Contribution of Steel Slags On The Fresh and Harden Properties of Concrete - A Review

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Contribution of Steel Slags on the Fresh and Harden Properties of Concrete – A

Review
Conference Paper · March 2018
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(E-ISSN 2250–2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal, Volume 7, Special Issue 2, December 2017)
Contribution of Steel Slags on the Fresh and Harden Properties

of Concrete – A Review.
Sudipta Ghosh1, Ipsita Mohanty2, Purnachandra Saha3
1
M.Tech Student, 2,3Faculty,School of Civil Engineering. KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
1
sudiptaghosh201@gmail.com
2
ipsitamhnty@gmail.com
3
dr.purnasaha@gmail.com
Abstract— Steel slag is a by-product from steel making That is why the research for reuse these steel slags in
process and it can be used in achieving sustainable concrete. concrete as an alternative material with technically and
The objective of this study is to discuss the fresh and harden economically has been started throughout the world.
properties of concrete using steel slag as the partial Developing country like USA, China, Japan, Garman and
replacement of cement and aggregates in concrete. Steel slag
France where 50% of waste steel slags has already been
is used as partial replacement of cement upto 50% and
aggregates are replaced upto 100% in different studies. started to reuse directly in road projects [4]. But after a
Influence of steel slag on the properties like workability, perfect treatment this kind of slag can also be utilized for
setting time, strength properties and durability of concrete are manufacturing concrete and to produce new cementitious
demonstrated in this study. It is observed that, with 25-35% materials which can make a replacement of natural
replacement of cement by steel slag is the optimized range aggregates in concrete [5].
which gives the high compressive, flexural strength.
Replacement of aggregates within the range of 30-40% with II. PRODUCTION OF STEEL SLAG
steel slag provides highest compressive strength. Optimized
replacement of both cement and aggregates by steel slag Steel slag which is generally identified as EAF Slag,
reduces the material cost as well as makes it sustainable. created in the electric arc furnace at the time of carbon steel
production. At the time of carbon steel production it
Keywords— Steel slag, concrete, cement, coarse aggregate, generates as liquefy on the periphery of ragged steel at
compressive strength, durability. about 1600-3000°C [5]. Then the molten slag is poured into
pits or ground bays and makes it cool under controlled
I. INTRODUCTION conditions by which it will form into crystalline slag [6].
Generally aggregate occupies 70% volume of concrete, Several sizes of aggregates (10-20mm; 8-12mm; 4-8mm; 0-
is one of the basic materials of concrete [1].From the vision 4 mm) are shaped by crushing frozen blocks of slag and
of sustainability, cement and natural aggregates are the two then sorted it by sieving [2]. Lime and magnesium oxide
challenging ingredients in concrete [2]. By reason of high (MgO) is added while refining the carbon steel as these two
deficiency of ordinary sand applied as fine aggregate and elements help to trim down the refractory expenditure and
the growing tendency on sustainable creation, it is increases the value of heat transfer to the bath. Fig 1 refers
necessary to find an alternative material for next the procedure of making slags by two types of furnaces and
generation. The chemical and physical features of the Fig 2 refers the functions of various components of Electric
industrial wastes must be considered sincerely. Arc Furnace.
Steel slag is a solid waste from various steel industries
all over the world. One ton of steel produces 150-190kg of
steel slag depending upon the composition and production
process of steel. Generally slag comes out as granulated
material holds large group of coarse and fine particles [1].
Huge amount of steel slags, which were always considered
as a waste, causes the waste of recourses as well as
environment pollution [3].
Fig 1: Flow chart to produce EAF Slag and GGBF Slag
International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 58
However the oxide percentage and concentration of
other secondary components are highly unpredictable. It
changes from one batch to another and depends on sources,
raw materials, types of steel and furnace condition etc [8].
It has been showed that the use of relatively large amount
of Fe2O3 in steel slag as coarse aggregate enhances the
flexural and compressive strength of concrete. Use of air
cooled steel slag with low non-crystalline silica content and
large quantities of ferric oxides is not appropriate to work
in cement mixture. [9]. If the percentage of Chromium (Cr)
Fig 2: Electric Arc Furnace and its various functions. in any slag is higher than FeO than it is considered as risky
A. Physical properties of steel slag waste. In that case those steel slags having low FeO content
are further treated with Aluminium (Al) to refine.
Steel slag can replace both fine and coarse aggregates in Otherwise CaF2 can be used for further refinement then the
concrete. The sizes lies between 0-5mm and 5-25mm are slag will consist mainly CaO and SiO2 [8]. Chemical
considered as fine slag and coarse slag respectively. properties of Steel Slag from various authors are given in
Different sizes of particles take part in different roles in the Table 2.
maturity of strength in concrete. The density of steel slag
sandwiched between 1600-3600 kg/m3[4,7]. The solidity of TABLE 1
Physical Properties
concrete is lower when the slag is replacing the natural
aggregates fully. So this is an advantage when a less mass Properties
Water
concrete product is essential. The water absorption Specific Density Fineness
Color Absorp-
Gravity (kg/m3) (cm2/gm)
percentage of steel slag aggregate is higher than normal tion (%)
Author
aggregate. Sometime this value even exceeds the standard Patel et al.
Grey 3.28 -- -- --
value which is given in IS Code (IS 2386-Part-III-1963). [17]
But after curing by different procedure when it is entirely Devi et al.
Grey 3.0-3.84 -- 1.32-5 --
[1]
saturated, the absorption power of steel slag aggregate is Chunlin et 3.28-
highly reduced. Then the water which is used for hydration Grey -- 0.96-1.2 --
al. [3] 3.59
of cement is employed accurately and goes well with the Rosales et
Grey -- 2100 5.84 --
principle [1]. This hydration process depends on how much al. [7]
fine the steel slag are [6]. Physical properties of Steel Slag Qasrani [9] Grey 3.19 1940 0.8 --
from various authors are given in Table 1. Grubesa et
Grey -- 3210 3.7 --
al. [5]
B. Chemical properties of steel slag Ali et al.
Grey 3.45 1630 2.44 --
Mainly most of the steel slags are formulated of CaO, [24]
Mladenovic
MgO, SiO2 and FeO in the form of silicates, ferrites, et al. [20]
Grey -- 3048 -- --
aluminates and various oxides. That is why steel slag can Masoudi et
Grey 3.46 -- 1.3 --
be basically represented by a quaternary coordination al. [25]
among CaO–MgO–SiO2–FeO. Some free lime (CaO) is Sheen et al.
Grey 2.84 -- -- 4551
[13]
presented in steel slag. The upper bound value of free lime
Sheen et al. 2.85-
for asphaltic layers is 4%. For this reason steel slag is kept Grey -- 1.9-2.8 5500
[12] 2.90
in touch with water for six months before using it so that Yunfeng et 2940-
Grey -- -- --
hydration process takes place between lime and water. al. [15] 3300
Some process like outdoor aging or steam aging and Biskri et al
Grey -- 2800 -- 3800
[11]
autoclave treatment method can reduce the quantity of free
lime content within steel slag [6].
TABLE 2 2. Content of silicon-di-oxide (SiO2) is between 15-25%
Chemical Oxides and its percentages for steel slag but it is very low (<1%) for GGBFS.
Oxides 3. The main factor of chemical oxide comes when it is
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MnO SO3 compared with Iron (Fe2O3) content. For each case the
Author
oxide percentage of Iron (Fe2O3) lies between 20-40%
Patel et al.
22.69 12.75 40.74 19.59 0.23 0.13 2.4 for steel slag but for GGBFS it comes less than1-2%.
[17]
Yi et al. [4] 11-20 10-18 5-6 30-50 8-13 5-10 --  Table 3 refers the comparisons of chemical oxides
Chunlin et between Steel Slag and GGBFS.
28.92 3.72 18 34.09 4.15 2.23 0.13
al. [3]  Various sizes of Steel slag and GGBFS are shown in Fig
Rosales et 3 and Fig 4 respectively.
30.43 6 0.94 46.21 9.98 -- 0.39
al. [7]
Qasrani [9] 15.5 4.7 37 29.7 6.6 2.9 0.3 TABLE 3
Comparison of chemical oxides between Steel Slag and GGBFS
Shi [8] 24-32 3-7.5 -- 39-45 8-15 0.4-2 0.1-0.3
Oxides
Fe2O3
Al2O3
MgO
MnO
Marriage et
CaO
Sio2
SO3
11.45 2.32 27.32 37.44 9.32 3.65 0.28
al. [28] Author
Grubesa et
17.08 5.4 25.45 24.98 10.58 8.91 0.25
al. [5] Patel et
19.59 0.23 22.69 40.74 12.75 0.13 --
Mladenovic al. [17]
19.98 4.7 3.14 64.97 1.96 -- 1.54
et al. [20] Grubesa
Anastasiou 24.98 8.91 24.98 25.45 5.4 8.91 --
22.8 8.46 32.6 20.6 3.63 -- -- et al. [5]
Steel slag
et al. [10]
Qian et al. Ali et al.
10-15 1-5 3.14 40-50 12 -- -- 32.01 6.85 7.68 26.5 12.97 -- 3.1
[21] [24]
Tarawneh Xiaolu et
9-11 1.4-1.7 10-13 50-57 1-2 4-5 -- 39.44 2.19 15.77 16.28 5.21 -- 2.9
et al. [33] al. [16]
Masoudi et Liu et al.
17.32 4.15 25.28 39.43 5.72 -- 0.56 40.95 6.57 17.3 20.1 6.29 3.97 0.74
al. [25] [37]
Sheen et al. Marriaga
22.97 4 0.08 51.26 8.1 -- -- 38.7 7.75 34.5 0.74 13.16 0.45 1.75
[13] et al. [28]
GGBFS
Xiaolu et
15.77 5.21 16.28 39.44 2.19 -- 0.03 Siddique
al. [16] 41.99 8.04 35.34 0.35 11.59 0.45 --
[35]
Liu et al.
17.3 6.29 20.1 40.95 6.57 3.97 0.74 Xiaolu et
[37] 40.35 8.58 33.26 1.07 14.95 -- 0.05
al. [16]
C. Comparison between GGBFS (Ground Granulated Blast
Slag) and Steel Slag.
1. GGBS is an industrial wastage from blast furnace
whereas Steel Slag is an industrial wastage from electric
arc furnace. But both are wastage from iron or steel
industries.
2. GGBS is very positive in design and enlargement of high
superiority cement mortar or concrete. For most of the
cases Steel Slag is applied for the improvement of (a)
flexible pavements with concrete.
3. GGBS is mostly known as GGBFS Steel slag is
commonly known as EAFS (Electric Arc Furnace Slag).
 Comparison by percentage of Chemical Oxide:-

1. The oxide of Calcium (CaO) is lies between 19-40% for
steel slag but for maximum cases of GGBFS it always
greater than 38-40%.
(b)
III. WORKABILITY
Workability is that property of concrete which
determines the effort required manipulating a freshly mixed
quantity of concrete with minimum loss of homogeneity.
A standard value of slump between 30-110mm (S2
class) is considered for nominal concrete mixtures [1,10];
130-220mm is for high strength concrete mixes[11] and the
slump & slump flow were considered in range of 250-
(c) 290mm & 430-695mm respectively for low strength
Fig 3: EAFS as (a) Coarse Slag (b) Fine Slag and (c) Powder
concrete[12]. It was concluded that the value of slump
comes down as the replacement percentage of aggregate by
steel slag increases. Normal river sand is much finer than
steel slag. Water absorption power of normal aggregate is
lesser than steel slag aggregate. So in a fixed water cement
ratio, steel slag absorbs more water than normal aggregate
[1]. For a constant slump value water-cement ratio should
decrease as the replacement percentage of steel slag is
increased [6, 13]. It was observed that the roughness &
multi angle in surface, increasing friction angle within
particles and the higher fineness of SS than OPC can also
cause the decrement of slump value [12, 14]. Reducing the
(a)
sizes & volume of voids in freshly mixed SS concrete also
can affect in the enhancement for workability [13, 15]. It
was also stated out that the activators of desulphurization
gypsum (DG), sodium sulfate (SS), and desulphurization
residue (DR) had no considerable effects on the slump
value of concrete [16]. Experiment signifies that bleeding
and viscosity of fresh steel slag in green concrete are better
than normal concrete without admixture [15]. Steel slag
concrete can acquire a better workability by mixing proper
amount of superplasticizer [6, 16].
(b) The values of slump from different sources are plotted
respectively in Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6 as fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and cement is substituted by
steel slag in concrete.
Table 4
Slump value when Fine Aggregate is replaced by Steel Slag
Author Devi et al. [1]

Grade of conc. 1:1.81: 3.84
W/C Ratio 0.55
(c) % of replacement 0 10 20 30 40 50
Fig 4: GGBFS as (a) Coarse Slag (b) Fine Slag; (c) Powder Slump value (mm) 35 28 23 18 13 11
Table 5 Compressive strength of limestone mortar is slightly
Slump value when Coarse Aggregate is replaced by Steel Slag better than slag mortar because limestone is finer than slag
Author Devi et al. [1]
Anastasiou Netinger et that’s why limestone has a better filling effect and higher
et al.[10] al. [38] quantity of katoite {Ca3Al2(SiO4)1.5(OH)6} is present in
Grade of Conc 1:1.808: 3.85 M30 1:2.16:2.86 slag than limestone which may associated with lower
W/C Ratio 0.55 0.5 0.43 strength[20]. When the curing temperature was same, the
0 35 60 200 compressive strength at carbonation curing was greater
Percentage of replacement
10 22 -- --
compared with that curing at higher temperature only.
Through the analysis of the carbonation at various
Slump value (mm)
20 17 -- -- temperatures, it was determined that carbonization curing

25 -- 50 -- for 7 h can increase the compressive strength at most [21].
30 12 -- -- The admixtures like desulphurization gypsum (DG),
40 8 -- -- sodium sulfate (SS), desulphurization residue (DR) and
50 3 -- -- having a crucial function for increasing the compressive
100 -- -- 200
strength [16]. The values of Compressive strength of steel
slag concrete from many authors have been shown in
Table 7.
Table 6
Slump value when Cement is replaced by steel slag
Yunfeng et Roslan et al.
Author
al. [15] [42]
Grade of Conc 1:1.15:2.58 1:2.45:2.45
W/C Ratio 0.45 0.58
Percentage of replacement
0 78 40
Slump value(mm)
5 -- 30
10 79 25 (a)
15 -- 15
20 103 10
30 98 --
IV. HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIES

A. Compressive strength
Compressive strength values increase approximately by (b)
4–8 times with the addition of 15% dolime to the slag-fly
Fig 5: (a) Normal Aggregate Concrete; (b) Steel Slag Concrete
ash mix for 28 days curing period and any given fly ash
content [17]. 4.6% increase of compressive strength in B. Flexural strength
concrete occurs when steel slag is replacing coarse Flexural strength is decreasing while both coarse
aggregate by 21-27%. Similarly 21-27% increase in aggregate & fine aggregate are replacing jointly but while a
strength is spotted when 30-50% fine aggregate is replaced single factor (either fine aggregate or coarse aggregate) is
by steel slag. From 7 days to 28 days compressive strength replacing up to 30% then it is increasing by 31.7% [1, 7].
climbs upto 31%. [1,18,19]. Compressive strength becomes Recycled Slag performs as micro fiber reinforcement in
low when large replacement is done because low water concrete and supplies an increment in flexural strength
absorption capacity of steel slag than natural fine aggregate [18]. Between 373-573K temperatures flexural strength is
which might increases the effective W/C ratio [18]. Steel showing similar decreasing in order but at 873K it reaches
slag concrete has a lower relative residual compressive to 50% and at 1073 K it goes tense to zero [22].
strength than dolomite based mixture between 600-800°C
temperature [5].
The flexural strength of concrete with compound Some expansive products such as gypsum and ettringite
mineral admixture shows the improvement due to the forms when concrete uncovered to sulphate rich
synergistic effect [15]. A slight development in strength environment and SO4 ion penetrates inside the concrete.
happens when silica fume is added [11]. Table 8 shows Initially ettringite give early strength to fill the pores of
various values of Flexural strength of steel slag concrete concrete. But at later stage the strength of concrete reduces
from various authors. due to expansion and cracking occurs in concrete because
of ettringite [18]. For better result in sulphate rich
C. Split tensile strength
environment, any type of aggregate needs to replace fully
Tensile strength is decreasing 15% at 10% replacement in steel slag concrete. After 20 weeks of exposure original
of fine aggregate. It provides a standard value at 40-50% color of concrete also changes from grey to partially white.
replacement of fine aggregate. More rough & irregular After exposuring for 20weeks in sulphate solution 4.3%
surface of steel slag can provide a better tensile strength. and 3.63% increase in dimension occurs in normal concrete
Silica fume has a significant role for the increment of for the W/C ratio of 0.55 and 0.47 respectively. But for
tensile strength [18,23]. At 28 days, tensile strength is 100% replaced sample an increment in dimension of 1.98%
increased by 22.6% when limestone is replaced by steel and 0.87% takes place for similar types of W/C ratio
slag may be because of its better adhesion & cohesion respectively. The change in dimension between normal
feature [10, 25]. Table 9 is showing the split tensile concrete and 100% replaced concrete is 2.32% which is
strength values of steel slag concrete from various authors. minute [24]. The growth due to alkali aggregate reaction is
controlled by using mineral admixture like steel slag [15].
V. DURABILITY The sample which has 40% steel slag instead of fine
Durability is that property of concrete which defend aggregate provides lesser weight loss than the sample with
against chemical reaction, weathering action and abrasion 30% replacement of coarse aggregate. It shows better
while concrete has to maintain the engineering properties. resistance in acid when steel slag is replacing only one part
Sulphate test which signifies the common resistance of the aggregate [26]. The specimens which provide 20-
property of concrete bears significance to determine the 30MPa strength at 3 days with 50-65% replacement
resistance of concrete to sulphate corrosion. Sulphate rich influence their long term durability [27].
environment has a poor effect on concrete.
Table 7
Values of compressive strength at 3, 7, 28,56,60,90 days with various percentage replacement of cement/fine aggregate/coarse aggregate by steel slag.
% of
Replace
Replacement
Mixing ratio
W/C Ratio
ment
Author
type
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 100
Curing
Days
Devi et al. CA-30% & 7 14 -- -- -- -- 16 21 -- --
1: 1.81: 3.84 0.55
[1] FA-40% 28 21 -- -- -- -- 22 28 -- --
7 46.74 -- 46.01 -- 41.28 26.9 -- -- --
Rosales et
1:3(C:FA) 0.5 Cement 28 57.03 -- 57.37 -- 51.64 33.6 -- -- --
al. [7]
90 63.03 -- 63.23 -- 57.39 39.5 -- -- --
Anastasiou 7 42 -- -- -- -- -- 31 -- --
1:3(C:FA) 0.5 FA
et al. [10] 28 51 -- -- -- -- -- 33 -- --
7 23 -- 25 -- 26 27 29.5 40 42
FA
Tarawneh 28 37 -- 39 -- 41 44 47 54 54
1:1.88:2.54 0.4
et al. [33] 7 23 -- 36 -- 34 36.5 37.5 34.5 44
CA
28 37 -- 49 -- 45 46.5 49 47 56
7 20 -- -- -- -- 21 -- -- --
Combined
Xiaolu et Admixture 28 37.5 -- -- -- -- 35 -- -- --
M30 0.6
al. [16] (GGBFS + 56 46 -- -- -- -- 43 -- -- --
Steel Slag)
90 47 -- -- -- -- 45 -- -- --
Liu et al. 3 37.5 -- -- -- 32 -- -- -- --
-- 0.4 FA
[37] 28 57 -- -- -- 48 -- -- -- --
3 51 -- -- -- -- -- -- 39 32.5
Netinger 28 69 -- -- -- -- -- -- 57 48
1:1.06:1.81 0.43 CA
et al. [38] 56 81 -- -- -- -- -- -- 69 59.5
90 77.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 66 63
3 17.5 13 23 14 12 -- -- -- --
7 27 19.5 27 20 18 -- -- -- --
Roslan et 28 35 28.5 37.5 34.5 25 -- -- -- --
1:2.46:2.46 0.58 Cement
al. [42]
60 37 33 40 38 37 -- -- -- --
90 38 37 41.5 40 39 -- -- -- --
Chunlin et Both
-- 0.5 28 45.4 -- -- -- -- -- 59.6 -- --
al. [3] Aggregate
3 30 -- -- 22 -- 15 -- -- --
Kourounis 7 46 -- -- 38 -- 29 -- -- --
-- 0.25 Cement
et al. [44]
28 62 -- -- 55 -- 45 -- -- --
90 68 -- -- 63 -- 55 -- -- --
Note: ‘--’ inside the table means value not available.
Table 8
Values of flexural strength at 3, 7, 28, 56, 90 days with various percentage replacement of cement/fine aggregate/coarse aggregate by steel slag.
% of
Mixing Ratio
Replace-
Replacement
W/C Ratio
ment
Author
type
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 100
Curing
Days
Devi et al. CA-30% & 7 2 -- -- -- -- 3 4 -- --
1: 1.81: 3.84 0.55
[1] FA-40% 28 2 -- -- -- -- 4 7 -- --
7 8.85 -- 6.5 -- 7.25 8.07 -- -- --
Rosales et
1:3(C:FA) 0.5 Cement 28 11.09 -- 12 -- 10.8 9.58 -- -- --
al. [7]
90 13.01 -- 14 -- 13.4 10.2 -- -- --
3 8.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.7 5.4
Netinger 28 10.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- 9.8 8.6

1:1.06:1.81 0.43 CA
et al. [38] 56 10.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 8.6 7.8
90 10.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 8.2
7 4.45 4.2 4.9 3.8 3.35 -- -- -- --
Roslan et
1:2.46:2.46 0.58 Cement 28 4.75 4.75 5.3 4.5 4.1 -- -- -- --
al. [42]
90 5.05 5.1 5.3 5.05 4.9 -- -- -- --
Chunlin et Total
al. [3] -- 0.5
Aggregate
28 9.5 -- -- -- -- -- 9.3 -- --
Table 9
Values of tensile strength at 3, 7, 28, 56, 90 days with various percentage replacement of cement/fine aggregate/coarse aggregate by steel slag from
various sources
% of Replace-
Replaceme
W/C Ratio
ment
Mixing
Author
nt type
Ratio
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50
Curing
Days
7 2 -- -- -- -- 2.25 2.5 --
Devi et al. [1] 1: 1.81: 3.84 0.55 CA & FA
28 2.5 -- -- -- -- 2.5 3 --
Masoudi et al. 7 1.18 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.332

-- -- CA
[25] 28 1.04 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.186
7 2.6 2.45 2.3 2.1 1.95 -- -- --
Roslan et al.
1:2.46:2.46 0.58 Cement 28 3.5 2.8 3.3 3.15 2.65 -- -- --
[42]
90 4.15 3.1 3.65 3.4 3.25 -- -- --
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Contribution of Steel Slags On The Fresh and Harden Properties of Concrete - A Review

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Contribution of Steel Slags on the Fresh and Harden Properties of Concrete – A

Conference Paper · March 2018

Sudipta Ghosh Ipsita Mohanty

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Contribution of Steel Slags on the Fresh and Harden Properties

Fig 1: Flow chart to produce EAF Slag and GGBF Slag

 Comparison by percentage of Chemical Oxide:-

Author Devi et al. [1]

20 17 -- -- temperatures, it was determined that carbonization curing

IV. HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIES

Note: ‘--’ inside the table means value not available.

Netinger 28 10.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- 9.8 8.6

Masoudi et al. 7 1.18 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.332

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