Summer Internship Project Report

On

“OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT IN METRO CASH AND CARRY”

Metro Cash & Carry Pvt. Ltd

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Two Year Full Time Post
Graduate Diploma in Management

2018-2020

Under the Guidance of

Kuldeep Singh Dr. V.K Gupta

HR Associate Professor

Submitted By
Yash Juneja
BM-018366

Institute of Management Studies,

Ghaziabad
 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I hereby declare that this Summer Internship Project is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it reproduces no material previously published or written that has been
accepted for the award of any other degree of diploma, except where due acknowledgement has
been made in the text.

Yash Juneja
BM-018366
Date:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Yash Juneja PGDM (2018-20 Batch) a student of I.M.S. Ghaziabad,
has undertaken the project on “OPERATIONS MANGEMENT IN METRO CASH AND
CARRY”. To the best of my knowledge, the survey, data collection, & analysis work for preparing
the project has been carried out by the student in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of PGDM, under my guidance and supervision.

I am satisfied with the work of Mr. Yash Juneja

Date:

Faculty Mentor’s Name: Dr. V.K Gupta

(Signature)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many
people and I am extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of my project.

I would like to thanks Mr. Kuldeep Singh for providing me an opportunity to do the project work
in Metro Cash and Carry and giving us all support and guidance which made me complete the
project duly. I am extremely thankful to him for providing such a nice support and guidance.

I owe my deep gratitude to our faculty mentor Dr. V.K Gupta, who took keen interest on my
project work and guided us all along, till the completion of our project work by providing all the
necessary information for developing a good system.

I would not forget to remember Writendra Chatterjee, Amar Sir, of Metro Cash & Carry for
their encouragement and more over for their timely support and guidance till the completion of
our project work.
EXECUTIVE SYNOPSIS

The metro cash and carry store employs a large number of operations on daily basis in different
departments. This study is about the operations management in “Metro Cash and Carry” it will
help the reader understand the processes which are taking place in different departments and how
they are managed efficiently and effectively. It will also help us to understand the different
problems faced by the departments while performing the operations.

The metro cash and carry store consists of purchase order department. The purchase order
department deals with the ordering of stock. It is the first and one of the most important step in the
operational process. Because availability of the product in the store total depends upon it. The
purchase order department ensures that the product should be available at the right place, at right
time, at right cost, and at right quantity.

The purchase order department should keep in check with the level of stock available for every
product so that they can order in advance for the products which are low on stock and maintain the
stock.

The next department is the goods receivables. The Goods receiving department performs the
function of receiving the goods after the PO is placed and the goods arrives in the store. The GR
is the 2nd step of the operational process performed in the Metro cash and carry store. GR (Goods
Receivable) is the department of Metro cash & carry which is responsible for receiving and proper
inspection of the product. GR is an inbound process of Metro cash & carry.

The goods receiving department is also responsible for the quality and quantity inspection of the
product. The product after arriving is inspected by a personnel of GR department to verify that if
the quantity as mentioned in the invoice of the supplier is correct or not. The GR department
inspects the product in various aspects rather be it on date of manufacturing, best before date,
manufacturer address, FSSAI mark and no., 75% self-life, etc. after all this inspections are done
the goods are received and the products are kept on the pallet and transferred to the shop floor.
The GR department is responsible for transportation of products from GR to shop floor. And they
should also inform the arrival of products of respective departments to their team lead. So that the
products can be kept in the bay.

The various electric equipment are present in the store for the transportation of pallet from GR to
shop floor. The equipment like manual dock, electronic dock, and forklift are used. The manual
dock and electric dock are used for transportation while the forklift is used for lifting or the pallets
up or down the shop floor.

The shop floor is the point of sale as all the products in the store are displayed on the shelves on
the shop floor for the purpose of selling. The shop floor consists of various departments such as
confectionary & BWST, grocery, fresh, detergent and toiletries, non-food, etc. this are the
departments in which the products are kept according to their category in which they belong and
then sold to the customers.

The shop floor consists of the billing counters where the customer can buy the product which they
wish to buy by getting the product billed after making the payment for the product. The minimum
cart value should be Rs.1000. it is necessary to have a cart value of at least Rs.1000 as it is the
companies policy.

The next department is the OPD (on payment delivery). On Payment delivery department deals
with the customers buying in large quantities. The OPD department is specially made for managing
the orders of the customers buying in large quantities. The share of revenue generation from OPD
department is very high as compare from the shop floor.

The different customers with whom the OPD department deals with are-

 HORECA- Hotels, Restaurants, and Caterers.

 SCO – School, College, and office.
 TRADERS – the owners of the retail stores who have a GST no.

The OPD department receives the order from their customer consultant via mail or whatsapp. The
order is managed by the metro customer relationship management software. With the help of this
a picking list for the order is generated and the employee of OPD goes to shop floor and picks the
product according to the picking list and brings the product in the OPD where they are again cross
checked and then billed. If the amount of order is greater than Rs.50000 then e-way bill is
generated by using customers GST number. Then after the billing is done the products are
dispatched for delivery. The third party transportation service are used in the delivery of the
products to the customers, the metro store of Ghaziabad uses services V2V logistics for
transportation.

The cash counters or billing counters are located in the shop floor area. So when the customer
shops from the shop floor area the products they wish to buy should be brought to the cash or
billing counter so that the products can be billed and the payment for the products can also be
received by the store.

The customer should have minimum cart value of Rs.1000 then only they will be able to buy the
products from the store. The cart value of Rs.1000 can be made by a purchase of a single product
or multiple products.

The customer shopping from the shop floor are required to show their METRO card at the billing
counter so that the billing personnel can scan the Bar code on it. The customer should be always
carrying the metro card because without the metro card they will not be able to buy the products.

The metro cards are only carried by the customers who are registered with the metro. To avail the
facility of the metro card one should share their GST no. and other details required by the METRO.

The customer who doesn’t have a GST no. cannot shop from the metro store as it is their policy to
only sell to the registered customer.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. Topic Page No.

1 Introduction 1-4
2 Industry Profile 6-9
3 Company Profile 10-13
4 Literature Review 14-16
5 Research Methodology 17
6 Process Flow 18-19
7 Purchase Order 20-23
8 GR Department 24-34
9 Shop Floor 35-38
10 OPD Department 39-43
11 Cash counter/billing 44-45
12 Auditing & Inspection 46
13 SWOT and PEST analysis 47-51
14 Findings 52-53
15 Conclusions 54-55
16 Suggestions 56-57
17 Learning Outcomes 58
18 References 59
 TABLE OF FIGURES

S.NO. FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.

1 Figure 1 18

2 Figure 2 22

3 Figure 3 25

4 Figure 4 26

5 Figure 5 27

6 Figure 6 28

7 Figure 7 30

8 Figure 8 31

9 Figure 9 32

10 Figure 10 33

11 Figure 11 34

12 Figure 12 34

13 Figure 13 36

14 Figure 14 37

15 Figure 15 38

16 Figure 16 40

17 Figure 17 41

18 Figure 18 43

19 Figure 19 43

20 Figure 20 43
INTRODUCTION

Operations management is concerned with the efficient utilization of resources in a business

organization. The business can be successful if its operations are done in an efficient way, all the
processes are done in a best optimal way.

In case of Metro cash and carry the operation management plays a vital role in smooth running of
this giant store. As the store offers variety of products on a large scale to the customers it is
necessary that everything should be done in efficient way so that it can increase the overall profit
of the organization. That’s why the operation management in the store is very necessary.

The management of operations in the store helps them in managing the inventory of the products,
the purchase order are made accordingly to the current inventory of the products so that there is
sufficient inventory of the products managed in the store and there is no shortage or over-stocking
of any product.

The operation management in store also help the business to receive the goods from the supplier
in an efficient way by following the standard set of operations and also helps them to do the
inspection of the goods received. The operation management is also required while fulfilling the
customer demand as after placing of order there are set of operations which are needed to be
performed so that the order fulfillment can be done in efficient way.

Some of the functions you can manage better include:

 Order processing
 Client statuses
 Inventory
 Sales agent productivity
 Vendor management
 Delinquent account alerts
 Discount rules
 And much more

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BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM UNDER STUDY
The metro cash and carry store performs number of operations on daily basis. This operations
which are performed helps in smooth running of all the processes in the store. The few processes
which occurs in Goods receiving department and on payment delivery consumes a lot of time.

In Goods receiving department the time taken to unload a vehicle carrying goods against the
purchase order is sometime very high and because of this whole process gets delayed. The other
vehicle waiting for unloading also gets delayed due to this. The pallets which are made are not
immediately taken to the shop floor and because of this the space gets congested and movement
of electric docs gets difficult. The idle time in the process is sometimes very high and because of
all this the efficiency and effectiveness of the GR department decreases.

While in OPD department the orders are being taken from the customers, the picking list is
generated and the employee picks up the product according to the picking list in the trolley and
brings the trolley to the OPD department. Sometimes what happen is that there is a queue of
trolley’s formed waiting to be crosschecked and billed and because of this queue formed the
process gets delayed and hence affect the efficiency of the operations.

Metro is a multinational company and this type of compromises in the operational process can
hamper the image of the company that’s why there is a need to find out the reasons behind the
problems and solutions to this problems.

The delay in the processes can cause customer dissatisfaction and frustration which can’t be a good
sign for the company, that’s why a study is needed for the problem to be understand and solved.

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OBJECTIVE

 To study the operational process of a wholesale store.

 To understand the operations performed in different departments in between the

operational process.

 To understand how the organisation is maintaining the effectiveness and efficiency of the
operational process.

 To understand how the purchase orders are generated for maintaining the stock.

 To understand what procedure and inspection are being done while receiving the goods
from the supplier.

 To understand the process of storing the goods in inventory after the goods are received
and in which location they are kept.

 To understand the process of taking orders from different customers of metro e.g. Hotels,
restaurants, Canteens, etc.

 To understand the order fulfilment process of metro.

 To understand the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the process and finding out where
the process is compromised.

 To understand how all the resources are utilised for attaining maximum profit.

This are all the primary objective which will help me understand the operations which are
performed in a Metro cash and carry wholesale store and will also help me to understand
the effectiveness and efficiency of the processes which are being done in the store.

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SIGNIFICTANCE

It is very important to study the operational processes happening in the organisation. The
operational processes hugely contributes to the organisation profit generation. The operational
processes are very important when it comes to fulfillment of the customers demand.

The customer needs are changing day by day so as to fulfill this dynamic nature of demand we
have to cope up our operational processes so that the customer never returns empty handed from
our stores because of unavailability of the product.

It is also important because the competition is very fierce and if the operations process of
organisation are getting delayed then the product will not reach the customer on time and because
of that the customer can switch to some other option and this can cause loss of business.

It is important to identify where our operational processes are lacking or getting delayed and get
the best possible solution for the problem.

In today’s world operational processes are one of the key reasons for the success or downfall of
the company that’s why an organisation should regularly monitors its operational processes and
should upgrade the processes regularly.

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BUSINESS PROFILE

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INDUSTRY PROFILE:

The service sector, which is also known as tertiary sector, is the third of the three traditional
economic sectors. The service sector provides a service, which means not an actual product could
be held in your hand. This all activities are included in service sector such as retail, banks, hotels,
real estate, education, health, social work, computer services, media, communications, electricity,
gas and water supply.

The service sector is one of the most important part of the economy.

In India, there has been an enormous growth in service sector businesses which made up 55% of
India’s GDP.

Wholesale

It’s a channel which helps the manufacturer to reach the manufactured products to the end
consumer with the help of retailer “The business of selling goods to retailers in larger quantities
than they are sold to end consumers but in smaller quantities than they are purchased from
manufacturers Compare retailers.”

Definition:

All establishments primarily engaged in selling merchandise to retailers; to industrial, commercial,

institutional, farm, construction contractors, or professional business users; or to other wholesalers;
or acting as agents or brokers from buying to selling merchandise to the persons or companies.

Wholesalers are none but middlemen who buy products from distributors (wholesale/retail) and
sell them to retailers. In most cases, the retailers come to the wholesalers to buy products to
replenish their stock. However, wholesalers may also sell to end consumers, but such sales are
minimal.

In the Indian FMCG market, we have broadly two types of wholesalers:

1. Modern Wholesale stores such as Metro, Wal-Mart Best Price, etc.

2. The neighbourhood wholesalers around the streets in India.

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 Wholesale sector

Cash and carry

Wholesale

Cash & Carry wholesale is a subset within the wholesale sector

Some of the prominent characteristics are:

 It is a type of exchange which products are sold from a wholesale distribution center
worked either on a self-administration premise, or on the premise of tests or a blend of the
three.
 Customers (retailers, proficient clients, food providers, institutional purchasers, and soon.)
settle the receipt on the spot in real money, and divert the merchandise themselves.
 There are noteworthy contrasts between “established” deals at the wholesale stage and the
money and convey wholesaler: in particular money and convey clients organize the
vehicle of the merchandise themselves and pay for the products in real money, and not
using a loan.

In spite of the fact that wholesalers purchase fundamentally from producers and offer for the most
part to retailers, mechanical clients and different wholesalers, they likewise perform numerous
quality included capacities. The wholesaler, a middle person, is utilized in light of standards of
specialization and division of work and additionally contractual productivity.

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Brief history of METRO Cash & Carry

METRO CASH AND CARRY is an international self- service wholesale market. It operates across
many countries such as Europe and in some countries of Asia and North Africa.

METRO Cash & Carry is one of the largest sales divisions of the German trade.

METRO cash and carry is different from Business to Business retail chains (such as Walmart,
Carrefour or Tesco) in that its business concept is targeted towards professional customer rather
than end consumers. The cash and carry concept are based around self-service and buying the
products in bulk. METRO cash and carry serves to the customers who have registered. Core
customers are retailers, restaurant, hotels, traders, caterers and other business professional.

THE GLOBAL PIONEER IN CASH AND CARRY WHOLESALING:

METRO cash and carry establish the self-services Business to Business wholesale concept. Its
dynamic business model adapts smoothly to the most demanding markets. Headquarter in
Germany. It is the largest sales division of the $67.3billion.

METRO’S success story began over 4 decades ago in 1964, with the opening of its first wholesale
distribution center in Germany today, the company in a leading player in almost every market. It
operates in around 700 wholesale centers across 30 countries.

THE CASH AND CARRY CONCEPT:

Cash and carry wholesale is primarily defined by its customer base and the unique business model
which differentiate it with other markets. This means, only registered business customers will visit
the store, select their own purchases and carry back with themselves instead of buying from
different vendors. Every day at METRO outlet across the world, more than one lakh employees
serve business customers with a wide assortment of up to 50,000 food and non-food products
available under one roof at wholesale prices.

THE METRO CASH AND CARRY is designed as an integration of bazaars or Indian markets
with clusters to offers a wide range of merchandise including fashion and apparels, general
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merchandise, food products furniture, electronics, books, fast food, leisure and entertainment
sections.

THE METRO CONCEPT:

Wholesale exclusively for business customers.

Customers are registered and need a customer card to enter the premises

The point of sales is a large warehouse.

The customer picks merchandise, pays and transports the goods or uses our transportation
services.

A high percentage of the goods are from local suppliers.

METRO Cash & Carry ranked 2nd in country’s top ten retail companies in GREAT PLACE TO
WORK Survey

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Company Profile

METRO Cash & Carry is the wholesale division of METRO, a leading international specialist in
wholesale and food retail. METRO operates in 35 countries and employs more than 150,000
people worldwide. The company provides custom solutions to meet the regional and international
needs of its wholesale and retail customers.

Six guiding principles of metro

 Customer orientation

For us, being a wholesaler is all about creating customer value. This principle is at the heart
of our strategy and all our professional decisions are based on it.

 Global entrepreneurship

We encourage entrepreneurial behaviour and use our international connections to enhance

the company’s value.

 Success through excellence

We strive to constantly improve our services. If necessary, we change outdated structures

and make unconventional decisions to achieve this.

 Trust in our people

We encourage staff development, which also helps our company to grow. Demonstrating
personal commitment, actively listening and embracing different opinions are all essential
for us.

 Authentic leadership

Our business is built on integrity, transparency and authenticity. We start by applying these
standards to ourselves and our actions.
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  Sustainability

We ensure that our decisions take economic, ecological and social considerations into
account in equal measure.

METRO Cash & Carry in India

METRO Cash & Carry entered the Indian market in 2003. The company currently operates twenty-
seven wholesale distribution centers under the brand METRO Wholesale including six in
Bangalore, four in Hyderabad, two each in Mumbai and Delhi, and one each in Kolkata, Jaipur,
Jalandhar, Zirakpur, Amritsar, Vijayawada, Ahmedabad, Surat, Indore, Lucknow, Meerut, Nasik
and Ghaziabad.

METRO Cash & Carry India’s core customers include small retailers and kirana stores, hotels,
restaurants and caterers (HoReCa), corporates, SMEs, all types of offices, companies and
institutions, as well as self-employed professionals. Only business customers are allowed to
purchase at METRO, all of them duly registered and provided with a customer registration card.
With considerable international expertise and a nuanced understanding of the Indian market honed
over the past ten years, METRO Cash & Carry India is well positioned to cater to the specific
needs of all these customer segments.

METRO Cash & Carry India offers close to 7,000 world-class products across a multitude of
categories - such as fruits & vegetables, general grocery, dairy, frozen & bakery products, fish &
meat, confectionery, detergents & cleaning supplies, health & beauty products, media &
electronics, household goods and apparel - all under one roof, and at transparent, low wholesale
prices. This helps us improve our customers’ offerings, while providing them with a reliable supply
source. Analyzing the local requirements, a large percentage of the goods are sourced locally and
are tailor-made to meet the specific demands of the region.

METRO has well-tried and sophisticated mechanisms in place to ensure that each product
complies with the highest quality standards. Products are available with options of bulk packs,
refill packs, or multiple-packs for the convenience of professional customers. With the assurance

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of stock availability at all times at METRO, customers do not need to maintain stocks on account
of uncertainty of supplies. This significantly reduces costs incurred in procurement and inventory
management for the customers.

The company regularly conducts customer engagement programs for various target groups.
METRO’s focus on small traders is aimed at helping kiranas become more competitive and
profitable. It helps them enhance their offerings with sharper assortments and more efficient
inventory management, greater hygiene in the handling and storage of goods, and improved
ambience and services for their customers. METRO also provides its HoReCa customers with a
range of customized services and interactive platforms for knowledge sharing through a unique
initiative called Chef-o-logy. It also provides hygiene and quality training initiatives for small and
mid-sized restaurants and dhabas.

METRO Cash & Carry is a close partner of the local economy and is committed to bringing
benefits to local communities. Through its Fruits & Vegetables Collection Centres, METRO works
along the agricultural supply chain to source fresh produce directly from farmers, reduce wastage
levels and help farmers realize better financial value for their products. METRO currently runs 5
Collection Centres in the states of Karnataka (2), Andhra Pradesh (1), Maharasthra (1) and West
Bengal (1). The company also partners closely with local producers and manufacturers to procure
goods locally. In every State it enters, METRO creates a number of direct and indirect employment
opportunities for local talent, and also provides them with comprehensive training to develop their
skills.

Our Motto

With small and medium-sized entrepreneurships being the backbone of the Indian economy,
METRO Cash & Carry prides itself on being the Champion for Independent Business, by helping
them thrive, be profitable and make a difference to the community.

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Mission
METRO is a Cash & Carry Wholesaler mainly for the customers who are into businesses and
professionals. METRO provides quality products and business solutions at the possible lowest
price.

Vision
METRO will dominate the Cash & Carry wholesale segment globally, through the unique business
formula which improves the competitiveness of their customers all over the world.”

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Loebbecke, C. (2005). RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) recently has gained

enormous attention in various industry sectors, the media, and in academic research. This
paper focuses in early RFID applications in the retail supply chain. It takes a quick look at
the available literature and then explains the technological issues including the need for
standardization and the challenges on the data, network, and application layers. The study
then outlines RFID based applications along the retail supply chain. It takes the case of
Metro Group's Future Store, a brick-and-mortar supermarket belonging to the world-wide
fourth largest retailer, to investigate the advantages and challenges experienced with early
RFID applications. The paper differentiates between RFID tags on pallets and cases on the
one hand and RFID tags on items on the other. Finally, the paper closes with a brief
summary and an outlook on RFID in the retail supply chain.

2. Gupta, M., &Kohli, A. (2006).The research paper talks about different goals and to
achieve these conflicting goals, companies must constantly re-engineer or change their
business practices and employ information systems. In 1990s, Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) systems have emerged as an enabling technology, which integrates various
functional (operations, marketing, finance) information systems into a seamless suite of
business applications across the company and thereby, allowed for streamlined processing
of business data and cross-functional integration. Thus, ERP systems provide an enticing
solution to managers who have struggles with incompatible information systems and
inconsistent operations policies. However, successful implementation of ERP systems
requires active participation from senior-level managers from various functional areas so
as to delineate its impact on the business level as well as functional level strategies. In this
paper, the authors have endeavored to provide operations managers a brief overview of
ERP systems and highlight its implications for operations function. Specifically, the
objective of this paper is to give a broad based overview of enterprise resource planning
systems. Using SAP R/3 as an example system, paper discuss how an ERP system can
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 assist in enhancing strengthening business strategy and making consistent operations
decisions: process design, production planning and scheduling, inventory management,
quality management, human resource management.

3. Schranz-Whitaker, M. (2016).This paper explores which operating models, metrics and

supply chain processes constitute an excellent supply chain within the retail industry, based
on a case study of The METRO Group (METRO AG). The thesis focuses on METRO Cash
& Carry, the wholesale division of METRO AG. It analyzes existing best practices within
the supply chain of METRO Cash & Carry and shows how specific activities support and
promote the business strategy of the overall company.

4. Matthews, H. S., & Hendrickson, C. T. (2002).The case suggests large economic and
environmental benefits due to reductions in warehousing expenses, despite higher
transportation costs.Recent changes to the management of inventory and warehousing
methods have created significant changes in business processes. These changes have
produced economic savings to firms from reduced handling of supplies. The system-wide
impacts of this shift in methods on overall cost and the environment are still unclear,
however. Reductions in inventories can provide significant environmental savings. In this
article, we analyze the changes in inventory control methods and assess the environmental
and cost tradeoffs between increased trucking and more efficient centralized warehouses.
They consider the case of consolidating the spare-parts inventory at U.S. Department of
Defense warehouses and discuss similarities to other existing businesses.

5. Lamba, P. -This research paper has been made with the purpose to confer support through
methodical studies and analyses conducted in order to provide helpful solutions to a real
case challenge in value chain management terms of one of the most known hypermarket
retailers in the world, Metro Cash & Carry. Metro Cash & Carry is by far a well-known
name with an incredible prestige, good reputation and already a long and successful
existence. During its nascent and growth years, it managed to impose and exercise its
power and dominance on the market worldwide through the virtues of professionalism,

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offering only quality products through reputed brands and well-developed and allocated
resources from taking care of its employees to developing a well laid down logistics and
supply chain system. The survey affirmed that most of the customers are aware of the
various promotional schemes.

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design-

The research design that is adopted in this study is observational. In observational research the
researcher observe the ongoing behavior. It is non-experimental studies in which process/behavior
is systematically observed and recorded. Among different types of observation design the specific
type that is used in this project is participant observation where there was active participant in
different groups & situations of company processes. The purpose of using participant observation
was to get deep knowledge of inventory process and product flow in store supplier to end customer.

Sample Design-

The sample units that are taken in the study are SKU (Stock keeping units). The inventory that the
company receives are the sample units taken during study.

The sample technique that is used in study is simple random sampling.

Data Collection-

The type of data collected is secondary data. Data is collected from different department of the
company regarding inventory level and operational process.

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OPERATION’s PROCESS IN METRO CASH AND CARRY

Goods
Billing
PO receiving Shop Floor
counter
department

OPD Customer

Fig. 1

Operations management is the administration of business practices to create the highest level of
efficiency possible within an organization. It is concerned with converting materials and labour
into goods and services as efficiently as possible to maximize the profit of an organization.
Operations management teams attempt to balance costs with revenue to achieve the highest
net operating profit possible.

The operational process above is followed by metro cash and carry in order to fulfill the demand
of customer and work in effective and efficient manner. The above process represents the flow of
goods and information through various departments and at the end process finishes after the goods
are received by the customer.

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We will be discussing about all the departments and operations that they perform in this process
because it is necessary to understand the overall process of the store. It will also help us to know
how efficiently and effectively the process is being done.

We will also be discussing about the utilisation of resources by Metro so that we will be able to
understand if the resources are being utilised in best possible way and if there is any type of
wastage of resources or delay in the process which can cost them loss in the business.

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1. Purchase Order

(PO)

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A purchase order (PO) is a document issued by a buyer to a seller indicating types, quantities, and
agreed prices for products or services. It is used to control the purchasing of products and services
from external suppliers.

The purchase order department deals with the ordering of stock. It is the first and one of the most
important step in the operational process. Because availability of the product in the store total
depends upon it. The purchase order department ensures that the product should be available at
the right place, at right time, at right cost, and at right quantity.

The purchase order department should keep in check with the level of stock available for every
product so that they can order in advance for the products which are low on stock and maintain
the stock.

The PO department also helps to maintain the supply of the product with respect to its demand
by ordering the stock of the product at the right time. It also ensures that the inventory is
maintained at the right level so that there is no problem of product overstocking and
understocking.

Overstocking of a product may cause in increasing the cost of keeping the inventory and
understocking of the product may cause dissatisfaction and frustration to the customers so it is
very important to keep the inventory for each product in check.

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Process of PO department

Fig.2

The process of PO department is shown in fig.2 which comprises of various steps-

1) The Metro store comprises of 5 departments so that the product can be kept sorted
according to their use, the five departments are –

 Detergent and Toiletries

 Grocery

 Confectionaries

 Non-Food

 FOH (front of house)

Every department is assigned a TL (team lead) who manages the operation of respective
department which they have been assigned. So when the stock of a product is running out the team
lead of the department will inform the ALC (administrative logistics centre) department.

Page | 22
 2) ALC department consists of various section-

 HORECA

 Traders

 Reordering

 Rail card

The department TL send its request to the reordering personal through MS Office. Before
generating the purchase order, the request is sent to the Head Office of Metro cash & carry. Once
the request is approved by the HO the reordering generates the PO and send it to the product
supplier.

3) The PO can also directly be generated by Head office (HO) as they use SAP software which
continuously monitors the inventory level of all the products and as soon as the inventory
level of a product reaches lower SAP informs the HO and HO places the PO.

4) Inventory of a product is kept according to its DMS (Daily mean sale) which is calculated
by-

𝑫𝑴𝑺 = 𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟒 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔 ÷ 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏

After calculating the DMS the stock of a product which will last for 30 days are kept in the
store, so if the stock level reaches beyond 30 days then the PO of a product is placed.

5) Based on the PO request sent by the ALC department, suppliers generate invoice against
the request. The supplier supplies its product to the Metro cash & carry on a particular date
and time assigned by the ALC department.

This is how the operational functions are performed in PO department.

Page | 23
2. Goods Receivables (GR)

Page | 24
The Goods receiving department performs the function of receiving the goods after the PO is
placed and the goods arrives in the store. The GR is the 2nd step of the operational process
performed in the Metro cash and carry store. GR (Goods Receivable) is the department of Metro
cash & carry which is responsible for receiving and proper inspection of the product. GR is an
inbound process of Metro cash & carry.

A set of procedure is followed by the department while receiving the product.

Fig.3

Page | 25
 1) INVOICE
When the goods arrive in the store after the PO is placed the transporter carrying the goods
brings three copies of invoice. The first copy is for the Head office, the second copy is for
the metro store and third copy is for the supplier of the goods which is returned to the
transporter after acknowledging that the goods are received.
The invoice consists of Purchase order no. which is used by GR department to check
whether there is a PO for the goods which have arrived in the system or not. This is done
using the MMS (merchandise management software) used by the GR department. MMS
(Merchandise Management System) is a software which helps GR department to
check information on articles, generating counting list, updating product information,
checking product status in store, labelling of the product, making sales report.

MMS software layout-

Fig.4

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 2) COUNTING LIST GENERATION

After checking of goods for their PO the GRN (Goods receiving Notes) no. is generated in MMS
software. With the help of this GRN no. a counting list is generated which consists of a list of all
the goods which are in the PO, so that with the help of counting list the GR department can verify
if all the products in the PO have arrived and also if they have arrived in the right quantity. Using
the MMS software counting list is generated which helps the employee to do manual entry of
product received in a prescribed format.

Counting list format is shown below-

Fig.5

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3) PALLET MAKING
A pallet is a flat transport wooden structure, which supports goods in a stable fashion while
being lifted by a forklift, a pallet jack, a front loader, a jacking device, or an erect crane. A
pallet is the structural foundation of a unit load which allows handling and storage
efficiencies. Goods or shipping containers are often placed on a pallet secured
with strapping, stretch wrap or shrink wrap and shipped.

Fig.6
The pallets are a wooden structure on which the goods received are loaded so that the can
be transported and stored easily with a forklift. The company has its own SOP (standard
operating procedure) while making the pallets which are-
 The height of the pallet form the bottom to top after keeping the goods should not
exceed 4.5 feet.
Page | 28
  The maximum load that can be accommodated on a single pallet is 650kg.
 Stretch wrap are used to hold the goods on the pallet.

4) COUNTING AND PHYSICAL INSPECTION OF PRODUCT

The goods arrived are kept on the pallet by the labor. The employee of the GR department
sort the goods/articles which are received with the help of the copy of the counting list.
The employee if the GR department also check the articles if they are in right quantity as
in the PO and also checks for the damages if there is any.
There are certain things which are checked by the GR department while receiving the
articles-
 75 % Shelf life- It means the remaining life of the product. The shelf life of the
product should be more than or equal to 75%. The products should be defect free.
 Date of manufacturing
 Date of Expiry
 FSSAI No. – For food products.
 Name & complete address of the manufacturer or packer
 Batch No.
 Bar Code Declaration
 MRP
 Rupee symbol

While receiving product the product employee need to count them & check also. For
this purpose employee use the counting list generated earlier. Employee need to put
down following details on the counting list-

1. Mfg. & expiring date

2. EAN number check
3. Counted Qty.
4. Received MRP

Page | 29
 Fig.7

Employee check and update EAN number of product using a device called HHT (Hand held
terminal).

HHT (hand held terminal) Device

A portable data terminal, or shortly PDT, is an electronic device that is used to enter or retrieve
data via wireless transmission (WLAN or WWAN). They have also recently weighed down by
ANS been called enterprise digital assistants (EDA), data capture mobile devices,
batch terminals or just portables.

HHT scan the bar code or EAN of product and update product details all over across the store.
HHT shows present status of the product in the store.

Page | 30
 Fig.8
5) INVOICE RECEIPT
As soon as the inspection of the goods are done the counting list is matched with the invoice
copy to crosscheck the quantity of the goods received.
If the quantity on the counting list matches the invoice quantity then it the GRN with no
DDN (difference damage notes) is created.
But if there is difference in quantity or the goods received are damaged then the GRN is
generated with DDN (difference damage notes).
Once all formalities are done, invoice receipt is given to supplier personnel against
receiving. When invoice receipt is made a GRN is also generated which represent goods
receiving number. It is a 6 digit number.
e.g. - GRN- 123112
The first three digit represents the Julian day and the last three digit number represents the
serial number (starting from 100).

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6) PALLET TOKEN
The pallet token is a kind of label which is attached to the pallets after the pallets are loaded
with the articles. The pallet token helps to identify which articles are on the pallet and in
how much quantity.
The pallet token also provide other information like-
1. Aisle number
2. Bay number
3. Article number
4. Article description
5. Quantity
6. Best before date (BBD)
7. MRP
8. Offer
Every time any product is taken from pallet, correction is made on this pallet token so that
it represent actual number of products in pallet.

Fig.9
Page | 32
7) GOODS RECEIVED
The goods are finally received after all the above procedure are done and then are brought
into the store.
The goods are either taken to the shop-floor or to the OPD (on payment delivery)
department with the help of various transportation devices available in the store.
The devices are manual dock, electronic dock and forklift.

 MANUAL DOCK

Fig.10

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 ELECTRONIC DOCK

Fig.11
 FORLIFT

Fig.12

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3. SHOP FLOOR

Page | 35
The shop floor is the area where the goods or articles are kept. The shop floor area is
occupied with huge shelves which are used to display articles to customer who comes for
shopping in the store. The bottom part of the shelves are used for display of articles and
the part above it are used for keeping the pallets. The location above the shelves where the
pallets are kept can be identified by Aisle and Bay Number.
The aisle is identified horizontally and the bay is identified vertically so in this way every
pallet stored in the shop floor has a different aisle or bay no. , and this aisle and bay no. are
also written on the pallet token, so that one can easily track the pallet.

 AISLE AND BAY

Fig.13
The whole shop floor is divided into five section according to the five different product
department.
1. FOH section
2. Grocery section
Page | 36
3. D&T section
4. Confectionary & BWST section
5. Non- food section
The products which are kept in the bay are called parked stock. Once the products which
are kept in aisles gets depleted , the particular department team uses parked stock to refill
the aisle. FIFO (first in first out) ineventory method is used in the store. Metro cash & carry
have there own workers in shop floor as well as promoters of different brand

 Different departments in the shop floor

Fig.14

Page | 37
The shop floor also serve as the point of sale for the store as the customer coming can choose the
product they wish to buy and buy them by paying for the article at the billing counter available
on the shop floor.

Metro cash & carry works on VMI (Vendor Manged Inventory) where the vendors do the
replenishment of the product and also shares there data with vendor (supplier) so that stocking
undesired inventory can be prevented. This helps in reducing overall cost of the company.

Frequency of replenishment of product depends on the rate at which the products get sold. A
product with high selling rate needs to be replenished frequently whereas a product with less
selling rate will be replenished sporadically.

In shop floor when any product gets near to its BBD (Best before date) or gets damaged it gets
RTV (Return to vendor). The RTV process is only applicable to the products whose supplier is in
agreement with the Metro Cash & Carry. It's the responsibility of the GR department to process
RTV.

The products which doesn't comes under RTV agreement if gets damaged or expired , gets dump
in dumping area. For dumping, product inventory correction request form is filled which is later
on gets updated on computer system.

Fig.15
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4. ON PAYMENT DELIVERY
(OPD)

Page | 39
On Payment delivery departments deals with the customers buying in large quantities. The OPD
department is specially made for managing the orders of the customers buying in large quantities.
The share of revenue generation from OPD department is very high as compare from the shop
floor.

The different customers with whom the OPD department deals with are-

 HORECA- Hotels, Restaurants, and Caterers.

 SCO – School, College, and office.
 TRADERS – the owners of the retail stores who have a GST no.

The Operational process of OPD department –

Fig.16
Page | 40
1) ORDER PLACEMENT
The OPD department has a team of customer consultants who every morning goes to the
retailers or the customers dealing with the OPD and takes order from them and collects the
payment for the order and then they forward the order to OPD via Mail or Whatsapp. In
this way the orders are being placed in OPD.

2) PICK LIST GENERATION

After the order is placed the order is received by OPD department who uses MCRM (Metro
customer relationship management) software to generate a picking list according to the
order. The picking list consist of the type and quantity of articles which are in the order
placed by the customer.
The picking list contains the following information-
 Customer No.
 Customer Name
 Delivery address
 Article name
 Ordered Quantity
 Price (net)

Fig.17
Page | 41
3) PRODUCT PICKING
The picking list generated by MCRM software is handed over to the employee of the OPD
department who takes the picking list to the shop floor and picks the product according to
the picking list in the trolley. Sometimes in product picking it happens that the product
ordered is not available in the store. In such case the order gets stuck till the time product
is replenished or another product with same price is given after consulting the receiver.

4) BILLING
The billing of the order is done after the picking of the product is done. While billing the
products in the trolley are once again cross checked by the OPD personnel that if the
product which are ordered is picked and picked in the right quantity.
If the total amount of order is more than Rs-50000 then an e-way bill is generated by using
the customers GST Number.

5) TRIP SHEET
The trip sheet is a document which is generated after the billing is done. It is generated
using TMS (Transport management system) software. It is a document which gives
permission to vehicles to take the goods out of Metro premises. It also shows the amount
of the distance the vehicle will travel to deliver the product.

6) TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
The ordered articles, bill, trip sheet are handed over to the transportation department. The
metro cash and carry Ghaziabad uses third party transportation for delivering of goods to
the customers. The transportation service used by the store is of V2V logistics.

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 DOCUMENTATION IN OPD DEPARTMENT-

A. OPD Tracker File

When any pick list is generated for any order its entry is done in the OPD tracker
file in MS-excel so that they can maintain the record of the orders which are
fulfilled. And can refer to it if required in the future.
The format of OPD tracker file is shown below-

Date Customer No. Customer Sales Person Goods No. of orders

Name Amount

Fig.18
B. TRIP RECORD FILE
In this file they keep the record of the vehicles which are dispatched to deliver the
products to the customers.

Date Vehicle Vehicle Billing Deliver e-way e-way From To Kms

No. Type Date Date Bill bill
Number date

Fig.19
C. HORECA Billing data
In this the data of billing of HORECA customers are kept.

Sn No. Date Card Customer CC Invoice Invoice Billing Billing

No. Name Name No. value time status

Fig.20

Page | 43
5. CASH COUNTER

Page | 44
The cash counters or billing counters are located in the shop floor area. So when the customer
shops from the shop floor area the products they wish to buy should be brought to the cash or
billing counter so that the products can be billed and the payment for the products can also be
received by the store.

The customer should have minimum cart value of Rs.1000 then only they will be able to buy the
products from the store. The cart value of Rs.1000 can be made by a purchase of a single product
or multiple products.

The customer shopping from the shop floor are required to show their METRO card at the billing
counter so that the billing personnel can scan the Bar code on it. The customer should be always
carrying the metro card because without the metro card they will not be able to buy the products.

The metro cards are only carried by the customers who are registered with the metro. To avail the
facility of the metro card one should share their GST no. and other details required by the METRO.

The customer who doesn’t have a GST no. cannot shop from the metro store as it is their policy to
only sell to the registered customer.

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 AUDITING AND INSPECTION IN METRO CASH AND CARRY

1. Annual Inventory
Physical inventory counting is a much unloved procedure in most merchandising and
manufacturing businesses. The process ensures that the inventory on the company's
financial books matches the amount of inventory on the sales floor, stockroom or
warehouse. Many businesses undergo a thorough annual inventory count, usually at the
end of either the calendar or their fiscal year.
2. Perpetual Inventory
Perpetual inventory is a method of accounting for inventory that records the sale or
purchase of inventory immediately through the use of computerized point-of-sale systems
and enterprise asset management software. Perpetual inventory provides a highly detailed
view of changes in inventory with immediate reporting of the amount of inventory in stock,
and accurately reflects the level of goods on hand.
3. Gap check
This type of inspection is done on the weekly basis in the metro cash and carry store so that
they can know the difference in the stock in between the weeks.

Page | 46
SWOT & PEST
ANALYSIS

Page | 47
SWOT is an initials for STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITIES and THREATS. It is a
very useful technique for understanding the strengths and weaknesses, and for identifying both
opportunities which are open to the company and the threats which exists.

STRENGTHS:

These are the characteristics of the business or a project that give it an advantage over others.
These can be their unique characteristics that help the organization to achieve its goals and
objectives. Here are few of the strengths of Metro cash and carry: -

 One of the basic strengths of metro cash and carry are they provide quality products at low
price.
 Serving the customers with the wide variety of products under the one roof.
 It covers all the business solutions under one roof named METRO.
 Metro cash and carry have strong business background as it is diversified in many countries
and cities.
 It is located in best location as the store occupied large space.
 Efficiently using the place and excellent layout.
 Sufficient parking, safety and security measures ensure the quality of Metro store in every
sector.
 The staff of Metro store are friendly and cooperative.
 Computerized data base system which helps both customer and METRO.

WEAKNESSES:

These are the characteristics of the business that place the business or a project at a disadvantage
relative to others. The organization should overcome its weaknesses to survive in the market.

 Shopping from METRO is time consuming because the travelling and in store visiting time.
 Restriction of shopping minimum Rs.1000
 Membership or subscription fees for cards.

Page | 48
  Although location for a big store is suitable but outside the city and not suit for all
customers.
 Limit of 5 persons on a single membership card.

OPPORTUNITIES-

Opportunities are those elements in the environment that the business or project could exploit to
its advantages. The organization should consider all the opportunities and select suitable ones. This
should be done considering various aspects like strength, weaknesses and the current market
condition.

 Growing market of cash and carry

 Expansion in major cities.
 Online shopping is much better option as it’s not time consuming it save time.
 Contracting with major hotels and restaurants.
 Greater innovation can help metro cash and carry to produce unique products to pool more
customers in number.
 New technologies to be introduced to better meet their customer’s needs. Technologies
build competitive barriers against rivals.

THREATS:

Threats are the elements in the environments heat could cause trouble for the business or the
project. The organization should actively try to manage the threat by strategically designing their
plans in order to achieve their objectives.

 Upcoming stores like D-Mart, Walmart and many others.

 A bad economy may affect the Metro cash & carry business by reducing the number of
possible customers.
 Customers can change their taste frequently. Changes in tastes will have a long-term
negative impact on the store.

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  The availability of substitute’s products may affect Metro cash and carry’s ability to
increase the price, because customers can easily shift to another products.

PEST ANALYSIS

Political Environment –

 There are some of the factors regarding government which influences the working
environment of METRO cash and carry. The management always keep in mind that the
threat of change in government. They have analysed several times before doing further
expansion of this market. The tax rebates and may other favors given by the previous
government can be set aside if the government changes. The ineffective control of every
government regarding the prices of product and inflation creates few of the problems
because customers’ demands for the product at the same as well as the low price while in
such conditions price changes rapidly. Any political activities regarding labor and other
political matters strikes creates problems and hurdles in the way of the METRO’s success.

Economic Environment –

 Economical changes of country effects Metro cash and carry in such a way that the interest
rate charged by the bank can not only restrict the spending power of customers but also in
the fund raising for the company. Devaluation of money and increasing exchange rate
discouraging the investors to invest in Indian market. Policies of bank can be influenced
by the existing government and political party and every person either business or a
separate citizen entity holder has to follow these rules governs by the bank.
 Switching cost matters a lot in the condition of buying decision behavior of customer. The
switching cost can be higher in terms of time and the distance competitively the other
specialized wholesale market. A persons spending only shifts from necessaries to luxuries
with the increase in money.

Socio-Cultural Environment –

Page | 50
 First of the all the society and their culture of Bangalore and its markets is not as much as
adapting to change. They do not easily accept the new arrivals in any field of the goods
and services. Although departmental store concept is almost good here but it will take time
to understand and develop and to adapt the kind of shopping culture.

Technological Environment –

 METRO cash and carry, it’s a huge departmental store where you can find all the products
of all the brands under one shed. Its branch is located in more than 29 countries and is
already using the updated and high technology mechanism for the shifting of products and
for other purposes. They don’t have much threat in any technological changes. Customer’s
card is already in use along with the entry card and also have precautionary measures like
cameras, CCTV are installed for safety reasons.

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FINDINGS
1) All the departments in the store are linked through an ERP software so because of this ERP
software flow of information is maintained through all departments because of which the
inventory can be managed efficiently.

2) The goods received are cross checked twice which enables low chances of receiving
damaged product and the product with difference in quantity.

3) The person receiving goods in the GR also transports the pallet to the shop floor while he
is transporting the pallet, the unloading stops and the process remains idle for some time.

4) The products when arrived in the GR is only taken after a proper quality and quantity
inspections and also if the product has 75% life left. Due to this the quality of the products
in the store are good and less products are being sent to dump due to expiry.

5) The vehicle carrying variety of products from companies like HUL, ITC, Britannia, etc
takes lots of time to get unloaded.

6) The RFID technology is not used properly to its full extent.

7) The CC (customer consultant) rarely uses the tap device given to them. This device helps
in knowing inventory status of products. Rarely using them led to order of products which
are not available in store.
8) Most of the time inventory on pallet are placed on floor area of shop and not in bay.
9) Routing mapping tools are not used while making routes for the vehicles.
10) In OPD department there is no proper labeling of orders& has a lot order queue.
11) Metro cash & carry lack its own manpower due to which many intermediary processes
gets delayed.
12) Due to improper handling of products, they gets damage.

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13) The V2V supply chain employees dressing and their vehicles were not as per the standard
rules of Metro cash & carry.
14) The customer interaction is very low in shop floor area.

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 CONCLUSION

1. Having an ERP system in organization helps Metro employees to connect with each other while
working in their departments. It helps them to share information to all the department at same time.
Proper information fw helps in reducing down the bottleneck of operations. Any error in any
department can be shared with other departments and helps them to reduce down the error more
effectively.

2. Due to low storage volume the inventories are kept in random positions. Many a times bay area
are filled and the new inventories which comes into the store are putted outside in open area which
increases the chances that the product will get damage.

3. Metro cash & carry has instruments to scan the bar code of products and know the amount of
particular product held in store, but that same device is not helpful in knowing the bay area in
where it is kept.

4. The CC of company go in the market and generate sales for the company .But they rarely use
the equipment given to them to check the inventory in store. Due to this many a time it happens
that the CC take order of those products which are not available in store which then results in
delaying of orders.

5. Presence of pallets on floor of shop area cause problems to customers. It blocks the aisle space
and due to which customers are unable to move freely in store.

6. The personal sitting at transport department still use the traditional method in determining the
vehicle route and not use new route mapping tools.

7. Due to delay in getting every product of order, a lot of order queue is made in OPD department.
Having this order queue create congestion in department & slow down process of OPD
Department. Having lot of orders at one place also creates confusion as they get mixed up.

8. In various department due to lack of metro personal the work of that department gets delayed
due to which the further processes gets delayed too.
Page | 54
9. It is the responsibility of workers to properly handle the product while picking up or putting the
products in aisle. Improper training of employees leads to damaging of product.

10. V2Vbeing a partner of Metro cash & Carry carries image of the company also. Any
wrongdoing on their part such not wearing proper dress or not having medical kit in vehicle impact
Metro image also.

11. Due to low customer interaction with queries of customer are not resolved.

Page | 55
SUGGESTIONS

1) The GR department should appoint different personnel for inspection and for transporting the
pallet to shop floor this will decrease the idle time in the process.

2) The employee should be given strict instructions regarding the handling of the products so that
the damages can be reduced.

3) After a pallet is made in GR it should be immediately transferred to the shop floor in the
respective department so that it doesn’t remain lying in the GR, taking up the space of
operations.

4) The pallet brought in the shop floor by the GR should not be let lying on the floor but rather it
should be immediately put in the respective bay so that the floor space remains clear and
customer shopping in the area doesn’t go through with any trouble.

5) The staff of the shop floor area should be given training for making interaction with the
customers.

6) The customer consultant of OPD department should use the electronic equipment for checking
the inventory of a particular product and then take the order from the trader so that if a product
is not in stock then its order will not be taken.

7) The OPD department should have more employees and should also increase the no. of
inspection and billing counter so that the queue of the trolleys are not formed and if formed
then cleared quickly as compared to earlier.

8) Proper labeling system should be in OPD department so that there is clarity that what product
bundle belongs to which order.

Page | 56
9) Excess product in OPD department should be return back immediately to shop floor so that the
space area covered by them can be freed.

10) The third party logistics should be given proper instructions regarding the dressing and safety
so that because of them metro’s name is not spoiled.

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. One of the most important things that I learned is how the overall operational process is
taken place in a wholesale store. I also learned about various processes that contributes in
the smooth running of all the operations.

2. I learned about the procedure involved in the quality check of the products coming in the
store and also how to inspect them according to the policy of the organization.

3. I learned about how different departments are using ERP software so that the flow of
information is maintained throughout the store.

4. I learned about how METRO performs its annual inventory valuation and the processes
involved in doing it.

5. The procedure involved in placing the order in OPD department and how the fulfill the
order which is placed.

6. The process of how purchase order are created for the store so that the inventory can be
managed in the store.

7. The process involved in storing of goods and the process of replenishment.

8. The billing process which is done after the order placement and the documentation
involved in billing process.

9. The logistics process involved in delivering of goods to the customer.

Page | 58
 REFERENCES
1. Dujak, D., Santoric, I., & Tomasevic, V. (2011). Implementation of RFID Technology in
Logistic and Supply Chain Activities of Retail Trade. Business Logistics in Modern
Management, 11, 259-277.
2. Gupta, M., & Kohli, A. (2006). Enterprise resource planning systems and its implications
for operations function. Technovation, 26(5-6), 687-696.
3. Schranz-Whitaker, M. (2016). Supply Chain Excellence in the Retail Industry METRO
AG–A Case Study (Doctoral dissertation).
4. Hendrickson T C., Mathews H S., (2008). The Economic and Environmental Implications
of Centralized Stock Keeping
5. Lamba P., (06-2017). The Successful Indian Market Entry: A Case study of METRO Cash
& Carry
6. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/operations-management.asp
7. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/perpetualinventory.asp
8. https://chaindrive.com/blog/retail-management-software/wholesale
management/operations-management-wholesalers/11/21/2013

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