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(2.1)
where A and B are constants. By differentiation, we have
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)
which is a differential equation of order 2. It is clear that we obtained equation (2.4) from
(2.1) by eliminating the constants A and B. it is also clear that (2.1) is a solution of (2.4)
identically. The constants A and B have no specific value, and (2.1) is a solution of (2.4)
regardless of the values assigned to A and B. furthermore, the two constants A and B cannot
be replaced by a smaller number of constants; such constants are called essential arbitrary
constants.
A relation between a dependent and independent variable involving n arbitrary
constants may be differentiated to give rise to an ordinary differential equation of order n, in
which the arbitrary constants are no longer present.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 1
1
obtain the derivative of equation 1, thus
2
obtain the derivative of equation 2, to have
4
Then substitute equation 4 in equation 3 to obtain:
ILLUSTRATION EXAMPLE 2
1
obtain the derivative of equation 1, thus
2
obtain the derivative of equation 2, to have
3
obtain the derivative of equation 3, to have
4
Eliminate A and B by subtraction in equations 1 and 3 to obtain:
5
Then, eliminate C by subtraction in equations 2 and 4 to obtain:
6
Multiply equation 5 and 2 and equate it to equation 6 to obtain
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 3
1
Find the derivative of both sides to obtain:
But, 3
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 4
1
Find the derivative of both sides obtains:
2
But, from equation 1
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 5
1
obtain the derivative of equation, thus
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 6
1
obtain the derivative of equation 1 to have
2
obtain the derivative of equation 2 to have
3
Substitute equation 3 in equation 1 to arrive on the required differential equation. . .
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 7
1
obtain the derivative of equation 1 to have
2
obtain the derivative of equation 2 to have
3
From equation 1 we obtain:
5
Finally, substitute equation 4 in equation 5 then the required differential is. . .
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 8
1
obtain the derivative of equation 1 to have
2
obtain the derivative of equation 2 to have
3
From equation 1 we obtain:
5
Finally, substitute equation 4 and 5 in equation 3 to arrive on the required differential
equation. .
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 9
1
obtain the derivative of equation 1 to have
2
obtain the derivative of equation 2 to have
3
From equation 1 we obtain:
Finally, equations 4 and 5 are equal; therefore the required differential equation is. . .
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 10
1
obtain the derivative of equation 1 to have
2
obtain the derivative of equation 2 to have
3
obtain the derivative of equation 3 to have
4
Multiply equation 3 by -3 and add to equation 4, thus we obtain
Prepared by:
Engr. Ramon P. Flores