH.

Table 11 Limit Number of R99 Users


Parameter Recommended Value
sf4AdmUl (384 kbps) 0
sf8Adm (384 kbps) 0
sf8AdmUl (128 kbps) 0
sf16Adm (128 kbps) 0
sf8gAdmUl (128 kbps) 0
sf16gAdm (128 kbps) 0
sf16AdmUl (64 kbps) 10
sf32Adm (64 kbps) 10
(1)
sf64AdmUl (16 kbps) 10
(2)
sf128Adm (16 kbps) 10

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Controlling Arrival Rate

Parameter Recommended Value


rateSelectionPsInteractive. 16
ulPrefRate
rateSelectionPsInteractive. 16
dlPrefRate
rateSelectionPsInteractive. 0 (DCH)
channelType
RncFeature=DynamicRabEstabl 1 (ACTIVATED)
ishment.featureState
(1) Handovers for radio bearers configured with sf64AdmUl are not blocked. Multi-rab
establishment is not blocked if it uses the same spreading factor. For more details, see
Reference [9]
(2) Handovers for radio bearers configured with sf128Adm are not blocked. Multi-rab
establishment is not blocked if it uses the same spreading factor. For more details, see
Reference [9]

4.2.2 HSPA Number of Users Admission

It is very important that an HSDPA user is not denied EUL due to admission or
a license limitation. Spill over to 16/HS cost more UL resources than EUL/HS
and therefore, the admission limit for number of EUL users should be equal
to the admission limit of HS users. Also, there is no need for HS and EUL
admission limits to be lower than the licensed limits. Note that the feature
HSDPA MC inter DU joint scheduling FAJ 121 2709, may be necessary in
order to allow many HS users.

The licenses and admission levels are controlled by the following parameters:

• HS Users: licenseCapacityNumHsdpaUsers, maxNumHsdpaUsers


and hsdpaUsersAdm

• EUL Users: licenseCapacityNumEulUsers, maxNumEulUsers and


eulServingCellUsersAdm

Table 12 Recommended Values for HSPA Admission Settings


Parameter Recommended Value
licenseCapacityNumEulUsers =licenseCapacityNumHsdpaUs
ers
maxNumHsdpaUsers =licenseCapacityNumHsdpaUs
ers
hsdpaUsersAdm =licenseCapacityNumHsdpaUs
ers

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Parameter Recommended Value


maxNumEulUsers =licenseCapacityNumHsdpaUs
ers
eulServingCellUsersAdm =licenseCapacityNumHsdpaUs
ers

To see if the maximum number of HSPA users has reached its limit, specific
PM counters can be used, pmNoOfNonHoReqDeniedHs for HS users and
pmNoOfNonHoReqDeniedEul for EUL users. This can be the trigger to
increase the license and admission level of HS and EUL Users.

4.2.3 Downlink Codes


One proven way to control the load and secure the end-user performance is to
use the code admission threshold (defined by dlCodeAdm). This parameter
is used as an admission limit based on the downlink channelization code tree
usage. It is expressed as the percentage of the code tree currently in use,
excluding all codes that are fixed for HS (defined by numHsPdschCodes).

It is necessary to use the feature Service Differentiated RRC Admission (SDRA)


FAJ 121 2712, in order to allow speech access when code usage is above
the admission threshold. That will trigger soft congestion of for example HS
A-DCHs to release more codes and maintain the margin for new speech users.
The recommended SDRA setting blocks for example RRC requests for PS
services and registration when DL codes hits admission threshold. For more
information, see Section 4.3.2 on page 30.

It is also important to free up bandwidth for HS payload. It is better to let


the HS users finish quickly and leave, in order to keep the overhead cost
down and encourage the flow of users. Resources for HS are enabled by
activating Dynamic Code Allocation FAJ 121 967, (DCA) and have parameter
maxNumHsPdschCodes set to 15. Code allocation to HS users can be further
limited by HW configuration, see Section 3.7.1 on page 13.

Figure 12 and Figure 13 show examples of code admission strategies.

dlCodeAdm 80% margin

Soft
Comm.
HS-ADCH, Speech, SRB Cong. HS data
Ch
Soft HO
sf16 codes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

U0001347A

Figure 12 Downlink Code Admission with Basic Recommendation

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Controlling Arrival Rate

dlCodeAdm 68% margin

Comm. Soft Cong.


HS-ADCH, Speech, SRB HS data
Ch Soft HO

sf16 codes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

U0001348A

Figure 13 Reserving More Codes for Soft Congestion and Less for HS Data.

Table 13 Explanation of How Code Tree is Allocated


Box type in figures Comments
Common channels Approximately 1.5 codes
HS A-DCH, Speech and SRB 96 HS users without F-PDCH need
6 codes for A-DCH. When speech
users require more codes than can
fit in the code admission limit, soft
congestion will move EUL/HS users
to FACH.
In case of admission rejects due to DL
code, new PS users accessing from
URA will stay on URA due to RACH
Overload Protection FAJ 121 4244.
New PS users accessing from Idle will
be blocked by SDRA FAJ 121 2712.
Limiting HS users by
hsdpaUsersAdm will not give
the same result. Instead PS users will
be admitted to FACH. Downlink code
admission level could be reduced in
cells that support less than 96 HS
users.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Box type in figures Comments


Soft congestion and soft handover 2-3 codes should be enough for
temporarily harboring speech during
soft congestion. If there is a high
speech setup intensity, the number of
codes in this margin can be increased
to 4-6 codes like in figure b.
Reserved for HS data These are reserved for HS only
but HS can use all available
codes if Dynamic Code Allocation
FAJ 121 967, is activated.
When the code tree is full of non-HS
traffic, only the HS reserved codes
can be used for HS data connections.
This means that the user throughput
is dependent of the number of HS
codes reserved.
It is recommended to keep the
number of reserved codes to 3-5
codes. If fewer codes are reserved
for HS there is a high risk of users
being stalled in the network and
creating a large overhead when a cell
is full of non-HS traffic. Non-HS traffic
includes both speech, SRB, A-DCH
and F-DPCH.

Note: Keeping the absolute value of the code admission threshold requires
changing the relative value in % (dlCodeAdm) in case the number of
reserved HS codes is changed.

Table 14 Recommendations for DL Code Admission


Parameter Recommended Value Comment
maxNumHsPdschCode 15 Dynamic Code
s Allocation FAJ 121 967
should be activated
numHsPdschCodes 3-5
dlCodeAdm 68-80 Is dependent on
how many codes are
reserved for HS

To see DL code usage and possible limitations, monitor the following pm


counters:

• Accessibility KPIs ( Reference [5]) when DL codes are the limiting factor
(using pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackDlChnlCode.

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Controlling Arrival Rate

• DL Codes use by Speech and PS R99 (or code tree use) - pmSumDlCode/
pmSamplesDlCode,

• Codes used by HS can be observed - pmUsedHsPdschCodes

4.2.4 RBS Hardware Admission


The hardware resources are described in Section 3.6 on page 10 and Section
3.7 on page 13. There is one admission check for UL hardware and one for DL
hardware. Both can trigger soft congestion. Typically channel elements for UL
will run out before DL since A-DCH cost 1 CE in UL and 0.5 CE in DL.

Regarding the HW Admission, both UL and DL, consider the following:

• ulHwAdm and dlHwAdm must be lower than 100% to allow RN Soft


Congestion.

• ulHwAdm and dlHwAdm must allow capacity for incoming SHOs.

For example, speech and SRB requires one channel element in UL and in DL.
An admission threshold of 95% on a low capacity node with 64 CE allows 3
CE as a soft handover and softcongestion margin that can be used for speech
users, SRBs or A-DCH. To maintain the margin with 32 CE, a 90% admission
threshold will be required to offer the same margin. A typical DUW offers 2-3
times more, depending on number of cells and how evenly they share the load.

Table 15 Recommendations for HW Admission


Parameter Recommended Value
ulHwAdm 95
dlHwAdm 95

Access failures due to lack of UL HW can be monitored through


pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackUlHw and pmNoFailedRabEstAt
temptLackUlHwBest. Similarly, access failures due to lack of DL HW
can be monitored through pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackDlHw and
pmNoFailedRabEstAttemptLackDlHwBest.

4.2.5 Downlink Power Admission

By having pwrAdm =75% HS connections are guaranteed enough power.


Before settingpwrAdm =75%, it is important to implement the other
recommendations in this document such as configuring enough EUL users and
limiting R99 RABs and users described in Section 4.2.2 on page 25 and Section
4.2.1 on page 23. If there is not enough bit rate in UL the HS throughput
will suffer and the available power for HS connections cannot be used. By
limiting R99 PS RABs the non-HS power consumption is reduced and can be
used by speech and HS connections. It is also important to evaluate UL CE
consumption, see Section 3.6 on page 10.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Table 16 Recommended Values for DL Power Admission


Parameter Recommended Value Comment
(1)
pwrAdm ≤75
(1) If initial network setting is > 75 it is recommended to decrease the pwrAdm in a stepwise
manner as other recommendations to increase number of EUL users and limit R99 users are
deployed.

4.3 Composite Admission Control

4.3.1 RACH Overload Protection


The recommended strategy is to limit the number of PS users to keep the
overhead cost down and flow of users up. A prerequisite is however that the
blocked users do not congest other resources instead like the PS interactive
users transmitting entirely on common channels (in Cell_FACH state).

The feature RACH Overload Protection FAJ 121 4244, is an extension to


the Capacity Management functionality and keeps users on URA for longer
when they cannot be admitted to DCH. That means that an attempt to switch
from URA to FACH or DCH due to a PS data request, will be evaluated like
the normal DCH admission rules and if blocked on DCH it will be rejected
immediately and wait in URA for 15s. For more information, refer to RACH
Overload Protection Reference [7].

Table 17 RACH Overload Protection Recommendations


Parameter Recommended Value
rachOverloadProtect 1 (UL_PROTECTION)
RncFeature=RachOverloadProt 1 (ACTIVATED)
ection. featureState

4.3.2 Soft Congestion Settings to Prioritize Speech over Data


Soft congestion relies on Service Differentiated RRC Admission FAJ 121 2712,
to be able to prioritize RRC requests for CS services, and avoid RRC requests
for PS services to pre-empt ongoing PS connections. Instead, low priority RRC
requests such as RRC requests for PS services and registration are rejected
and wait 15 s until next try.

For soft congestion to work it is also important to enable pre-emption of PS


users, which requires a set of features. Therefore, in order to align soft
congestion with the flow of users concept to always prioritize speech, it is
important to use the features and parameters listed below.

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Controlling Arrival Rate

Table 18 Recommended Features and Parameters for Voice Access


Parameter Reco Comment
mme
nded
value
RncFeature=servDi 1 (ACT Service Differentiated RRC Admission
ffRrcAdm.features IVATE FAJ 121 2712, must be enabled,
tate D) otherwise new HS users accessing from
Idle can downswitch active HS users,
see Reference [8].
servDiffRrcAdmHigh SPEE
PrioProfile CH_O
NLY
RncFeature=softCo 1 (ACT Enhanced HSDPA soft congestion allows
ngHsdpa.featurest IVATE new speech users to downswitch HS
ate D) users at DL resource limitation.
RncFeature=softCon 1 (ACT Enhanced EUL Soft Congestion allows
gEul.featurestate IVATE new speech users to downswitch EUL
D) users at UL resource limitation:
rncFunction:spare 1 SHO of ADCH is treated as
A[5] non-guaranteed in the DL, otherwise one
HS connection may downswitch another
HS connection, see Reference [1]
softCongestionAll 1 "Soft Congestion handling in all RNC
Modules module MP” ON (1), soft congestion
must be able to target all UEs in the cell
regardless of which MP handles the call,
see Reference [9]
releaseConnOffset 120 Avoid call drop due to admission reject.
(12
dB)

4.3.3 Network Robustness and Network Load Regulation Features

There are features that can be used to regulate signaling load towards the
RAN or the Core Network (CN) nodes, or both. These features could be very
useful in highly loaded scenarios.

In cases where a substantial part of RRC connection setup procedures are


not successful due to admission control, the feature RNC RRC Load Control,
FAJ 121 1581starts to reject incoming PS connections. It can reject a portion
of the non-CS requests immediately instead of allowing a resource costly soft
congestion search. That saves for example RNC processing resources for
CS setup.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

When there is extreme RRC load, due to for instance weather disaster or arena
event, it is beneficial to prevent some UEs from sending anything at all, not
even RACH preambles. PS attempts from Idle can be barred temporarily in a
rotational scheme by the feature Automatic-triggered Access Class Barring
on Cell Level FAJ 121 3946.

More details regarding those two features can be found in Reference [10].

Table 19 Recommendations for RRC Load Control and Automatic Access


Class Barring on Cell Level
Parameter Recommended Value
rrcLcFilterMax 100
rrcLcEnabled 1 (TRUE)
RncFeature=AutoTriggeredACB 1 (ACTIVATED)
arringCell.featureState
autoAcbEnabled 1 (TRUE)
autoAcbMaxPsClassesToBar 10
autoAcbMinRcssrInput 5
autoAcbRcssrThresh 50
autoAcbRcssrWeight 2
autoAcbRtwpThresh -70
autoAcbRtwpWeight 10

4.4 Efficient State Transitions

4.4.1 Exploit the Benefits of URA_PCH


Users should always stay in the most efficient state, both from battery usage
perspective and speed of data transmission. Therefore, it is recommended to
activate UTRAN Registration Area Handling, FAJ 121 407 (URA_PCH).

With users on URA_PCH instead of Idle mode comes faster setup times and
lower signaling load both in radio and core network. This results in less RNC
processor load and less required SGSN capacity. With more users being
connected in URA state instead of being in Idle mode, it may be required to
increase the parameters maxConn in the RNC and numberofConnections
in the SGSN. Also, to ensure that the paging and location update signalling
overhead is under control it is important to reevaluate LA, RA and URA area
sizes and related parameters. See Reference [11] for more information.
The following features are recommended in order to take advantage of state
URA_PCH.

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Controlling Arrival Rate

Table 20 Recommendations for Efficient State Transitions


Feature Benefit Pre-requisites
Device Optimized This feature makes FAJ 121 155: Fast
Fast Dormancy, it possible to switch Dormancy Handling
FAJ 121 2116 selected UE from FAJ 121 2267:
CELL_DCH to Differentiated UE
CELL_FACH instead handling
of URA_PCH.
Fast Dormancy Directs UEs to URA
Handling, FAJ 121 1552 instead of Idle in
the Fast Dormancy
procedure. Saves
signalling and setup
time.
Fast Dormancy This feature makes FAJ 121 155: Fast
for pre-rel-8 UEs, it possible to use Dormancy Handling FAJ
FAJ 121 2425R1 Fast Dormancy for 121 2267, Differentiated
selected pre-release 8 UE handling
compatible UE
Faster Establishment, Helps to reduce the
Direct Upswitch from number of transitions
URA, FAJ 121 1496 through CELL_FACH
and minimize the load
in CELL_FACH (see
Section 4.4.3 on page
34).
RACH Overload Protect In case no more PS
ion, FAJ 121 4244 users can be admitted
to DCH this feature
keeps the PS users on
URA to reduce the load
on RACH/FACH.

There are two parameters to consider when deploying URA. Those are
described in Table 21.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Table 21 Recommended parameters for URA deployment


Parameter Recommended Value Comment
inactivityTimerPc 29 (min) Controls the NW
h decision to detect
inactivity in URA_PCH,
and initiate a
transition to Idle.
inactivtyTimerPch
should be set to a
lower than t305 so
that the UE downswitch
to Idle occurs before
t305expires.
t305 3 (30 min) Controls when UE in
URA_PCH will send a
periodic cell update.

4.4.2 RACH Capacity

The parameter spreadingFactor changes the spreading factor and


slot format on the RACH channel. RACH capacity is improved by using
spreadingFactor 32. This sets the RACH slot format to 10 ms.

Table 22 RACH Capacity Recommendation


Parameter Recommended Value
(1)
spreadingFactor 32
(1) If RACH coverage is a limiting factor it is recommended to set spreadingFactor to 64.

4.4.3 Cell_FACH Capacity


With too many users sending data in CELL_FACH, buffering and latency
increase significantly. In addition, power utilization also increases since the
FACH channel is not power controlled.

The total load on CELL_FACH, consisting of the load on FACH1 (used for
signaling) and FACH2 (used for user plane data) should be reduced. FACH1
always has priority over FACH2. So, it is important to start by evaluating the
FACH1 load.

The load on CELL_FACH can be reduced in several ways:

• Activate RACH Overload Protection

• Activate Auto Access Class Barring

• Activate HS-FACH & EUL-FACH

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Controlling Arrival Rate

• Avoid transitions through CELL_FACH by allowing direct transitions from/to


CELL_DCH to/from URA_PCH. See Table 20.

• Decrease the upswitch thresholds to reduce total FACH load (FACH1 and
FACH2). If the RLC buffer sizes are too high for UL and DL, the users stay
in CELL_FACH instead of doing upswitch to CELL_DCH. It is recommended
to set ulRlcBufUpswitch to 256 and dlRlcBufUpswitch to 500

• Make sure that the FACH load per carrier is evenly distributed between
cells in the same sector. If not, the HSDPA Load Sharing distribution is not
synced with the idle/FACH/URA Cell Reselection parameters. If they are
not working together in distributing the load, the result is unnecessary high
FACH load on some carriers. To evaluate the Cell Re-selection, check
UtranRelation.qOffset, UtranCell.fachMeasOccaCycLenCoeff
and UtranCell.sInterSearch settings. For further information, see
Reference [2].

For certain cells that have substantial FACH load it is possible to adjust channel
switch timers per cell. That requires the feature Inactivity Timers on Cell Level,
FAJ 121 2134.

• Delay the downswith from CELL_DCH to CELL_FACH. With a high value


of UtranCell.hsdschInactivityTimer users stay in CELL_DCH
instead of downswitching to CELL_FACH. That prevents some channel
switches and keeps more user data on EUL/HS. On the other hand the
overhed cost on DCH will increase.

• Speed up the downswith from CELL_FACH to URA_PCH. The


UtranCell.inactivityTimer controls the transitions from
CELL_FACH to URA_PCH. A low value of this timer moves users faster to
URA_PCH. That would lower the FACH signaling load due to Cell Updates.
However, load from frequent up and downswitches may increase.

Table 23 Recommendations to Reduce CELL_FACH load


Parameter Recommended Value
rateSelectionPsInteractive. 0 (DCH)
channelType
rateSelectionPsInteractive. 16
dlPrefRate
rateSelectionPsInteractive. 16
ulPrefRate
dlRlcBufUpswitch 500
ulRlcBufUpswitch 256
rachOverloadProtect 1 (UL_PROTECTION)
hsdschInactivityTimer 2
inactivityTimer 8

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Regarding the evaluation of RACH/FACH, the following should be monitored:

• PS Interactive FACH Users, see Reference [5].

• RACH payload: measured by pmUlTrafficVolumePsCommon

• RACH NACK Ratio should not be higher than 1%, see Equation 3

• FACH Payload: pmDlTrafficVolumePsCommon

• Load from signaling in FACH, measured in terms of FACH1 activity, see


Equation 4

• Total FACH Load , see Equation 5.

• FACH abnormal disconnects, pmNoCellFachDisconnectAbnorm

• DL Power use (non HS power)

• UL RSSI

• Overall PS Retainability, see Reference [5]

• Channel switching, using PM counters or GPEH

(pmNegativeMessages)
RachUNegativeAich = 100 3 (pmNegativeMessages + pmPositiveMessages)
Equation 3 RACH NACK Ratio

Fach1signU = pmNoOfTfc1OnFach 1 + pmNoOfTfc2OnFach1


PERLEN 3 60 3 100
Equation 4 Load from signaling in FACH

FachU = pmNoOfTfc1OnFach1 + pmNoOfTfc 2OnFach1 + pmNoOfTfc3OnFach2


PERLEN 3 60 3 100
Equation 5 Total FACH Load

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Maximizing Departure Rate

5 Maximizing Departure Rate

5.1 Introduction
It is important that the users which have already been granted access in the
system are served as fast as possible. This can be achieved by utilizing the
full potential of the network when it comes to carrier capabilities, by securing
the HSPA headroom, by maintaining control of uplink interference, by keeping
the use of PS R99 at a minimum and by reducing overhead with both Ericsson
unique functions and standardized improvements from 3GPP. It is also
recommended to reduce the number of unnecessary transitions to GSM to a
minimum in order for the users to stay on the best available technology as
much as possible. See Reference [14] and Reference [2].

5.2 Maximize Network Efficiency

5.2.1 Enable High Number of EUL Users


Since the majority of terminals support EUL there is no real reason to use R99 in
uplink at all. Therefore, it is recommended to align EUL and HS users licenses
and admission limits. This improves MHT, user experience and provides a
more efficient use of network resources, see Section 4.2.2 on page 25.

Figure 14 shows how the increase of the number of EUL users is related with
the MHT. By allowing more EUL users, the MHT reduced up to 50%. This
results in a more efficient use of the existing resources and a better end user
experience. In other words, it is much more efficient to transfer data using
EUL instead of PS R99 in UL.

60

Mean Holding Time 35


50
Mean Holding Time [s]
Average users [#]

40 30

30
25

20

20
10
EUL/HS users per cell
0 15
22-Oct 29-Oct 05-Nov 12-Nov 19-Nov 26-Nov 03-Dec

96 HS users, 10 EUL users 32 EUL users 64 EUL users 96 EUL users


hsdschInactivityTimer
from 4 to 2 sec

U0001166B

Figure 14 Relation between number of EUL users and MHT

203/10056-HSD 101 02 Uen X | 2018-01-10 37


Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

When increasing the number of EUL users in a cell, it is important to evaluate


the available Channel Element (CE) capacity, see Section 3.6 on page 10.
This depends on the hardware (HW) installed. HW with high CE capacity will
allow more EUL users to be enabled.

It is recommended to allow for many EUL users since it enables use of


Multi-Carrier which requires EUL in UL. Multi-Carrier should also be used
together with EUL 2 ms TTI to get faster downloads.

For efficient deployment of EUL 2 ms TTI the following features are


recommended:

Table 24 Recommended Features for Efficient EUL 2ms TTI Deployment


Recommended FAJ Number Comment
Feature
Channel Element FAJ 121 3214 Only applicable for EUL
Efficiency for EUL 2 ms TTI users, EUL 2
ms TTI users cost 1 CE.
EUL Single HARQ FAJ 121 1443 See Section 5.4.1 on
Process Scheduling page 50
Uplink Fast Congestion FAJ 121 2444 See Section 5.5.3 on
Control page 57.
Interference FAJ 121 1714 Only applicable for EUL
Suppression 2 ms TTI users.
Channel Element FAJ 121 1883 Only applicable for EUL
Capacity for EUL 2 ms TTI users, see
Smartphones Section 3.6 on page 10.
CE Extension for EUL FAJ 121 2598 See Section 3.6 on page
10.

5.2.1.1 EUL Cell Edge Coverage

In order to improve EUL drop rate, there is a need to improve EUL coverage at
cell edge. This is done using:

• Improved EUL Cell Edge Coverage FAJ 121 1376: Improves coverage for
EUL 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI. Changes the ratio between power allocated
to data versus control channels when the UE is at cell edge.

Figure 15 shows results from lab measurements when using the coverage
improvement features. From those results, when only EUL 2 ms TTI users are
used and feature Improved EUL Cell Edge Coverage is active FAJ 121 1376, a
coverage gain around 3-4 dB in UL is observed. When only EUL 10 ms was
active (blue line), an additional gain is observed with feature FAJ 121 2636,
Improved EUL 10 ms TTI Coverage (compared to red line) around 6-7 dB.

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Maximizing Departure Rate

EUL Throughput with and without EUL Coverage improvement features


EulCellCoverage=OFF: 2ms TTI EulCellCoverage=ON: 2ms TTI EulCellCoverage=ON: 10ms TTI

32

Potencial coverage
UL Throughput [kbps]

16
improvement (only
EUL 10ms)
Only EUL ~6-7 dB
8
2ms users

1
135 137 139 141 143 145 147 149 151 153 155
Pathloss [dB]
Lab measurements, Pedestrian A channel model
U0001167B

Figure 15 EUL Throughput with and without EUL Coverage improvements

Field trials have shown that enabling the feature gives an improvement on
the HS drop rate.

With these improvements, the coverage difference between speech and


EUL 10 ms is reduced. This means better coverage at cell edge and better
performance for multi-RAB connections, since the risk of a speech drop is
reduced due to better data coverage.

5.2.1.2 Multi-RAB Connections with EUL

It is recommended to activate speech + EUL/HS, as it enables more efficient


use of the network and an increase in capacity. This proves to be efficient in
live networks where the number of connections with R99 in UL is significantly
decreased, see Figure 16. See also the recommendations to further limit R99
connections, see Section 4.2.1 on page 23.

When this RAB combination is active the parameter edchTti2SpeechEnabled


should be set to 0 (FALSE) to prohibit use of EUL 2 ms TTI together with
speech. The parameter hsIflsSpeechMultiRabTrigg should be set to 0
(OFF) to deactivate triggering of HS IFLS at multi-RAB setup from speech.

203/10056-HSD 101 02 Uen X | 2018-01-10 39


Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Live measurements when adding Speech + EUL/HS (UeRc = 123)

Erlang per UeRc


450

400

350

300
Erlang [Erl]

250

200

150

100

50

0
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
Conv CS Speech 12.2 + Interact, PS (EUL/HS)
Conv CS Speech 12.2 + Interact, PS (64/HS)
Conv CS Speech 12.2 + Interact, PS (16/HS)
U0001288A

Figure 16 Reduction in R99 UL traffic after enabling speech + EUL/HS.

Table 25 Recommendations for Speech + EUL/HS RAB Activation


Parameter Recommended Value
RncFeature=RabCombination12
(1)
1 (ACTIVATED
3.featureState
RncFeature=RabCombination12
(2)
1 (ACTIVATED)
6.featureState
RncFeature=HsdpaIflsCapAndP 1 (ACTIVATED)
rioHandling.featureState
edchTti2SpeechEnabled 0 (FALSE)
hsIflsSpeechMultiRabTrigg 0 (OFF)
(1) CS 12.2 + EUL/HS
(2) AMR WB + EUL/HS

5.2.1.3 Speech and 0 kbps Packet Data Rate

It is important to enable the feature Speech and 0 kbps Packet Data Rate
FAJ 121 754, and AMR WB Speech and PS Interactive RAB combination
FAJ 121 1060, to allow a more efficient use of the radio resources for Speech
and Packet data Radio Access Bearer (RAB) combination.

With URA_PCH activated, packet users stay in the URA_PCH state after
they become inactive. If a speech call is initiated by users in URA_PCH or
CELL_FACH, it is more efficient in terms of radio resources, to establish a

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Maximizing Departure Rate

Speech + 0/0 kbps rate instead of Speech + EUL/HS. Speech and Speech +
0/0 kbps uses the same amount of radio resources. In high loaded scenarios,
when a speech call is initiated when a user is in URA_PCH and CELL_FACH,
this reduces the risk of blocking a speech call.

Table 26 Recommendations for Speech and 0 kpbs Packet Data Rate


Parameter Recommended Value
RncFeature=RabCombination00
(1)
1 (ACTIVATED)
9.featureState
RncFeature=RabCombination04
(2)
1 (ACTIVATED)
2.featureState
(1) CS 12.2 + PS 0/0
(2) AMR WB + PS 0/0

5.2.2 HSDPA Dynamic Power Sharing

The more power that can be used for HSDPA transmissions the higher data
rate and cell throughput can be achieved. The feature HSDPA Dynamic Power
Sharing (DPS) FAJ 121 3698, is recommended because it allows the unused
power available for HSDPA transmissions to be pooled across carriers at each
2 ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI). This means that the available unused
power in one carrier can be allocated to other carrier(s) that have HSDPA
data to be transmitted.

Depending on the WCDMA DU Radio Node configuration scenarios, different


prerequisite features may be required to achieve HSDPA dynamic power
sharing, see Reference [12].

Figure 17 shows an example with a 3x4 configuration. In sector 3 there is a


Multi-Carrier UE. In Sector 2 there are 2 single-carrier UEs (configured on C1
and C3 respectively) and in sector 1 there is a single-carrier UE configured on
C2. The upper (DPS=OFF) part shows how much power that each of UE can
use without the feature HSDPA Dynamic Power Sharing. The lower (DPS=ON)
part shows how much power that is available with HSDPA Dynamic Power
Sharing (across the 4 carriers in each sector).

203/10056-HSD 101 02 Uen X | 2018-01-10 41


Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Unused
HSDPA
Sectort 1 Sectort 2 power Sectort 3

PCell
DPS = OFF

C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4

Additional
Sectort 1 Sectort 2 HSDPA Sectort 3
power

PCell
DPS = ON

C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4

U0001349A

Figure 17 Example of Utilization of Unused Available Power Between


Carriers.

HSDPA Dynamic Power Sharing reduces the risk of power resource shortage
per TTI for HS users in the cells. Live tests show that when power resource
shortage decreases with the use of DPS, it has a general positive effect on
other resource shortages as well, for example codes. The total reduction of
resource shortages is larger than the power resource shortage alone.

In a DU Radio Node configured with multiple Radio Access Technologies


(RAT), GSM and WCDMA, the feature HSDPA Mixed Mode Dynamic Power
Sharing FAJ 121 4609, allows that part of the power associated with the
radio is configured as a common pool between RAT. By having a common
pool, the average unused power available for WCDMA transmissions can be
increased in situations where both technologies do not need the maximum
power simultaneously.

More details can be found in Reference [13].

Figure 18 shows results from live network, in 3x4 sites, with and without
Dynamic Power Sharing active. An improvement between 8 and 25% in terms
of DL throughput was observed. This means a better end user experience.
The gain of this feature is larger when the percentage of TTI's limited by the
available HSDPA power is large.

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Maximizing Departure Rate

Live Nw, 3x4 configuration


4500

4000
HSDPA Cell Throughput [kbps]

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500
Tues 00:00

Tues 04:00

Tues 08:00

Tues 12:00

Tues 16:00

Tues 20:00

Wed 00:00

Wed 04:00

Wed 08:00

Wed 12:00

Wed 16:00

Wed 20:00

Thur 00:00

Thur 06:00

Thur 10:00

Thur 14:00

Thur 18:00

Thur 22:00

Fri 02:00

Fri 06:00

Fri 10:00

Fri 14:00

Fri 18:00

Fri 22:00
DPS OFF
DPS ON
U0001169A

Figure 18 Live measurements with and without Dynamic Power Sharing in


3x4 sites

More details can be found in Reference [12].

With HSDPA Dynamic Power Sharing, the carriers that use extra available
power for HS transmissions will during those TTI’s experience lower CPICH
Ec/No in the serving cell compared to not using DPS.

It is important to monitor that there is no significant increase in triggering of


Compressed Mode by Ec/No in the cell. If increased Compressed Mode
triggering and IRATHO to GSM for speech are observed, through pm counters,
the CPICH Ec/No threshold should be adjusted to a lower value. This
avoids unnecessary triggering of CM and IRATHO for speech services for
Smartphones when deploying DPS.

For more information on Compressed Mode threshold settings, see Reference


[2] or Reference [14].

There is no terminal dependency for using feature Dynamic Power Sharing, it is


applicable for all devices supporting HS in the network.

Table 27 Recommendations for HSDPA Dynamic Power Sharing


Parameter Recommended Value
featureStateHsdpaPowerShar 1 (ACTIVATED)
ing

The following should be monitored for DPS:

• TTI's limited by the available HSDPA power: pmRemainingResourceChe


ck(HS-PDSCH power shortage and HS-PDSCH code shortage)

203/10056-HSD 101 02 Uen X | 2018-01-10 43


Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

• Number of compressed mode start triggering by CPICH Ec/No threshold:


pmCmTrigg2dEcno

• HS Throughput

5.2.3 Multi-Carrier
Multi-carrier enables simultaneous DL HS DSCH transmission to a UE from
two cells. Thus a UE in Multi-Carrier mode can double the throughput. This
reduces the time users receive their data, reducing the MHT and improving flow
of users. Multi-Carrier also offers instant load sharing between carriers.

As described in Reference [2], it is recommended to deploy EUL/HSDPA and


Multi-Carrier capabilities on all carriers. Note that multi-carrier pairs need to
be on adjacent carrier within the same frequency band in the same sector. If
different frequency bands are used the feature Dual Band HSDPA Multi-Carrier
FAJ 121 1490, is required.

To enable Multi-Carrier on all carriers, set featureStateHsdpaMc to 1 on


each carrier. The same configuration on all carriers will be easier to maintain,
at the same time as the traffic steering between carriers is much simpler and
more efficient. The users will also be evenly distributed between different
carriers. Multi-Carrier on all carriers enables high flow of users, since users
are served faster.

Table 28 Recommended Feature List when Enabling Multi-Carrier


Parameter Recommended Value Comments
featureStateHsdpa 1 (ACTIVATED) In order to not limit the
Mc use of Multi-Carrier,
make sure there are as
many EUL licenses
as the expected
Multi-Carrier users.
featureStateHsdpa 1 (ACTIVATED) Saves UE battery if
McInactCtrl receiver HW can be
turned off in the UE.
featureStateHsdpa 1 (ACTIVATED) Needed if two frequency
DbMc bands are used

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Maximizing Departure Rate

Parameter Recommended Value Comments


featureStateHsdpa 1 (ACTIVATED) The feature HSDPA
McInterDuSched MC Inter DU
Joint Scheduling
FAJ 121 2709 improves
the HW capacity
significantly, see Table
8. Another benefit is
that configurations with
3 carriers in same sector
enables Multi-Carrier
use between each pair
of adjacent carrier. A
user can therefore get
Multi-Carrier connection
in any of the 3 carriers.
featureStateEul2m 1 (ACTIVATED) Reduces round trip
sTti time which improves
throughput

5.2.4 Data Acceleration


The feature Data Acceleration (DACC) FAJ 121 3907, compresses all uplink
TCP/UDP headers and data. The objective of DACC feature is to improve the
end user experience and also system gains. The main benefits for the DACC
capable devices are improved downlink data rate in UL limited situations by
compressing the uplink and reduction of power consumption in the device,
since less data needs to be sent in the uplink.

Figure 19 compares web download time for different websites with and without
DACC feature. A reduction of the web download time up to 70% for the DACC
capable UEs was observed.

Web Download Time in seconds


Average, No DACC Average, DACC % Reduction in Web-Page download Time
30 80%
57%
70%
25 40% 69%
60%
Time (s)

Gain %

20
50%
58%
30%
15 42% 40%
36%
42% 30%
10
32%
20%
5
10%

0 0%
Aftonbladet.se CNN E/// focus.de Google News mfocus.de Nytimes.com swisscom.ch WSJ

U0001168B

Figure 19 Web Download Time for Different Websites With and Without DACC

203/10056-HSD 101 02 Uen X | 2018-01-10 45


Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

The experienced gain in a live network is directly dependent on the percentage


of DACC capable devices and the traffic behavior from those data users.

The DACC feature reduces interference, contributes to more headroom for


other users and better speed at cell edge. This will lead to improved end-user
experience.

In live network with a UE DACC penetration of 10% it could be observed that:

• In average there was 15-30% data compression for the DACC users
combined traffic.

• In total traffic over the air, about 3% less data was transmitted in UL when
DACC feature was active.

The Data Compression gain for DACC users can be calculated by:

pmSumEulRlcUserPktThpDacc + pmSumDchRlcUserPktThpDacc)
DaccCompressionGain = 1 0 ((pmSumEulUserPktThpDaccDec + pmSumDchUserPktThpDaccDec)
Equation 6 DACC Compression Gain

More details can be found in Reference [15].

5.3 Reduce Overhead

5.3.1 Lean DCH downswitch


The feature Lean DCH Downswitch FAJ 121 4427, speeds up the release of
DCH resources during downswitch from CELL_DCH to CELL_FACH. It also
prioritizes the downswitch from CELL_DCH to common channels over other
procedures in case they are queued due to extreme signaling load.

In low FACH load the radio link is typically held for 1.5 s in average. At high
FACH load it is higher. With this feature, the radio link is deleted when UE
leaves CELL_DCH and the holding time of the radio link is typically reduced to
0.1 s using SRB on HS (0.4 s using SRB on DCH). When traffic is bursty, the
savings in DL power, codes, UL/DL channel elements and number of EUL/HS
users is considerable. Figure 20 is an example from a live network where RL
admin reject decreased 50%.

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Maximizing Departure Rate

Lean DCH Downswitch OFF ON

60000 3500

3000
# Admission Rejects

# Admission Rejects
50000
2500
40000
2000
30000
1500
20000
1000
10000 5000

0 0
RAB_LackUIHw

RRCRAB_AdmRej

RL_AdmRej

PsRRC_AdmRej

RRC_AdmRej

RRC_LackHw

EUL_AdmRej

HS_AdmRej

PSInter_AdmRej

Speech_AdmRej

CSRRC_AdmRej

RRC_LackDIChnlCode

RRC_LackDIHw

RRC_LackUIHw
RRC_LackDIPwr

RAB_LackDIPwr
U0001318A

Figure 20 Resource saving by enabling feature Lean DCH Downswitch

Table 29 Recommendations for Lean DCH Downswitch


Parameter Recommended Value
RncFeature=LeanDchDownswitc 1 (ACTIVATED)
h.featureState

5.3.2 SRB on HS and Fractional DPCH

With more users supporting Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH) and with the feature
Fractional DPCH FAJ 121 1481 and SRB on HSDPA FAJ 121 1320 active,
a reduction of DL code and non-HS power usage is expected, resulting in
increased available HS power and HS throughput. DL codes are saved since
up to 10 separate SRB on HSDPA connections can be mapped into one single
SF256 code in DL, instead of using one separate SF256 code in DL for each
one of the 10 A-DCH connections. DL power is saved since no dedicated pilot
bits are sent with F-DPCH.

Live measurements using parameters in Table 30, with 50% of F-DPCH capable
UEs, shows improvements of 10% in DL codes, 10% in available power for HS.

Activate the feature F-DPCH and SRB on HS in the entire network to avoid
reconfigurations from SRB on HSDPA to SRB on DCH. Activation details for the
features F-DPCH and SRB on HSDPA are available in Reference [16]. It is also
recommended to enable Improved EUL Cell Edge Coverage FAJ 121 1376,
together with SRB on HS and F-DPCH.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Table 30 Recommended Parameter Settings for SRB on HS and F-DPCH


Parameter Recommended Value
featureStateFDpchSrbOnHsdpa ACTIVATED
ExternalUtranCell:cellCapab ON
ility.fdpchSupport
IurLink:cellCapabilityContr ON
ol.fdpchSupport
fdpchErrorRateTarget 10 (10%)
extraPowerForSrbOnHsdpa 20 (2 dB)
extraHsScchPowerForSrbOnHs 20 (2 dB)
dpa

The percentage of RRC requests from F-DPCH capable UEs is obtained using:

(pmT otNoRrcConnectUeCapability [12])


U0 UE0 CAP 12 = 100 3
(pmT otNoRrcConnectReqCsSucc + pmT otNoRrcConnectReqPsSucc)
Equation 7 Percentage of RRC Requests from F-DPCH Capable UEs

(pmT otNoRrcConnectUeCapability [13])


U0 UE0 CAP 13 = 100 3
(pmT otNoRrcConnectReqCsSucc + pmT otNoRrcConnectReqPsSucc)
Equation 8 Percentage of RRC Requests from Enhanced F-DPCH Capable UEs

The following should be monitored:

• DL codes, see Reference [19]

• DL power

• HS throughput

• Payload in DL - pmDlTrafficVolumeSrbOnlyHs

• SRB only HS Drop Rate, see Reference [5]

• SRB only HS Users, see Reference [5]

5.3.3 Tuning DPCH Overhead (pO2,pO3)


In sites with high number of HSDPA users, the A-DCH power consumption can
be significant. Field trials have shown that A-DCH power consumption can
be reduced and more power is available for HSDPA. This was achieved by
adjusting the following parameters:

• pO2 – the power offset for the TPC bits

• pO3 – the power offset for pilot bits

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Maximizing Departure Rate

Reducing pO3 from 3 dB to 0 dB can increase the number of HS users by 20%


while maintaining the same HS power use and without degrading any other
KPI. HSDPA performance can be further improved by lowering pO2 from 3 dB
to 1.5 dB, without any negative impact on KPIs.

Table 31 Recommended Parameter Setting for pO1, pO2 and pO3


Parameter Recommended Value
pO1 (TFCI) 0 (0 dB)
pO2 (TPC) 6 (1.5 dB)
pO3 (pilot) 0 (0 dB)

5.3.4 Adjustment of DL Power Control Curve


Adjust the DL power control curve to lower power for PS R99 and A-DCH.
Use parameters minimumRate, minPwrMax, interRate, interPwrMax,
maxRate and maxPwrMax. The saved power can be used by HSDPA. The
power control curve should be adjusted as shown in Figure 21, taking capacity
and speech retainability aspects into account. See Reference [17].

Relative Radio
Link Power
[0.1 dB steps] 370 845 40690

maxPwrMax 30
interPwrMax

minPwrMax -15

minimumRate interRate maxRate Maximum RL Rate


[10 bps steps]
Power Control Curve

U0001092E

Figure 21 Power Control Curve

Table 32 Recommended Parameter Settings for DL Power Control Curve


Parameter Recommended Value
minimumRate 370 (3.7 kbps)
minPwrMax -15 (-1.5 dB)
interRate 845 (8.45 kbps)

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Parameter Recommended Value


interPwrMax 30 (3 dB)
maxRate 40690 (406.9 kbps)
maxPwrMax 30 (3 dB)

This setting allows to have a different maximum power for A-DCH and Speech.
Values of minPwrMax below -15 have been used with no impact on HS
retainability. For more details, see Reference [17].

5.3.5 HS Power Margin

To maximize the available power for HSDPA, set the power margin for HSDPA
(hsPowerMargin) to =0.

Table 33 HS Power Margin Recommendation


Parameter Recommended Value
hsPowerMargin 0

5.4 Secure Headroom for HSPA

5.4.1 EUL Scheduler


The EUL scheduler aims to control its contribution to UL loading by adjusting
the grants to available headroom. However, some throughput is always allowed
in order to keep the flow of users. The parameter eulMaxRotCoverage
sets a soft limit to the rise-over-thermal (RoT) that is allowed in a cell,
including interference from other cells. The actual limit for EUL scheduler is
determined by minimum SIR in Uplink Fast Congestion Control, see Section
5.5.3 on page 57, and protected rate in Improved Grant Rotation, see Section
5.4.2 on page 51. Thus, EUL throughput does not have to comply with
eulMaxRotCoverage. Instead, this parameter should be seen as a mean to
control the balance between UL cell capacity and coverage but without the
drawback of starving the transfers. eulMaxRotCoverage should be set to
match the coverage degradation allowed in the cell.

The parameter eulMaxOwnUuLoad limits the interference from UEs being


power controlled in the cell. It is used as a safeguard towards UL power rushes.
With UL Fast Congestion Control (FCC) activated, it is recommended to set
eulMaxOwnUuLoad ≥ eulMaxRotCoverage, as described in Section 5.5.3
on page 57.

The parameter eulMinMarginCoverage defines the minimum interference


contribution from sources other than DCH traffic and thermal noise (interference
from other cells, sources external to the WCDMA system), considered by

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Maximizing Departure Rate

the EUL Scheduler. To ensure that the EUL scheduler utilizes the full uplink
headroom, it is recommended to use eulMinMarginCoverage=0.

eulMaxAllowedSchRate limits the peak rate for EUL users. By limiting the
peak rate, more EUL users can be served. The reason is a reduction in the
overhead cost of DPCCH for the large transport formats. The recommended
values are different with and without the feature Interference Suppression.

The feature EUL single HARQ process scheduling FAJ 121 1443, allows a
higher granularity for 2 ms TTI EUL users. The smallest grant is lowered to
20 kbps by using the 160 kbps grant but only in one of 8 transmission time
intervals. The 20-kbps step created by a single-HARQ-process grant is used
during overloaded situations where there is not enough resource to grant 160
kbps to every user. There is no need to tune the eul2msFirstSchedStep to
<160kbps in order to get the benefits of this feature.

Table 34 Recommended Values for Optimized Scheduler Performance


Parameter Recommended Value Comments
eulMaxRotCoverage 100 (10 dB) UL FCC shall be used.
eulMaxOwnUuLoad 100 (10 dB) UL FCC shall be used.
eulMinMarginCover 0
age
eulMaxAllowedSchR 5120 FAJ 121 1714
ate Interference
Suppression is
required. Set
transmissionTargetErrorTti2
to 50 and sirMaxTti2
to 120, seeSection
5.5.2.4 on page 56 and
Section 5.5.2.3 on
page 56.
featureStatePerHa 1 (ACTIVATED)
rqProcessGrant
eul2msFirstSchedS 160
tep

5.4.2 Improved Grant Rotation


Improved Grant Rotation (IGR) is a system improvement aiming to enhance
EUL throughput in high UL load situation.

When RoT exceeds eulMaxRotCoverage or Uu load exceeds


eulMaxOwnUuLoad, the EUL scheduler orders EUL UEs to reduce their UL
rate so that the UL interference level is kept under control. On the other
hand, allowing a low but fair allocation of uplink throughput without too long

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

interruptions is motivated in order to avoid application or TCP timeouts.


Ongoing downloads should be allowed to finish and not be starved.

When the RoT exceeds eulMaxRotCoverage, some users with data in their
buffers are still allowed to transmit with minimum 32 kbps if 10ms EUL or
minimum 20 kbps and per HARQ scheduling in case of 2ms EUL. The grant is
rotated among the users so that the sum of granted rates is kept below the limit
eulMaxTotalProtectedRate by default set to 1280 kbps.

Note: From W17.0 and onward, setting the parameter eulMaxTotalProt


ectedRate above 1280 kbps has no effect.

If there are many users, typically all users get the minimum grant and if that is
not enough, grant rotation starts. If there are few users, some users can get a
higher grant than the minimum, handled internally by the EUL scheduler, but
the sum of all grants will always be limited by eulMaxTotalProtectedRate.

Field trials also show large improvement in EUL waiting time, as measured
by pmWaitingTimeEul. Figure 22 shows how EUL average waiting time is
improved when enabling IGR. EUL average waiting time is reduced to almost
zero. This is a large improvement from a latency perspective and is noticed as
improved user performance.

250

Activation of “Improved Grant Rotation”


200

150
Time [ms]

100

50

0
2012-11-14-09:00:00
2012-11-14-15:15:00
2012-11-14-21:30:00
2012-11-15-04:00:00
2012-11-15-10:15:00
2012-11-15-16:30:00
2012-11-15-22:45:00
2012-11-16-05:00:00
2012-11-21-09:30:00
2012-11-21-15:45:00
2012-11-21-22:00:00
2012-11-22-04:15:00
2012-11-22-10:30:00
2012-11-22-16:45:00
2012-11-22-23:00:00
2012-11-23-05:15:00
2012-11-23-11:30:00
2012-11-23-17:45:00
2012-11-24-00:00:00
2012-11-24-06:15:00
2012-11-24-12:30:00
2012-11-24-18:45:00
2012-11-25-01:00:00
2012-11-25-07:15:00
2012-11-25-13:30:00
2012-11-25-19:45:00
2012-11-26-02:00:00
2012-11-26-08:15:00
2012-11-26-14:30:00
2012-11-26-20:45:00
2012-11-27-03:00:00
2012-11-27-09:15:00
2012-11-27-15:30:00
2012-11-27-21:45:00
2012-11-28-04:00:00
2012-11-28-10:15:00
2012-11-28-16:30:00
2012-11-28-22:45:00
2012-11-29-05:00:00
2012-11-29-11:15:00
2012-11-29-17:30:00
2012-11-29-23:45:00
2012-11-30-06:00:00
2012-11-30-12:15:00
2012-11-30-18:30:00
2012-12-01-00:45:00
2012-12-01-07:00:00

Date

EUL_avg_Wait_ms U0001080B

Figure 22 EUL Average Waiting Time with and without IGR.

Table 35 Recommended Parameter Value to Optimize Grant Rotation


Parameter Recommended Value
eulMaxTotalProtectedRate 1280

Use the following parameters to monitor the performance of IGR:

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Maximizing Departure Rate

• pmWaitingTimeEul

• pmTotalRotCoverage

• pmNoSchEdchEul

• pmSumAckedBitsCellEulTti10 + pmSumAckedBitsCellEulTti2

• pmSumAckedBitsSpixx

With the use of IGR, an increase in the number of active frames is expected.
This means a change in the average user throughput KPI, see Equation 9
and Equation 10.
pmSumAckedBitsCellEulT ti10
PIntEUL0 I0 ULTP0 User0 10msL1 =
(T T I 10 3 pmNoactive10msF ramesEul)
Equation 9 EUL 10 ms TTI User Throughput
pmSumAckedBitsCellEulT ti2
P IntEUL0 I0 ULT P0 User02msL1 =
(T T I 2 3 pmNoActive2msF ramesEul )
Equation 10 EUL 2 ms TTI User Throughput

5.4.3 EUL Low Latency Scheduling


The feature EUL Low Latency Pre-scheduling FAJ 121 3941, allows connections
to reach high uplink speeds faster by allowing 480 kbps immediately, provided
that available UL Channel Elements exist. Bursty traffic will therefore be
finished sooner and overhead cost and flow of users will be improved.

Table 36
Parameter Recommended Value
featureStateEulLowLatencyPr 1 (ACTIVATED)
esched

5.5 Control Interference

5.5.1 Uplink Interference


UL interference is the key limiting resource in a scenario with many connected
EUL users in CELL_DCH. The left part of Figure 23 illustrates that UL
interference increases exponentially with load, one of the fundamentals of
WCDMA.

Each connected user contributes to UL interference by transmitting L1 control


signaling, even when no or very small amount of user data is transmitted.
Consequently, the cell shrinks as more users are connected, see the right part

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

of Figure 23. As a result calls are dropped, accessibility is degraded and the
EUL throughput is starved.
UL Interference

Pole capacity
UL Load
UL Interference due to load
Stable region

U0001068B

Figure 23 Illustration of UL Interference

5.5.2 UL Power Control

5.5.2.1 General

One of the key elements in controlling UL interference is to optimize power


control. The power control mechanism regulates the quality for each radio link
by giving power up or power down commands to the UE.

5.5.2.2 Initial SIR Target

The initial Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) target aims at controlling the initial
UL radio link power of the UE. Different R99 rates and EUL rates are controlled
by different initial SIR target. Optimizing the initial setting reduces the excessive
power of the UE, see Figure 24.

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Maximizing Departure Rate

SIR SIR

Excess
initial
power

Wanted SIR for given BLER target

time time
Non-Optimized Setting Ideal Setting

U0001072E

Figure 24 Ideal Setting for the Initial SIR Target

Based on field trials, UL RSSI can be significantly reduced by lowering initial


SIR target parameters, see Figure 25.

UL RSSI [dBm] Old Settings

-80

-85

-90
Large gain
-95 for cells with
high RSSI
-100

-105

-110
Cells
Small or no gain in New Settings
cells with low RSSI
U0001073C

Figure 25 Example of evaluation of Improved UL Initial SIR Settings across


One RNC

The recommended setting of initial SIR target values is given in Table 37.

Table 37 Recommended Initial SIR Target Values


Parameter Recommended
Value
ulInitSirTargetSrb 30 (3.0 dB)
ulInitSirTargetLow 40 (4.0 dB)
ulInitSirTargetHigh 70 (7.0 dB)
ulInitSirTargetExtraHigh 70 (7.0 dB)

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Parameter Recommended
Value
ulInitSirTargetEdch 30 (3.0 dB)
ulInitSirTargetEdchTti2 40 (4.0 dB)

Lower values than in Table 37 results in higher BLER for R99 users and high
HARQ retransmission for EUL users.

5.5.2.3 SIR Max

Max SIR target is set to limit the UL interference that a UE can generate. For
high bitrate Radio Bearers (RBs) it is important to set the value of max SIR
target correctly. If the value is too low, it reduces the user throughput. If it
is too high, it causes UL interference rushes. The recommended values are
listed in Table 38.

Table 38 Recommended SIR Max Values


Parameter Recommended Value
sirMaxTti2 120 (12 dB)
sirMaxTti10 80 (8 dB)
sirMax 100 (10 dB)

5.5.2.4 EUL HARQ Retransmission

The target number of HARQ transmissions can be optimized, using


parameters such as transmissionTargetError for EUL 10 ms and
transmissionTargetErrorTti2 for EUL 2 ms. A higher Transmission
target error leads to a lower UL SIR target, which in turn leads to more HARQ
retransmissions. Having many HARQ retransmissions increases the benefit
of time-diversity due to HARQ combining, which leads to lower UL load cost.
As a consequence, the capacity is increased to the cost of slightly lower user
peak rate. Low values of these parameters allow to achieve high peak rates for
a single user, and to keep latency low by minimizing delay from extra HARQ
transmissions. For more than 4 or 5 users in the cell, a Transmission Target
Error (TTE) higher than 1% is beneficial since the HARQ retransmission utilize
incremental redundancy.

Field test indicates that setting transmissionTargetError to 10% for EUL


10 ms and transmissionTargetErrorTti2 to 5% for EUL 2 ms, reduces
UL power and UL interference, at the expense of slightly lower peak rate at low
load. The recommended values are listed in Table 39.

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Maximizing Departure Rate

Table 39 Recommended Values for Target Number of EUL HARQ


Transmissions
Parameter Recommended Value
transmissionTargetError 100 (10 %)
transmissionTargetErrorTti2 50 (5 %)

5.5.3 UL Fast Congestion Control

Uplink Fast Congestion Control (UL FCC) FAJ 121 2444, is introduced to
optimize UL interference in loaded conditions. In the event of UL air interface
overload, one or several users are ordered to quickly reduce the transmission
power by lowering the SIR target.

UL FCC introduces the following benefits:

• Fewer and smaller RoT peaks

• More stable UL coverage

• Higher average UL cell throughput

The following two thresholds are introduced, targeting High Data Rate (HDR)
and Low Data Rate (LDR) EUL users, see Reference [18]:

• fccRotThresholdLow = eulMaxRotCoverage + fccRotMarginLow

• fccRotThresholdHigh = eulMaxRotCoverage + fccRotMarginHigh

If the RoT exceeds fccRotThresholdLow, only the HDR users


are commanded to reduce their transmit power. If the RoT exceeds
fccRotThresholdHigh, both HDR and LDR users are affected. The purpose
of the two thresholds solution is to affect the HDR users more than the LDR
users, since the HDR users are more likely to be the main source of the high
RoT. UL FCC controls both the transmission power for RABs and multi RABs
with EUL. UL FCC does not apply for R99 only RABs. Hence R99 traffic should
be minimized, see Section 4.2.1 on page 23. It is recommended to have UL
FCC activated in all cells to ensure that each EUL user has its serving RL in
a cell controlled by UL FCC.

When UL FCC was activated in a Live Network with fccRotMarginHigh


= 4.0 dB, fccRotMarginLow = 2.5 dB, eulMaxOwnUuLoad = 10 dB and
eulMaxRotCoverage = 10 dB, the following was observed:

• An increase in the EUL traffic (measured in terms of Acked bits), see


Figure 26

• A decrease in RoT, see Figure 26

• An increase in the overall EUL MACe cell throughput, see Figure 27

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Figure 26 and Figure 27 show two days comparison (ROP by ROP) between
UL FCC OFF and ON, during the busiest hours of EUL users.

6 750 000
7,0
6 500 000
6 250 000 6,5

EUL_avg_RoT [dB]
6 000 000
EUL_ACKed_Bits

6,0
5 750 000
5,5
5 500 000
5 250 000 5,0
5 000 000
4,5
4 750 000
4 500 000 4,0

4 250 000 3,5


4 000 000
19:00

19:15

19:30

19:45

20:00

20:15

20:30

20:45

21:00

21:15

21:30

21:45

22:00

22:15

22:30

22:45

23:00

23:15

23:30

23:45

00:00

00:15
Time
EUL_ACKed_Bits, FCC OFF EUL_avg_RoT, FCC OFF
EUL_ACKed_Bits, FCC ON EUL_avg_RoT, FCC ON

U0001081E

Figure 26 UL FCC OFF/ON – Impact in EUL Traffic (Acked Bits) and Average
RoT
EUL_MACe_Cell_Throughput [kbps]

800
775
750
725
700
675
650
625
600
575
550
525
500
475
19:00

19:15

19:30

19:45

20:00

20:15

20:30

20:45

21:00

21:15

21:30

21:45

22:00

22:15

22:30

22:45

23:00

23:15

23:30

23:45

00:00

Time
FCC off
FCC on

U0001082C

Figure 27 UL FCC OFF/ON – Impact in EUL Cell Throughput

The recommended values are summarized in Table 40.

Table 40 Recommended Values for UL FCC


Parameter Recommended Value
featureStateUlFcc 1 (ACTIVATED)
fccRotMarginHigh 40 (4.0 dB)
fccRotMarginLow 25 (2.5 dB)
eulMaxOwnUuLoad 100 (10 dB)
eulMaxRotCoverage 100 (10 dB)

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Maximizing Departure Rate

When UL FCC is active, it is recommended that eulMaxOwnUuLoad ≥


eulMaxRotCoverage. The improved RoT control introduced by UL FCC
allows an increase in EUL grants and thus an increase in UL throughput.

The recommended values of the margins (fccRotMarginHigh


and fccRotMarginLow) are set considering eulMaxOwnUuLoad =
eulMaxRoTCoverage to give both increased UL Throughput and lower RoT. If
the margins are too low, for example near or below 0 dB, the UL throughput
can decrease since too many TPC-down commands are generated. To
compensate the possible decrease of UL throughput, eulMaxRotCoverage
can be increased. However this increase can limit cell coverage.

It is recommended to use UL FCC together with the interference suppression


features described in Section 5.5.5.1 on page 60.

5.5.4 Initial Power on PRACH


The initial power on PRACH, that is the power of the first preamble,
depends on the pathloss estimated by the UE, the Received Total
Wideband Power measured by the Node B and the value of the
parameter constantValueCprach, see Reference [23]. Setting
constantValueCprach to a high value makes the UE transmit the first
preamble with high power. If the value is too high, UL interference increases
and UL capacity decreases. If the value is too low, the first preamble cannot
be detected in the Node B and a second preamble is needed. That is, low
constantValueCprach reduces the interference, since the preamble is
transmitted with less power, but at the same time increases the number of
preambles sent by the UE. To send more than one preamble has negligible
impact on access time perceived by end users.

Field trials shows that by changing constantValueCprach from -21 to


-15 dB, UL RSSI increased, see Figure 28. The purpose of the figure is to
show that constantValueCprach has a clear impact on UL interference,
even though it should be emphasized that the recommended value of
constantValueCprach is -27 dB, that is, even lower than in Figure 28.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

constantValueCprach value
1800 -21 dB -15 dB -97

1600 -98

1400 -99
Traffic Volume [MB]

UL RSSI [dBm]
1200 -100

1000 -101

800 -102

600 -103

400 -104

200 -105

0 -106
10/24

10/25

10/26

10/27

10/28

10/29

10/30

10/31

11/1

11/2

11/3

11/4

11/5

11/6

11/7

11/8

11/9

11/10
11/11
Srb136 Amr5900 Cs12 Cs64
Ps Common Ps8 Ps16 Ps64
Ps128 Ps384 PsIntEul UL_RSSI_Ave

U0001084D

Figure 28 UL RSSI Increase with High Values of constantValueCprach

Table 41 Recommendations for PRACH


Parameter Recommended Value
constantValueCprach -27 dB

5.5.5 Features Suppressing UL Interference

There are a set of features designed to mitigate uplink interference.

5.5.5.1 Interference Suppression

The set of interference suppression features benefits EUL performance either


in terms of increased throughput or by reducing the received power resulting
in reduced UL interference. The best gain is seen when the bit rate is high.
The interference suppression features introduce an advanced receiver and
brings improvements in three dimensions; improved equalization, improved SIR
estimation, and interference suppression (interference mitigation) capabilities.

The set of interference suppression features are:

• FAJ 121 2671: Interference Suppression for EUL 10 ms


(featureStateIntSuppEul10ms = 1)

• FAJ 121 1714: Interference Suppression


(featureStateInterferenceSuppression = 1)

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Maximizing Departure Rate

• FAJ 121 2370: Interference Suppression for all Bearers


(featureStateIntSuppAllBearers = 1)

5.5.5.2 Narrowband Interference Rejection

Feature Narrowband Interference Rejection (NBIR) FAJ 121 3908, mitigates


the impact of external interference in WCDMA. NBIR gives the best gains in the
case where the bandwidth of the interference covers less than 1 MHz of the
WCDMA carrier. NBIR operates on the received uplink signal in the RBS and
strives to remove any narrowband components. The useful WCDMA signals
are comparably unaffected by the NBIR algorithm which gives a substantially
improved signal to interference ratio.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

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Monitoring and Evaluating KPIs

6 Monitoring and Evaluating KPIs

6.1 How to Measure the Flow of Users


When a good flow of users is maintained the arrival rate is lower or equal to the
departure rate. This means that all users that are admitted into the system are
served fast and then released in order to let other users in.

Finished
sessions / s

Ar
riv
al
ra
te
>
de
te pa
ra rtu
re re
tu ra
par te
de
<
ate
a lr
riv
Ar

Load U0001351A

Figure 29 Example of Finished Sessions per second versus Load

Should the arrival rate be too high so that the system cannot serve all admitted
users the flow of users decreases and users end up stuck not being able to
finish their task.

Evaluation of flow of users should focus on user experience more than RNC or
cell level KPIs. This means that some of the traditional RNC level KPIs need
to be abandoned in favor of other performance indicators of network quality.
One of those KPIs is PS accessibility which does not comply with the flow of
users’ concept. PS accessibility is expected to decrease when implementing
the features and parameters related to flow of users and instead other KPIs
should improve.

Important KPIs supporting flow of users are:

• Load - in terms of active HS users

• HS data volume

• EUL data volume

• RSSI

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

• Mean Holding Time

• Speech drop rate and accessibilty

6.1.1 Load

The load in a network can be measured in different ways. To identify limiting


resources such as hardware, downlink codes or power there are counters
available in the network. By solely observing those counters, the performance
of HSPA users cannot be fully evaluated. Best effort traffic like EUL/HS
requires a different approach since there is no strict threshold pointing out a
too low performance. One load measure, that can give information about HS
active users, is based on users with data in the downlink buffers. Those users
are waiting to be scheduled and therefore give an indication on how loaded the
network is. The average number of HS users with data in their buffer per TTI
can be calculated as inEquation 11.
 
pmNonEmptyUserBuffer
UsersW ithData =
500 3 time interval[s]

Equation 11 Average Number of HS Users with Data in Buffer

To illustrate this measure, it is plotted versus average number of HS users in


Figure 30. The figure shows how the average number of HS users can vary
between different sites due to traffic behavior and configuration though the
number of HS users with data is the same. This means that the number of HS
users that actually have data in the buffer does not correlate to the average
number of HS users in the cell, but is more dependent on what type of traffic
the users generates. The formula used for calculating the average number of
HS users is defined in Reference [5] (PintHs_U_User). The average number of
HS users corresponds to the average number of HS users connected in the
cell, they may or may not have data to receive. The peak number of HS users
at a certain time instant in a ROP is typically twice as many as the average
number, see Section 3.5 on page 9

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Monitoring and Evaluating KPIs

Figure 30 Example of Relation of UsersWithData and Average Number of


HS Users in Three Sites with High HS Load, in the Same Network.

From a user experience perspective the number of users with data in buffer is a
good load estimate since those are the users that are in need of service. If, on
average in one ROP, more than 1 user want to be scheduled in a TTI the cell is
considered highly loaded. In the normal case, there are empty TTIs in a ROP
where no user is scheduled. In order to visualize both high load and low load
samples, a non-linear load definition can be used as in Equation 12.
 
UsersW ithData
Load =
1 + UsersWithData
Equation 12 DL Load Based on Users with Data in Buffer

A highly loaded cell is therefore defined as DL load > 0.5. The DL load can
never go beyond 1 as this signifies infinite load. More importantly, the load can
be used to evaluate the performance by correlating it to other performance
indicators focusing on flow of users.

Other load measures are needed when evaluating coverage or overhead cost,
those are further described inSection 6.1.3.2 on page 69 and Section 6.1.4
on page 70

6.1.2 HS and EUL Volume


High user throughput is the key to increase flow of users. From end-user
perspective it is important that the network can provide the throughput that is
needed for a certain data service requested by the end-user. This results in a
satisfied user. The more satisfied users, the more payload is expected to flow
through the network. The HS and EUL data volume are therefore good KPIs to

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

evaluate in order to ensure that the network can support larger payload with the
implementation of recommended features and parameters.

The HS volume can be retrieved either from RNC counter


pmDlTrafficVolumePsIntHs or Node B counters as calculated in Equation
13.

HS V olume = 6 (pmSumAckedBitsSpiXX )
Equation 13 HS Volume Calculated from Node B counters

In Figure 31 the HS volume is plotted vs the DL Load in a network where


features and parameters were deployed to increase the flow of users. At high
load the payload increased which indicates that more end-users were better
served by the network.

Figure 31 Example of Increase in HS Volume at High Load after Implementing


Some of the Recommended Features and Parameters.

HS volume can also be evaluated per cell vs DL load, see Section 6.1.1
on page 64. It is also beneficial to get an estimate of the user experienced
throughput by plotting the HS volume/user with data vs the DL load, see Figure
32. This corresponds to the HS user throughput KPI described in Reference [5]
(PINTHS_I_DlTP_User_L1).

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Monitoring and Evaluating KPIs

Figure 32 The Average User Throughput Almost Doubled in the Area where
the DL Load is Close to 1.

In Figure 32 the average user throughput almost doubled in the area where the
DL load is close to 1. The maximum DL load also reduced. This indicates that
the user experience improved when the network was highly loaded.

The corresponding counters for EUL volume can be retrieved from RNC
counterpmUlTrafficVolumePsIntEul or Node B counters and calculated
as inEquation 14.

EULV olume = pmSumAckedBitsCellEulTti10 + pmSumAckedBitsCellEulT ti2


Equation 14 EUL Volume Calculated from Node B counters.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

6.1.3 RSSI

UL RSSI can be evaluated in two dimensions. One is to secure the UL cell


coverage in terms of allowed UL noise rise. The other is to secure the UL cell
capacity in terms of UL loading and performance.

6.1.3.1 Coverage

It is important to maintain the UL noise rise at dimensioned levels, since a higher


UL noise rise will decrease the UL coverage of a cell from the planned cell
radius. A controlled increase in noise rise should be accounted for in coverage
planning and is necessary for EUL activity. But a large noise rise of more than
10-12 dB will shrink the UL cell coverage with a similar ratio. The DL coverage
will still be good, but the UEs will not be able to reach the network in uplink, and
therefore they will no longer be counted in the KPI statistics, see Figure 33.

With too high UL interference: Since the Downlink coverage still is good,
- Cell shrinks in Uplink these users will not do IRAT handover
- Users will be out of (Uplink) coverage
User cannot call User do not show up in statistics

Cell coverage

Downlink coverage
Uplink coverage at overload High UL RSSI

Actual Cell edge Planned Cell edge

U0001353A

Figure 33 Uplink Coverage Decrease when Uplink Noise Rise Increases


More Than Planned in Dimensioning the System

An UL noise rise of 10 dB corresponds to approximately half the cell radius in


coverage using a simple propagation model.

Some of the KPI’s of the cell may improve with high a UL Noise rise when
the cell shrinks, but with the cost of many unsatisfied users not being able to
access the system at all. This has been observed in outdoor cells as well as
indoor stadium cells. A typical scenario with high UL RSSI is that accessibility
KPIs looks good, but the customer department will see a large increase in
customer complaints and possible churn from the unsatisfied end users.

The Ericsson recommendations aim to limit the UL Noise Rise in the peaks to
10-12 dB. An UL Noise Rise of 20-50 dB is from the end user point of view
not acceptable. Users will be pushed out of the service area and stuck with
WCDMA DL Coverage, not being able to reach WCMDA or reselect to GSM,
since there is no WCDMA UL coverage.

The UL noise rise can be calculated by comparing the noise floor, which is the
minimum measured RSSI level, and the maximum measured RSSI level. This
can be done using the Node B pdf counter pmAverageRssi. The average

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Monitoring and Evaluating KPIs

noise rise at peak hours can be calculated by finding the minimum average
measured RSSI value during a day and compare it to the maximum average
RSSI. It is also beneficial to capture noise rise peaks by evaluating for example
the worst 5% bins in the distribution of all bins for all individual cells per ROP
and compare it to the minimum bins in a day.

6.1.3.2 UL Loading

Overload in UL can be observed by monitoring the UL loading versus the total


number of users on a cell and within a ROP. As the number of users increase,
so does the loading, see Figure 34.

UL Loading and Mean Hold Time

100 25

90

80 20
Cell Overload

Estimated Mean Hold Time [s]


70
UL Loading [%]

60 15

50

40 10

30

20 5

10

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Total Users (Speech + SRB + HSPA) [#]

UL Loading Mean Hold Time


U0001065C

Figure 34 An example of Uplink Loading and Estimated Mean Holding Time


for Packet Calls versus Number of Users

Number of users is the average number of users for all services in CELL_DCH
state.

UL Loading is based on the uplink RSSI and can be measured using the Node
B pdf counter pmAverageRssi. This counter is in dBm and must be converted
to Watt to calculate correct average RSSI. This means that the pdf bins must
be converted from dBm to Watt before calculating the average.

To convert the pmAverageRssi counter from dBm to Watt, do the following:

1. Convert the bin end points (upper and lower bound of the bin) to Watt, and
calculate the average. This results in one average Watt value per bin.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

2. Calculate the weighted average for all bins in the pdf. This results in one
average RSSI value for the whole ROP.

3. Convert the RSSI value back to dBm.

Uplink loading is defined as shown in Equation 15.


!
uplinkloading = 100 2 10 1 %
10 RSSI 0RSSImin =
( ) 10

Equation 15 Uplink Loading

where

RSSI (dBm) is the average UL RSSI for each ROP


RSSI_min is the minimum average RSSI over 24 hours (this is the
(dBm) noisefloor)

6.1.4 HS Used Power

One way to observe overload in the DL is to monitor the average used power
for HSDPA and correlate this with the number of users that are due to be
scheduled. The HS power will increase as the number of HS users increases,
until a point when the HS power use starts to reduce, see Figure 35. When less
HS power is available it takes longer for each user to complete the session and
the MHT per user increases.

The reason for lower HS power use is because the overhead cost for each user
becomes significantly higher when there are many HSDPA users in the system,
leaving less power for High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).

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Monitoring and Evaluating KPIs

Figure 35 An Example of DL Load versus HSDPA Power.

Average HSDPA power is calculated from the counter pmTransmittedCarri


erPowerWHs, which is a pdf counter in the Node B. The calculated values are
referenced to the maximum power in the cell, see Reference [19]. The DL load
is calculated as described in Section 6.1.1 on page 64

6.1.5 Mean Holding Time

The longer an HSPA user is connected to the network, the larger the overhead
cost is and the lower the overall performance is. When implementing feature
and parameters aiming to improve flow of users this is a KPI to evaluate. Note
that the difference before and after implementation should be evaluated rather
than the absolute values of the Mean Holding Time (MHT).

MHT is the average time an HSPA user is in connected state and can be
used as a measure to evaluate how fast users are served by the network, see
Equation 16 to Equation 19.

MHT = M HSPA2tROP  [s]
N HSPA
Equation 16 Mean Holding Time

M HSPA = pmSumHsConnServ 
pmSamplesHsConnServ
Equation 17 MHSPA = Average number of HS users, meaning UE
connections with at least one PS RAB mapped on a DCH/HS or
EUL/HS Radio Bearer.

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

t ROP = M easurement0P eriod [s]

Equation 18 Measurement Period. For example 900 s for 15 min Result


Output Period (ROP)

N HSPA = pmN ormalReleaseH sC onn + pmSystemReleaseHsC onn+


pmN ormalRelM ultiH sC onnT oSpeech + pmSystemRelM ultiH sC onnT oSpecch+
pmReconf SuccOrigH sC onn

Equation 19 NHSPA = number of HS connections being released or


reconfigured to a non-HSDPA connection.

Evaluation can be done on RNC level in order to capture network trend and
behavior change, for example when new features are introduced. Cell level
evaluation can be done to capture impact of load in the cell or to identify the
trigger point for capacity upgrade, for example when comparing the MHT with
use of High Speed (HS) power.

This analysis is only relevant for HSPA users and should be correlated to the
load due to HS users with data in downlink buffer. When evaluating the MHT
vs DL load before and after changes in the network it is important to evaluate
the median MHT where the load is close to 100%.

MHT vs DL load often looks like in Figure 36. Low load allows a few extremely
heavy and long lasting sessions, while most are short sessions. With increasing
number of active users, the download time and therefore the average MHT
increases slightly. At very high load there is usually a larger MHT increase.

Figure 36 Example of how Mean Holding Time versus DL Load may Change
in a Network

Note that long MHT at very high load, for example due to small EUL headroom,
is likely to cause low traffic or payload per user. When implementing features to

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Monitoring and Evaluating KPIs

enable more EUL headroom it is likely that the traffic behavior changes since it
is now possible to acquire high rate data services. This will probably increase
MHT instead of decreasing it. MHT itself is therefore not a KPI to optimize, but
with maintained traffic behavior it can reflect change in the flow of users.

6.1.6 Speech KPI

It is important to monitor the traditional speech KPIs such as retainability and


accessibility to ensure that the KPIs are maintained or better, see Reference
[5]. It is also important to monitor the speech Erlang.

6.2 Monitoring Performance with GPEH


The PM counters allow the operator to identify cells with higher traffic or higher
number of users. However, this does not give a clear idea of momentary
peaks or fast variations, within a period of 15 min. In case of special events
for example in stadiums, GPEH events are preferred. GPEH events allow the
operator to evaluate variations of traffic with more accuracy, including number
of users, power use, UL interference and base band utilization. See example,
using the GPEH event INTERNAL_SYSTEM_UTILIZATION (sampled every 2
s) in Figure 37. When more than one carrier is used, this event also allows to
evaluate how the users are distributed between different carriers.

For further analysis of accessibility and retainability issues, use the GPEH events
INTERNAL_SYSTEM_BLOCK and INTERNAL_SYSTEM_RELEASE respectively.
For throughput analysis, use INTERNAL_PACKET_DEDICATED_THROUGHPUT.

For more information regarding PM counters and GPEH events, see Reference
[19] and Reference [20].

Users UL RSSI [dBm]


50 -94
ROP1 ROP2 -96
40
-98
30
-100
20
-102
10 -104
ROP3 ROP4
0 -106
19:00 19:25 19:50

hs_users eul_users ul_interference


U0001067C

Figure 37 Example from GPEH Event Analysis from an Arena Event,


Showing Number of HS and EUL Users and UL RSSI

Use PM counters for overall traffic evaluation and identification of high traffic
cells. Use GPEH in areas with sudden traffic changes, such as special events,

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

stadiums or train stations, as it allows higher accuracy to measure peak


resource use.

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Appendix - List of Recommended Parameter Settings

7 Appendix - List of Recommended


Parameter Settings

A short list of the recommended parameter settings described in this document


is found in Table 42. This is a subset of the radio network parameter list found
in Reference [1].

Table 42 Recommended Parameter Settings to Support Flow of Users


MO Class Parameter Recommended Comment
value
Carrier eulMaxOwnUuLo 100 (10 dB) UL FCC should
NodeBSectorC ad be used
arrier
Carrier eulMaxRotCover 100 (10 dB) UL FCC should
NodeBSectorC age be used
arrier
Carrier fccRotMarginHigh 40 (4.0 dB) UL FCC should
NodeBSectorC be used
arrier
Carrier fccRotMarginLow 25 (2.5dB) UL FCC should
NodeBSectorC be used
arrier
ChannelSwitchi dlRlcBufUpswitch 500
ng
ChannelSwitchi hsdschInactivityTi 2
ng mer
ChannelSwitchi inactivityTimer 8
ng
ChannelSwitchi ulRlcBufUpswitch 256
ng
Eul numEagchCodes 4 See Table 9
Eul numEhichErgchC 4 See Table 9
odes
Eul ReleaseAseUlNg 0
Handover releaseConnOffs 120 (12 dB)
et
Hsdsch numHsPdschCod 5
es

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

MO Class Parameter Recommended Comment


value
IubLink dlHwAdm 90-95 Higher value are
suitable for more
capable HW.
IubLink ulHwAdm 90-95
IurLink cellCapabilityCont 1
rol.fdpchSupport
NodeBFunction eul2msFirstSched 160
Step
NodeBFunction eulMaxAllowedSc 5120 Interference
hRate Suppression
should be enabled
NodeBFunction eulMaxTotalProte 1280
ctedRate
NodeBFunction licenseCapacityN 96 Equal to or
umEulUsers larger than
licenseCapacity
NumHsdpaUsers
NodeBFunction licenseCapacityN 96
umHsdpaUsers
PowerControl fdpchErrorRateTa 10
rget
PowerControl pO1 0 (0 dB)
PowerControl pO2 6 (1.5 dB)
PowerControl pO3 0 (0 dB)
PowerControl sirMax 100 (10 dB)
PowerControl sirMaxTti10 80 (8.0 dB)
PowerControl sirMaxTti2 120 (12 dB)
PowerControl transmissionTarg 100 (10 %)
etError
PowerControl transmissionTarg 50 (5 %)
etErrorTti2
PowerControl ulInitSirTargetEdc 30 (3.0 dB)
h
PowerControl ulInitSirTargetEdc 40 (4.0 dB)
hTti2
PowerControl ulInitSirTargetExt 70 (7.0 dB)
raHigh

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Appendix - List of Recommended Parameter Settings

MO Class Parameter Recommended Comment


value
PowerControl ulInitSirTargetHig 70 (7.0 dB)
h
PowerControl ulInitSirTargetLo 40 (4.0 dB)
w
PowerControl ulInitSirTargetSrb 30 (3.0 dB)
RabHandling edchTti2SpeechE 0 (FALSE)
nabled
RncFunction softCongestionAll 1 "Soft Congestion
Modules handling in all
RNC module
MP” ON (1), soft
congestion must
be able to target
all UEs in the
cell regardless
of which MP
handles the call,
see Reference [9]
Rach constantValueCpr -27
ach
Rach spreadingFactor 32
RbsLocalCell eulMinMarginCov 0 UL FCC should
NodeBLocalCe erage be used
ll
RbsLocalCell eulNoERgchGrou 8 See Table 9
NodeBLocalCe ps
ll
RbsLocalCell extraPowerForSr 20 (2 dB
NodeBLocalCe bOnHsdpa
ll
RbsLocalCell extraHsScchPow 20 (2 dB
NodeBLocalCe erForSrbOnHsdp
ll a
RbsLocalCell hsPowerMargin 0
NodeBLocalCe
ll
RbsLocalCell maxNumEulUser 96 Align with
NodeBLocalCe s licenseCapacity
ll NumEulUsers

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

MO Class Parameter Recommended Comment


value
RbsLocalCell maxNumHsdpaU 96 Align with
NodeBLocalCe sers licenseCapacity
ll NumHsdpaUsers
RbsLocalCell maxNumHsPdsch 15
NodeBLocalCe Codes
ll
RbsLocalCell schMinPowerNon 0
NodeBLocalCe GbrHsUsers
ll
RncFunction spareA[5] 1 SHO of ADCH
is treated as
non-guaranteed
in the DL
(otherwise one
HS connection
may downswitch
another HS
connection), see
Reference [8]
Rrc rrcLcFilterMax 100
UeRcTrCh blerQualityTarget See CPI. Set per For all R99 PS
Ul UeRcTrCh bearers in UL
without speech
(also for MultiRab
for example
2*PS), set the
BLER target to
10% for the data
transport channel
only (not the SRB
part).
UtranCell aseUlAdm 500
UtranCell autoAcbEnabled 1
UtranCell autoAcbMaxPsCl 10
assesToBar
UtranCell autoAcbMinRcssr 5
Input
UtranCell autoAcbRcssrThr 50
esh
UtranCell autoAcbRcssrWe 2
ight

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Appendix - List of Recommended Parameter Settings

MO Class Parameter Recommended Comment


value
UtranCell autoAcbRtwpThr -70
esh
UtranCell autoAcbRtwpWe 10
ight
UtranCell dlCodeAdm 80 SeeSection 4.2.3
on page 26
UtranCell eulNonServingCe 100
llUsersAdm
UtranCell eulServingCellUs 96 Align with
ersAdm licenseCapacity
NumEulUsers
UtranCell eulServingCellUs 16
ersAdmTti2
UtranCell hsdpaUsersAdm 96 Align with
licenseCapacity
NumHsdpaUsers
UtranCell hsIflsSpeechMulti 0 (OFF)
RabTrigg
UtranCell interPwrMax 30 (3 dB)
UtranCell interRate 845 (8.45 kbps)
UtranCell maxPwrMax 30 (3 dB)
UtranCell maxRate 40690 (406.9
kbps)
UtranCell minimumRate 370 (3.7 kbps)
UtranCell minPwrMax -15 (-1.5 dB)
UtranCell primaryCpichPow 8-10% of
er min[maximumTra
nsmissionPower,
maxDlPowerCapa
bility]
UtranCell pwrAdm 75
UtranCell rachOverloadPro 1
tect
UtranCell rateSelectionPsIn 0 (DCH)
teractive.channel
Type
UtranCell rateSelectionPsIn 16
teractive.dlPrefRa
te

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

MO Class Parameter Recommended Comment


value
UtranCell rateSelectionPsIn 16
teractive.ulPrefRa
te
UtranCell rrcLcEnabled 1
UtranCell servDiffRrcAdmHi 1 (SPEECH_ONL SDRA
ghPrioProfile Y) FAJ 121 2712,
must be turned
on ,otherwise new
HS users from Idle
will downswitch
other HS users),
see Section 4.3.2
on page 30
UtranCell sf128Adm 10
UtranCell sf16Adm 0
UtranCell sf16AdmUl 10
UtranCell sf16gAdm 0
UtranCell sf32Adm 10
UtranCell sf4AdmUl 0
UtranCell sf64AdmUl 10
UtranCell sf8Adm 0
UtranCell sf8AdmUl 0
UtranCell sf8gAdmUl 0

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Appendix - List of Recommended Features

8 Appendix - List of Recommended Features

The recommended features that should be activated are:

Table 43 List of Recommended Features to Support Flow of Users


Impr Sw Feature Name Parameter Name Recommend
. ed value
area
UL - FAJ 121 1023, licenseStateEnhancedU 1 (ACTIVATE
Enhanced Uplink plinkIntroduction D)
Start Package
UL W13. FAJ 121 2723, EUL licenseCapacityNumEu > 96
0 Users per cell lUsers
maxNumEulUsers > 96
UL W12 FAJ 121 1317, licenseStateEul2msTti 1 (ENABLED)
Enhanced Uplink,
featureStateEul2msTti 1 (ACTIVATE
2 ms TTI
D)
UL W13. FAJ 121 2444, licenseStateUlFcc 1 (ENABLED)
0 Uplink Fast
featureStateUlFcc 1 (ACTIVATE
Congestion Control
D)
UL W12 FAJ 121 1714, licenseStateInterference 1 (ENABLED)
Interference Suppression
Suppression
featureStateInterference 1 (ACTIVATE
Suppression D)
UL W13. FAJ 121 2671, licenseStateIntSuppEul 1 (ENABLED)
0 Interference 10ms
Suppression for
featureStateIntSuppEul 1 (ACTIVATE
EUL 10 ms
10ms D)
UL W13. FAJ 121 2370, licenseStateIntSuppAllB 1 (ENABLED)
1 Interference earers
Suppression for
featureStateIntSuppAllB 1 (ACTIVATE
all bearers
earers D)
UL W11. FAJ 121 1376, EUL EulCellEdgeCoverage 1 (ACTIVATE
0 Cell Edge Coverage D)
UL W12 FAJ 121 1443, licenseStatePerHarqPr 1 (ENABLED)
EUL Single HARQ ocessGrant
Process Scheduling
featureStatePerHarqPr 1 (ACTIVATE
ocessGrant D)

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Impr Sw Feature Name Parameter Name Recommend


. ed value
area
UL P7.0 FAJ 121 1334, - -
Improved CE ladder
for E-DCH
UL W12. FAJ 121 1673, - -
0 Channel Element
Capacity for HSDPA
Smartphones
UL W12. FAJ 121 1883, licenseStateCeCapEul 1 (ENABLED)
1 Channel Element
featureStateCeCapEul 1 (ACTIVATE
Capacity for EUL
D)
Smartphones
UL W13. FAJ 121 2598, CE licenseStateCeExtForE 1 (ENABLED)
0 Extension for EUL ul
featureStateCeExtForE 1 (ACTIVATE
ul D)
UL W17. FAJ 121 4613, licenseStateAdditionalC 1 (ENABLED)
0 Additional CE eExtForEul
Extension for EUL
featureStateAdditionalC 1 (ACTIVATE
eExtForEul D)
UL W10 FAJ 121 1518, licenseStateEulForLarg 1 (ENABLED)
EUL for Large RBS eRbsConfig
Configurations
featureStateEulForLarg 1 (ACTIVATE
eRbsConfig D)
UL W11. FAJ 121 1584, UL licenseStateDchEulBala 1 (ENABLED)
1 efficiency-DCH/EUL ncing
load balancing
featureStateDchEulBala 1 (ACTIVATE
ncing D)
UL W11. FAJ 121 1560, EUL softCongEul 1 (ACTIVATE
1 Soft Congestion D)
UL W11. FAJ 121 1401, Soft SoftCong2msEulChann 1 (ACTIVATE
1 Congestion of 2ms elElements D)
EUL Users
UL W14. FAJ 121 3908, licenseStateNbir 1 (ENABLED)
1 Narrowband
featureStateNbir 1 (ACTIVATE
Interference
featCtrlNbir D)
Rejection

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Appendix - List of Recommended Features

Impr Sw Feature Name Parameter Name Recommend


. ed value
area
UL W15. FAJ 121 3941, licenseStateEulLowLate 1 (ENABLED)
1 EUL Low Latency ncyPresched
Prescheduling
featureStateEulLowLate 1 (ACTIVATE
ncyPresched D)
UL W15. FAJ 121 4187, licenseStateUlCoMpRe 1 (ENABLED)
1 Uplink Coordinated ception
Multi-Point
featureStateUlCoMpRe 1 (ACTIVATE
Reception
ception D)
UL W16. FAJ 121 3214, licenseStateCeEfficienc 1 (ENABLED)
1 Channel Element yEul
Efficiency for EUL
featureStateCeEfficienc 1 (ACTIVATE
yEul D)
UL P7.1 FAJ 121 1352, Find
& Faulty Antenna Data
DL
UL W10. FAJ 121 1335, RabCombination123 1 (ACTIVATE
& 1 Speech 12.2 kbps D)
DL and HSPA PS
Interactive RAB
combination
UL W14. FAJ 121 1337, AMR RabCombination126 1 (ACTIVATE
& 1 WB speech and D)
DL HSPA PS Interactive
RAB Combination
UL W13. FAJ 121 2709, licenseStateHsdpaMcInt 1 (ENABLED)
& 1 HSDPA MC Inter erDuSched
DL DU Joint Scheduling
featureStateHsdpaMcInt 1 (ACTIVATE
erDuSched D)
UL W14. FAJ 121 3907, Data DataAcceleration 1 (ACTIVATE
& 1 Acceleration D)
DL
UL W14. FAJ 121 3946, AutoTriggeredACBarrin 1 (ACTIVATE
& 1 Automatically gCell D)
DL Triggered Access
Class Barring on
Cell Level
UL W15. FAJ 121 4244, RachOverloadProtectio 1 (ACTIVATE
& 1 RACH Overload n D)
DL Protection

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Impr Sw Feature Name Parameter Name Recommend


. ed value
area
UL W16. FAJ 121 4427, Lean LeanDchDownswitch 1 (ACTIVATE
& 0 DCH Downswitch D)
DL
DL W10. FAJ 121 1481, licenseStateFDpchSrbO 1 (ENABLED)
0 F-DPCH and nHsdpa
FAJ 121 1320, SRB
featureStateFDpchSrbO 1 (ACTIVATE
on HS
nHsdpa D)
featCtrlFDpchSrbOnHs
dpa
DL W10. FAJ 121 1581, RNC RrcLoadControl 1 (ACTIVATE
1 RRC Load Control D)
DL W13. FAJ 121 2712 servDiffRrcAdm 1 (ACTIVATE
1 , Service D)
Differentiated RRC
Admission
DL W14. FAJ 121 2872, PagingPrioForOverload 1 (ACTIVATE
0 Paging Priority for Ctrl D)
Overload Control
DL - Enhanced HSDPA softCongHsdpa 1 (ACTIVATE
Soft Congestion D)
DL W14. FAJ 121 3698, licenseStateHsdpaPow 1 (ENABLED)
1 HSDPA Dynamic erSharing
power Sharing
featureStateHsdpaPow 1 (ACTIVATE
erSharing D)
featCtrlHsdpaPowerSh
aring
DL W11 FAJ 121 407, RabCombination021 1 (ACTIVATE
UTRAN Registration D)
Area Handling
DL W11. FAJ 121 1552, Fast FastDormancyHandling 1 (ACTIVATE
1 Dormancy Handling D)
DL W13. FAJ 121 2267, DiffUeHandlingPs 1 (ACTIVATE
1 Differentiated Ue D)
Handling
DL W13. FAJ 121 2425, FastDormancyPrerel8 1 (ACTIVATE
1 Fast Dormancy for D)
pre-rel-8 UEs
DL W13. FAJ 121 2116, DeviceOptimizedFastD 1 (ACTIVATE
1 Device Optimized ormancy D)
Fast Dormancy

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Appendix - List of Recommended Features

Impr Sw Feature Name Parameter Name Recommend


. ed value
area
DL W12. FAJ 121 1496 DirectUpswitchUra 1 (ACTIVATE
1 , Faster D)
Establishment,
Direct Upswitch
from URA
DL - FAJ 121 754, RabCombination009 1 (ACTIVATE
Speech and 0 kbps D)
Packet Data Rate
DL - FAJ 121 1060, AMR RabCombination042 1 (ACTIVATE
WB Speech and D)
PS Interactive RAB
combination
DL W10 FAJ 121 977, PreferredRatePsInterac 1 (ACTIVATE
Flexible Initial tive D)
Rate Selection PS
Interactive
DL FAJ 121 845, DynamicRabEstablishm 1 (ACTIVATE
Dynamic PS I/B ent D)
Rab Establishment
(DRE)
DL FAJ 121 967, licenseStateHsdpaDyna 1 (ENABLED)
Dynamic Code micCodeAllocation
Allocation (DCA)
featureStateHsdpaDyna 1 (ACTIVATE
micCodeAllocation D)
featCtrlHsdpaDynamicC
odeAllocation
DL W12. FAJ 121 1880, HsdpaIflsCapAndPrioH 1 (ACTIVATE
1 HSDPA IFLS andling D)
Capability and
Priority Handling
DL W13. FAJ 121 2870, licenseStateIncreasedH 1 (ENABLED)
0 Increased HSDPA sCodeCap
Code Capacity on
featureStateIncreasedH 1 (ACTIVATE
DUW
sCodeCap D)
DL W10. FAJ 121 1441, licenseStateHsdpaMc 1 (ENABLED)
0 Multi-Carrier
featureStateHsdpaMc 1 (ACTIVATE
featCtrlHsdpaMc D)

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

Impr Sw Feature Name Parameter Name Recommend


. ed value
area
DL W10. FAJ 121 1445, Multi licenseStateHsdpaMcIn 1 (ENABLED)
0 Carrier Inactivity actCtrl
Control
featureStateHsdpaMcIn 1 (ACTIVATE
actCtrl D)
featCtrlHsdpaMcInactCt
rl
DL W11. FAJ 121 1490, licenseStateHsdpaDbM 1 (ENABLED)
1 Dual-Band HSDPA c
Multi-Carrier
featureStateHsdpaDbM 1 (ACTIVATE
c D)
featCtrlHsdpaDbMc

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Reference List

Reference List

[1] Radio Network Parameters, 86/1553-HSD 101 02

[2] Additional WCDMA Carrier Deployment, 148/100 56-HSD 101 02

[3] Performance Management for Uplink Channel Element Capacity, 12/100


56-HSD 101 02

[4] CE Extension for EUL, 142/1553-HSD 101 02

[5] Radio Network KPI, 120/1553-HSD 101 02

[6] HSDPA MC Inter DU Joint Scheduling, 176/1553-HSD 101 02

[7] RACH Overload Protection, 211/1553-HSD 101 02

[8] Service Differentiated RRC Admission, 135/1553-HSD 101 02

[9] Capacity Management, 83/1553-HSD 101 02

[10] Network Robustness and Network Load Regulation, 332/1553-HSD 101


02

[11] LA, RA and URA Planning, 2/100 56-HSD 101 02

[12] HSDPA Dynamic Power Sharing, 187/1553-HSD 101 02

[13] Mixed Mode Dynamic Power Sharing, 235/1553-HSD101 02

[14] Inter-Radio Access Technology, 10/100 56-HSD 101 02

[15] Data Acceleration, 192/1553-HSD 101 02

[16] HSDPA Migration and Activation, 95/1553-HSD 101 02

[17] Retainability and Accessibility Guideline, 144/100 56-HSD 101 02

[18] UL Fast Congestion Control, 153/1553-HSD 101 02

[19] RAN Load Monitoring, 336/1553-HSD 101 02

[20] General Performance Event Handling, 104/1551-AXD 105 03/1

[21] WCDMA Heterogeneous Network Deployment Guideline, 243/100


56-HSD 101 02

[22] HSDPA User Plane, 93/1553-HSD 101 02

[23] Power Control, 80/1553-HSD 101 02

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Flow of Users in WCDMA Radio Networks

[24] Increased HSDPA Code Capacity on DUW, 155/1553-HSD 101 02

[25] Connection Handling, 4/1553-HSD 101 02

[26] Enhanced UL Scheduler, 112/1553-HSD 101 02

[27] Fast Dormancy for pre-rel-8 UEs, 144/1553-HSD 101 02

[28] Device Optimized Fast Dormancy, 145/1553-HSD 101 02

[29] Paging Priority for Overload Control, 179/1553-HSD 101 02

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