FORM NO. MMEC – FRM – 32 B (REV. NO.

04)
M.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE – MULLANA LABORATORY MANUAL
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
MMEC
EXPERIMENT TITLE: - TO DETERMINE VARIOUS COEFFICIENTS FOR FLOW
THROUGH AN ORIFICE (CV, CC & Cd) BY CONSTANT METHOD.
EXPERIMENT NO. MMEC – CE-03-05 (06(b)) ISSUE NO. 05 ISSUE DATE: 10.07.2017
REV. DATE: 07.07.2017 REV. NO.: 04 DEPTT.: CIVIL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY: FLUID MECHANICS LAB SEMESTER: III PAGE: - 01 OF 04

Object:- To determine the various coefficients for flow through an orifice (Cv, CC, CD) by constant
method.

Theory:-
An orifice is an opening by the side (or, bottom) of a vessel discharge the liquid contained in the vessel
under pressure. The theoretical discharge Q flowing under a constant head and passing through an orifice of
area a shall be \
Q th = √(2gh)
With the help of equation of dynamics, it can be shown that
C v = √(X2/4YH) and C d = Cc × C v

Experimental set up:

It consists of an inlet tank to which an opening is made on one of its walls near the bottom. In this opening,
the given orifice can be fitted. (In some set up a revolving plate is fixed near the bottom. This revolving plate
has a openings of various shapes and size. This plate can be revolved so that the desire orifice shape comes in
front of the opening in the tank.)
A horizontal scale with a gauge mounted on it is fixed to the tank just above the opening. Hook gauge can slide
on the horizontal scale to measure the horizontal movement, (i.e. X-coordinate). The corresponding vertical
coordinate (by can be measured by hook gauge with reference to the section of vena contracted.

Procedure
1. Fit the circular orifice in the opening of the tank and plug it.
2. Fill the tank with water to a suitable level and open the orifice.
3. Adjust the inlet valve to make the water level in the tank stand steady.
4. Bring the hook gauge at the section of vena contracta (near the orifice) and measure the coordinate X 1
and Y1 of a point on a jet.
5. Slide the hook gauge to any other section on a jet and measure the corresponding points X 2 and Y2.Then
X2 – X1 = X and Y2 – Y1 = Y
6. Collect the discharged water for certain time t in the collecting tank of plan area A.
7. Repeat step 2 to 6 for 5 different values of head H in the flow tank.

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:

 FORM NO. MMEC – FRM – 32 B (REV. NO. 04)
M.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE – MULLANA LABORATORY MANUAL
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET
MMEC
EXPERIMENT TITLE: - TO DETERMINE VARIOUS COEFFICIENTS FOR FLOW
THROUGH AN ORIFICE (CV, CC & Cd) BY CONSTANT METHOD.
EXPERIMENT NO. MMEC – CE-03-05 (06(b)) ISSUE NO. 05 ISSUE DATE: 10.07.2017
REV. DATE: 07.07.2017 REV. NO.: 04 DEPTT.: CIVIL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY: FLUID MECHANICS LAB SEMESTER: III PAGE: - 02 OF 04

Precautions
1. In case of circular orifice take care that the head over the orifice is constant during the time the readings
are taken.
2. In case of non circular orifice take care that noting the water level reading and stopping of stop watch take
place at the same instant.

Viva voice
1. What is orifice? If water stands only to the centre of it, will it still be called an orifice?
2. Why is actual discharge less than theoretical and how C d takes this into account?
3. After changing the inlet valve opening it is found that after some time, head again becomes constant
at (of course) different level why?
4. What will be the effect on values of Cd, Cc, Cv if the edges of the orifice becomes eventually dull?

APPROVED BY: PREPARED BY:

FORM NO. MMEC –FRM 25 (REV. NO. 04)
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT
MMEC M.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE - MULLANA
OBSERVATION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: TO DETERMINE VARIOUS EXPERIMENT NO. MMEC –
COEFFICIENTS FOR FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE (CV, CC & CE-0305 (06(b))
CD) BY CONSTANT METHOD
DEPTT.: CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY: Fluid Mechanics Lab
DATE EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED: SEMESTER: III PAGE: 03 OF 04

Observations: -
Area of circular orifice “a” =……………….m2
Area of collecting tank A = ……………… m2
Initial reading on horizontal scale X1 = ……………..cm
Initial reading on vertical scale when hook gauge
Just touches the bottom of jet at vena contracted Y1 =…………….cm
Water level at the centre of orifice in the piezometer, h0 = …………..m

Sr. Head H X= Y= CV = Collecting tank reading Q Cd Cc =

2
No. X2-X1 Y2-Y1 √(X /4 Cd/CV
Final H1 = yH1) Initial Final Time M3/s
W.L. H-h0 cm cm W.L. W.L. taken
H M Cm cm Sec.
(m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2
3

Computation: -
1. Calculate the constant discharging head H1 = H-h0 (col.3)
2. Calculate coefficient of velocity CV = √ (X2/4YH) (col.6)
3. Now calculate the coefficient of discharge C d = Q/(a√(2gH)) (col.11)
4. Finally calculate the coefficient of contraction Cc
Cc = Cd/CV (col.12)

Presentation of result: -
Find out the arithmetic mean values of CV, C d and Cc as their final value for circular orifice.
Coefficient of velocity, CV =
Coefficient of contraction, CC =
Coefficient of discharge, Cd =

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:

 FORM NO. MMEC –FRM 25 (REV. NO. 04)
PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT
MMEC M.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE - MULLANA
OBSERVATION SHEET
EXPERIMENT TITLE: TO DETERMINE VARIOUS EXPERIMENT NO. MMEC –
COEFFICIENTS FOR FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE (CV, CC & CE-0305 (06(b))
CD) BY CONSTANT METHOD
DEPTT.: CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY: Fluid Mechanics Lab
DATE EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED: SEMESTER: III PAGE: 04 OF 04

Diagram: -

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: