CAD LAB

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING

SOFTWARE PACKAGES

Computer Aided Designing and Drafting (CADD)

CADD is an electronic tool that enables us to make quick and accurate

drawings. CADD has number of advantages over drawings created on a
drawing board. Electronic drawings can be modified quite easily and can
be represented in a variety of formats.

CADD extends its power to yet another branch of engineering called

computer aided manufacturing (CAM).CADD and manufacturing program
are often integrated into one system called CAD-CAM. This system import
CADD drawings into CAM program to automate the manufacturing
process. When the design is finalized, the drawings are brought into a
CAD-CAM system that uses numerical data from the CADD drawing for
actual manufacturing.

There is separate category of programs called Computer Aided

Engineering (CAE) that can use CADD drawing for engineering analysis.
The CAE programs have a number of applications in Structural Design,
Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering. The
Mechanical engineer can test a machine assembly and also a prototype
electronic model and test it without building a physical model.

Expectations form CADD

We can do amazing things with CADD that we never thought

possible while creating drawings with pen or pencil. The following are some
of the important capabilities that make CADD a powerful tool.

➢ Presentations
➢ Flexibility in editing
➢ Unit and accuracy levels
➢ Storage and access for drawings
➢ Sharing CADD drawings

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Presentations

There are a number of ready-made presentations symbols available in CADD

that can be used to enhance the look of drawings. In addition to prepare
impressive presentations on paper, we can use CADD to make an on-screen
presentations. Advanced CADD programs ever allow us to create an
animated image.

Flexibility in editing
CADD allows us to work with great accuracy. If we need to create highly
accuracy geometric shapes, CADD is the answer. It can help avoid time-
consuming mathematical calculations.

Unit and accuracy level

We can work with as high precession as 1/1000th of an inch.

Storage and access of drawing

A computer electronic filing system has the following advantages

over the traditional filing system.

• It is quick and convenient to organize CADD drawing in a computer.

• It enables us to create a highly organized environment.
• An electronic drawing never gets old and faded.

Sharing CADD Drawing

The electronic drawing can be shared by a number of users, allowing

them to Co-ordinate projects and work as a team. This is accomplished by
connecting different computer via a network.

About AutoCAD

AutoCAD is a Computer Aided Design (CAD) program used by just

about every Engineering and Design office in the world. Although there are
alternative CAD packages, AutoCAD is by far the most widely used
system. Autodesk's AutoCAD is the industry leader in CAD packages. Used
by Civil Engineers, Architects, Mechanical and Electrical Engineers,
Aeronautical Engineers plus many other disciplines.

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There have been several versions of AutoCAD over the years, with
each new version introducing new and more powerful features than its
predecessor. The latest version of AutoCAD (at the time of writing) is
AutoCAD 2011. Any courses, whether through community colleges or
online universities, that are related to Engineering or Architecture should
be considered incomplete if they do not introduce students to AutoCAD.

Accurate, scale drawings can be created and published using

AutoCAD powerful features. 3D 'models' can also be created giving the
designer absolute control over the design from start to finish. The
computerized model can be viewed through a 360º angle, and even
'rendered' with a texture on screen to give an idea of the finished product.

The X,Y co-ordinate system

Everything that we draw in AutoCAD is exact. It will be more

accurate than we will ever need it to be. We're talking 14 decimal points
accurate. All objects drawn on the screen are placed there based on a
simple X,Y co-ordinate system. In AutoCAD this is known as the World Co-
ordinate System (WCS).

AutoCAD uses points to determine where an object is located. There

is an origin where it begins counting from. This point is (0,0). Every
object is located in relation to the origin. If we were to draw a line straight

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out to the right from the origin, this would be considered the positive X-
axis. If we were to draw a line straight up, this would be the positive Y-axis.
The picture above shows a point located at (9, 6). This means that the point
is 9 units over in the X-axis and 6 units up in the Y-axis. When we are
working with points, X always comes first. The other point shown is (-10,-
4). This means that the point is 10 units in the negative X-axis (left) and
4 units in the negative Y-axis (down).

A line has two points, a start point and an end point. AutoCAD works
with the points to display the line on the screen. Most of the time we will
not have an indication of where the origin. We may need to draw a line from
the endpoint of an existing line. To do this we use relative points. These
work the same way, but we have to add the @ symbol (shift+2) to tell
AutoCAD that this next point is relative from the last point entered.

➢ ABSOLUTE POINTS are exact points on the drawing space.

➢ RELATIVE POINTS are relative to an OBJECT on the drawing space.

Angular Measurement

AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also.

When drawing lines at an angle, we have to begin measuring the

angle from 0 degrees, which is at the 36o'clock position. If we drew a line
at 90 degrees, it would go straight up. The example shows a line drawn at

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+300 degrees (270+30), or -60 degrees.

Entering Points in AutoCAD

We can enter points directly on the command line using three different
systems. The one we use will depend on which is more applicable for the
situation. The three systems are as follows:

Types of Co-Ordinates:

Absolute Co-Ordinates

Using this method, we enter the points as they relate to the origin of the
WCS. To enter a point just enters in the exact point as X, Y.

Relative Co-Ordinates

This allows us to enter points in relation to the first point we have entered.
After we've entered one point, the next would be entered as @X, Y. This
means that AutoCAD will draw a line from the first point to another point X
units over and Y units up relative to the previous point.

Polar Co-Ordinates

We would use this system if we know that we want to draw a line a certain
distance at a particular angle. We would enter this as @D<A. In this
case, D is the distance and A is the angle. Example: @10<90 will draw
a line 10 units straight up from the first point.

The three ways of entering co-ordinates shown above are the ONLY way
AutoCAD accepts input. First decide which style we need to use, and then
enter as shown. Remember that X is always before Y (alphabetical). Don't
forget the '@' symbol when we are entering relative points.

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BASIC ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING

PACKAGES

FUNCTION KEYS

SHORTCUT COMMAND COMMENT

F1 HELP Opens Autocad help

TEXTSCR, Switches between text screen and
F2
GRAPHSCR graphic area

F3 OSNAP Switches osnap on/off

F5 or CTRL+E ISOPLANE Cycles through isoplanes

F6 or CTRL+D COORDS Turns coordinate display on/off

F7 or CTRL+G GRID Turns grid on/off

F8 or CTRL+L ORTHO Turns ortho on/off

F9 or CTRL+B SNAP Turns snap on/off

F10 or
POLAR Turns polar on/off
CTRL+U

F11 or
OSNAP TRACK Turns object snap tracking on/off
CTRL+W

F12 DYNMODE Turns dynamic input on/off

BASIC DRAW COMMANDS:

Line (L): Draws straight lines between two points. Circle

(C): Draws a circle based on a center point and radius. Circle with
the following options:
- Center Radius

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- Center Diameter
- Two Points
- Three Points
- Tangent, Tangent, radius (TTR)
- At the specify the center point for the circle or[ 3P/2P/TTR].
Arc (A): Draws an arc (any part of a circle or curve) through three
known points.
Rectangle (REC): Draws a rectangle after you enter one corner and then

the second.
Display Commands:

Limits: Sets the size of the drawing paper.

Zoom (Z): Enlarges or reduces the display of a drawing.

Pan (P): Panning allows you to quickly move around the drawing area

at the same magnification you currently have set. Left click and hold
to move around your drawing.
Editing Commands:

Erase (E): Erases entities from the drawing.

Extend (EXT): Lengthens a line to end precisely at a boundary edge.

Trim (TR): Trims objects to a selected cutting edge.

Grips: We can edit selected objects by manipulating grips that appear

at defining points on the object. Grips are not a command. To activate
grips simply pick the object. Small squares will appear at various entity-
specific positions. By selecting an end grip we can stretch the entity to
change its size. By selecting the center grip we can move the entity to a
new location. To remove grips press CTL-C twice. We can perform the
following using grips: Copy, Multiple Copy, Stretch, Move, Rotate, Scale,
and Mirror.

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Creating Layers:

Layer (LR): Starts the Layer and Line type property dialog box.

Construction Commands:

Array (AR):Makes multiple copies of selected objects in a rectangular or

circular pattern.

Copy (CO): Copies object(s) once or multiple times.

Mirror (MI): Creates a mirror image of an object or selection set.

Move (M): Moves an object or objects.

Offset (O): Constructs an entity parallel to another entity at a

specified distance. Offset can be used with lines, circles, arcs, and
polylines.

Fillet (FI):Creates a round corner between two lines.

Chamfer (CHA): Creates an angled corner between two lines.

Stretch (S): Stretches an object after you have selected a portion of it.

Rotate (RO): Rotates objects to a certain angle.

Scale (SC): Proportionately resizes (or scales) objects

Boundary Hatch (H): Covers an area with a predefined pattern.

Hatch Edit (HE): Edits an existing Hatch.

Dimension (DIM): Dimensions previously drawn objects.

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PART DRAWINGS

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2D SKETCH OF OBJECT MODEL - 1

EXP NO: 1 Date:

Aim: To develop the given model by using auto cad 2D commands and to
specify its dimension.
Software Used:
Operating system: Windows XP , AUTOCAD

Commands Used:
Limits, Zoom, Line, Polygon, Arc, Circle, Offset, Copy, Move, Trim, Layer,
DIM.
Procedure:
• Study functional requirements of the component.
• Select a suitable scale for the entire drawing.
• Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
• Using circle, array, tangent and arc command draw the given
sample drawing.
• By using dimension tool marks the dimensions of every sketch.
• Finished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

Result:

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2D SKETCH OF OBJECT MODEL - 2

EXP NO: 2 Date:

Aim: To develop the given model by using auto cad 2D commands and to
specify its dimension.
Software Used:
Operating system: Windows XP , AUTOCAD

Commands Used:
Limits, Zoom, Line, Polygon, Arc, Circle, Offset, Copy, Move, Trim, Layer,
DIM.
Procedure:
• Study functional requirements of the component.
• Select a suitable scale for the entire drawing.
• Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
• Using circle, array, tangent and arc command draw the given sample
drawing.
• By using dimension tool marks the dimensions of every sketch.
• Finished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

Result:

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2D SKETCH OF OBJECT MODEL - 3

EXP NO: 3 Date:

Aim: To develop the given model by using auto cad 2D commands
Software Used:
Operating system: Windows XP, AUTOCAD
Commands Used:
Limits, Zoom, Line, Polygon, Arc, Circle, Offset, Copy, Move, Trim, Layer,
DIM.

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Procedure:

• Study functional requirements of the component.

• Select a suitable scale for the entire drawing.
• Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
• Using circle, array, tangent and arc command draw the given
sample drawing.
• By using dimension tool marks the dimensions of every sketch.
• Finished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

Result:

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ISOMETRIC VIEW OF MACHINE COMPONENT-1

EXP NO: 4 Date:

Aim: To draw the isometric view of the Machine Component.

Software Used:
Operating system: Windows XP, AUTOCAD
Commands Used:
Limits, Zoom, Line, Circle Extrude, Dim.
Procedure:
• Study functional requirements of the component.
• Select a suitable scale for the entire drawing.
• Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
• Using circle, array, tangent and arc command draw the given sample
drawing.
• By using dimension tool marks the dimensions of every sketch.
• Finished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

Result:

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ORHTOGRAPHIC View of MACHINE COMPONENT-2

EXP NO: 5 Date:

Aim: To draw the Orthographic views of the Machine Component.

Software Used:
Operating system: Windows XP, AUTOCAD
Commands Used:
Limits, Zoom, Line, Circle Extrude, Dim.
Procedure:
• Study functional requirements of the component.
• Select a suitable scale for the entire drawing.
• Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
• Using circle, array, tangent and arc command draw the given sample
drawing.
• By using dimension tool marks the dimensions of every sketch.
• Finished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

Result:

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3D View of V-Block

EXP NO: 6 Date:

Aim: To generate a 3D view of V-Block.

Software Used:
Operating system: Windows XP, AUTOCAD
Commands Used:
Limits, Zoom, Line, Extrude, Dim.
Procedure:
The following steps to be followed for the generation of a V-Block
• Click the start option and then select sketcher.
• In sketcher icon.
we select the plane [xy;yz,xz] and click the sketcher
• To draw the object by using line command.
• To draw the 120mm line horizontally and 20mm line vertically and then
horizontally 30mm
• Draw the line vertically 25mm and horizontally 5mm
• Finally draw the line with an angle 450 as shown in figure.
• Next to use region to join the full object.
• Finally extrude the object with 45 mm.

Result:

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3D View of Journal Bearing

EXP NO: 7 Date:

Aim: To generate a 3D view of Journal Bearing.

Software Used:
Operating system: Windows XP, AUTOCAD
Commands Used:
Limits, Zoom, Line, Circle Extrude, Dim.
Procedure:
The following steps to be followed for the generation of a Journal Bearing.
• Click the start option and then select sketcher.
• In sketcher we select the plane [xy; yz, xz] and click the sketcher icon.
• To draw the object by using line command.
• To draw the 125mm line horizontally and 84mm line vertically and then
horizontally 37.5mm
• Draw the circle 25mm diameter and 25mm radius at centers and 15m
diameter from 20mm horizontally.
• Next to use region to join the full object.
• Finally extrude the object with 35 mm.

Result:

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Intersection of Cylinder to Cylinder

EXP NO: 8 Date:

Aim: To obtain the Intersection of Vertical Cylinder of diameter 40mm and

length 100mm lying HP on its base with a horizontal Cylinder of diameter
40mm and length 100mm with its axis bisecting each other.

Software Used:
Operating system: Windows XP, AUTOCAD
Commands Used:
Limits, Zoom, Line, Circle Extrude, Dim.
Procedure:
• Study functional requirements of the component.
• Select a suitable scale for the entire drawing.
• Set appropriate limits to new AutoCAD file using LIMITS command.
• Using circle command draw the given sample drawing.
• Extrude the circle with the given height and subtract for the intersection
of solids
• By using dimension tool marks the dimensions of every sketch.
• Finished work sheet is saved and hard copy is taken.

Result:

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CATIA
(Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application)

INTRODUCTION
CATIA is the most powerful multi platform CAD/CAM/CAE/PLM
software package of its kind in the world. It was created by the consortium
of Dessaults’ System of France and IBM of United States.
CATIA works like an integrated digital factory by its own. You can start with
a 2D sketch of the product, digitally create a full 3D prototype, manufacture
it through Numerical Control (NC) workbench and manage the development
and marketing of this product by using Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)
utilities. Some of the workbenches in CATIA are specially configured for ship
design, aerospace sheet metal design, A-Class surface design, Finite
Element Analysis (FEM), ergonomic design and analysis …etc
CATIA helps engineers by integrating all engineering design and analysis
tools under a single software package. This unique integration brings the
advantages of data management, consistency in information flow, savings
in time and money, rapid product development strategies, user
productivity, enhanced photorealistic visualization...etc.
CATIA consists of modules each Module specialized in specific design field

Sketcher: This module is responsible for the implementation of two-

dimensional shapes, in preparation for make a three-dimensional
commands on it.

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Part Design: This module is responsible for converting two-dimensional

graphics to three-dimensional objects which is most famous in Catia and is
closely linked with sketcher module. The part design Module it is onsidered
from most important modules, that used by the designer to get the
additional advantage from cad programs - three-dimensional drawing.

Assembly: This module is responsible for assembling the parts previously

produced in Part Design, and it is most important for those who work in the

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field of machinery design or design in general, because it is the one who

shows the inter-relationships between the parts of the machine or any
mechanical establishment.

To start CATIA in Windows environment simply follow the path:

Start Menu >Programs >CATIA >CATIA P3 V5R15.
The first window you may see is the main window shown in Figure

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CREATE SOLID MODEL OF SOLID JOURNAL BEARING

EXP NO: 09 DATE:

Aim: To create solid model of Solid Journal Bearing using CATIA V5

Requirements: CATIA V5, PentiumIV

Procedure

Sequence of steps

1. Start CATIA V5 – Select Start- Mechanical Design – Part Design

2. New part dialogue box is viewed and disable all options and click OK
3. Select the XY plane
4. Select sketcher tool bar
5. Create front view using Profile tool bar (predefined profile – rectangle,
circle, arc options are used)
6. Use constraint tool bar to constrain or fix the object
7. Select workbench tool bar – select Exit work bench
8. Now on Part Design screen, select Sketch-Based features – Pad option
for padding (to create solid)
9. Select front face and turn to sketcher in sketcher tool bar
10. Create hole then use Exit work bench
11. Now on Part Design screen, select Sketch-Based features – Pocket
option for pocketing (to remove material)
12. Select top face and make holes using pocket option (use Mirror option
on Operation tool bar)
13. Select Tools – Image – Capture – Select mode, then select the image –
Capture option to save the file in jpg format

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Result:

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TO CREATE SOLID MODEL OF THE GIVEN MACHINE COMPONENT

EXP NO: 10 DATE:

Aim: To create solid model of the given Machine component using CATIA
V5

Requirements: CATIA V5, PentiumIV

Procedure
Sequence of steps
1. Start CATIA V5 – Select Start- Mechanical Design – Part Design.
2. Newpart dialogue box is viewed and disable all options and click OK.
3. Select the XYplane.
4. Select sketcher tool bar.
5. Create side view using Profile tool bar (predefined profile – rectangle is
used).
6. Use constraint tool bar to constrain or fix the object.
7. Select workbench tool bar – select Exit work bench.
8. Now on Part Design screen, select Sketch-Based features – Pad option
for padding (to create solid).
9. Select top face and turn to sketcher in sketcher tool bar.
10. Create required holes of given dimensions, then use Exit work bench.
11. Now on Part Design screen, select Sketch-Based features – Pocket
option for pocketing (to remove material).
12. Select front face and make groove using pocket option.
13. Select Tools – Image – Capture – Select mode, then select the image –
Capture option to save the file in jpg format.

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Result:

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VIVA QUESTIONS
Auto CAD
1. What is meant by AutoCAD?
AutoCAD is one of the cad system software introduced in dec1982 by
Autodesk ltd in Sausallia, California of USA. It has hit the technical world
like shock wave revolutionizing the manner of drawing preparation.
2. What is the diff between CAD & CADD?
CAD-computer aided design
CADD-computer aided design and drafting
3. Define absolute co-ordinates?
Values locating a point in space that describe its displacement from origin
(0,0,0) point of the drawing.
4. Define polar co ordinates.
Values are locating a point in space that describes its location relative to
the last point picked as defined by an angle and s distance.
5. Define angular dimension?
A dimension that measures the angle between two lines or the angle
inscribed by an arc segment
6. Define aligned dimension?
A linear dimension measuring the distance between two points. The
dimension line for an aligned dimension is parallel to a line between points.
7. What is Bylayer?
A value that can be assigned to colours and line types so that objects receive
their colour and line type properties according to the layer they are on.
8. What is command line?
A text window at the bottom of the screen that’s displays command:
prompt. This is where you see what you are entering through the keyboard.
Also called the command window.
9. What is command: prompt:
A prompt at the command line, when no commands are currently running.

10. What is cross hair cursor?

A form of the cursor that consists of a horizontal line and a vertical line

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intersecting at their midpoints, resembling the crosshair in a sighting

device.
11. Define dimension variables?
A group of settings and values that control the appearance of dimensions.
12. Define current UCS?
The user co-ordinate system that is active in a drawing. It determines the
positive X,Y and Z direction.
13. What is .dwg?
The file extension and format for the standard AutoCAD drawing.
14. Define graphics window?
The appearance of your screen when AutoCAD is running. It consists of the
drawing area and surrounding toolbars, menu bars the command window
and the status bar.
15. Define line type?
The style of appearance of a line. AutoCAD styles include continues, dashed,
dash dot. And so on.
16. What is a hatch patterns?
A pattern of lines dots and other shapes that fills in a closed area.
17. Define MIRROR?
A command that makes a copy of selected objects and flips the copy around
a specified line to produce a reciprocal image of those objects.
18. What is an Ortho mode?
An on/off setting that, when on forces lines to be drawn and objects to be
moved in a horizontal or vertical direction only.
19. What are the advantages of CAD?
Greater productivity of the designer, improvement of design quality
Easier design, calculation and analysis, quicker rate producing drawings,
more accuracy of Drawings and color graphics is possible
20. What is an object snap mode?
Any of a set of tools precisely picking strategic points on an object, including
end point, midpoint, center, and so on. It is casually called osnap.
21. List out some of the modeling software currently available?
Solid works, CATIA, Pro-E, IDEAS
22. What are the difference between CAD and CAM?

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Computer aided drafting (CAD) is the process of creating a design, known

as drafting, using computer technology. Computer aided manufacturing
(CAM) is the use of computers and computer software to guide machines to
manufacture something, usually a part that is mass-produced.
23. What are the important modeling operations?
Extrude, revolve, sweep.

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CATIA VIVA
1. Expand CATIA?
Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Applications.
2. What is the save extension of sketcher file?
CAT Part
3. Does CATIA V5 work on UNIX Platform?
Yes
4. Is it possible to increase the size of plane boundary
representation & how?
Yes, go for Tools-Options- Infrastructure-Part structure-Display
5. Is It Possible to directly enter in to Sketcher Workbench?
No, it is not possible to enter in to sketcher workbench directly. We have to
go for any workbench &form there we can enter the sketcher workbench..
6. Which is the tool used to exit from sketcher workbench to part
design Workbench?
Exit Sketcher.
7. What is use of construction elements?
Construction elements assist in sketching the required profile in sketcher.
8. What is the use of SKETCH TOOLS in sketcher work bench?
SKETCH TOOLS in sketcher workbench are the commands, which find very
use in creating sketches. SKETCH TOOLS are namely geometric and
dimensional constraints, construction elements/standard elements and Grid
option. They play very important role in sketching, whenever we want to
constrain a sketch we use these options and if we want to convert any
element into a construction element once again these options come into
picture.
9. What is the meaning of true dimension?
True dimension is the dimension desired after the machining. In other
words, this is the value that should be attained after the machining.
10. Where do we use axis?
Axis is used in creating shaft (revolved) feature
11. Can were define the sketches?
Yes.
12. Can axis be converted into line or vice versa?

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We can convert line into axis but axis cannot convert into line.
13. How many axis can be created in a single sketch?
Only one axis can be created in a sketch, if more than one axis are drawn
then only one of them, thelatest one will be axis and others will be converted
into reference elements.
14. How do we change, sketch's reference plane?
Right click on the sketch whose reference plane is to be changed and select
the change reference plane and then select new reference.
15. What is the function of mirror command in sketch?
Mirror command in sketch will create a copy of the sketch about a reference
plane.
16. What is SHOW / HIDE option?
Show mode enables us to see all the components presently opened and in
Hide mode we can hide the desired elements from the view for time being.
17. What is positioned sketch?
You can orient a sketch plane according to your requirement then you can
sketch its positioned sketch.
18. What is sketch analysis?
Sketch analysis is used to check the profile is open or close, and to convert
some profiles in to Reference elements and to delete. and also used to check
the sketch is constrained or not.

EXERCISES

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1.

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2.

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3.

4.

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5. Draw the perspective view of a square pyramid by using Auto CAD

Software of base 50side and 60height. An edge of the base is parallel to

and 10behind P.P. the station point is situated at a distance of 60 in front

of P.P, 40 above the ground and 40 to the right of the apex.

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