Philippine Christian University: Senior High School Department Dasmariñas Campus A. Background of The Study

Philippine Christian University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Dasmariñas Campus
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Light-emitting diode lights produce a balance of cool and warm light that
replicates the natural solar spectrum and are often used to encourage plant
growth. LED lights are very efficient and capable of producing the type of light
needed by plants. In this research, Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis (Chinese
Cabbage) which will serve as the plant model that will undergo controlled
conditions and treatments, is a plant that vegetates in full sun in cool regions and
in partial shade in warm regions. Hence, one challenge in designing a plant
lighting system is to determine wavelengths essential for specific crops. Plants
utilize different wavelengths of light to promote vegetative growth and flowering.
According to the Oregon State University Extension Service (2017), most plants
utilize light in the “blue” part of the visible light spectrum to promote vegetative
growth. They also claim that plants utilize light in the “red” part of the visible light
spectrum to promote flowering and budding. With that aspect, researchers see
the role of different wavelengths of LED lights as an essential element to a
specific need of the said model plant’s growth. Researchers have agreed that
they will focus on observing the growth and development of Brassica Rapa
subsp. Pekinensis (Chinese Cabbage) plant grown in controlled conditions under
different LED light wavelengths.
Additionally, studies show that there is still much to be discovered about

this up and coming technology; LED technology for plant growth needs to
overcome the obstacles of wavelength formulation (Chiang & Puckett, 2010).
Along with this matter, researchers come up with the formulation of some
questions that will serve as their guide in conducting this experimental research
1
Dasmariñas Campus
study. Some of those questions are: “What are the effects of red, blue, and white
light-emitting diode lights on the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis?”;
“Which light-emitting diode light will produce beneficial effects to the said plant?”
and contrariwise, “Which LED light will not cause beneficial effects to the plant?”.
These questions established concerns to the researchers that led them in finding
appropriate answers through experimantation. Therein, the authors of this
research will aim to take the first steps into providing useful discoveries and offer
innovative ideas and ways that may benefit some individuals in the community.
Moreover, along with those problems are purposes composing this study.
One major purpose of the research is to (1) Determine the effects of red, blue,
and white light-emitting diode lights on the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp.
Pekinensis since the results will help the researchers in the process of searching
and gathering of knowledge about the roles of different LED wavelength to the
growth and development of the model plant. (2) Demonstrate LED lights as a
substitute to sunlight which is an essential factor required for photosynthesis.
Furthermore, for this study, researchers will have experimentations as their
research instrument along with compliance to statistical treatments and
acquisition of related studies and literature for them to guarantee beneficial and
reliable information.
B. Statement of the Purpose
The researchers of this research study entitled “The Effects of Red, Blue, and
White Light-Emitting Diode Lights on the Growth of Brassica Rapa subsp.
Pekinensis” aim to answer these following questions along the research period,
A.Y. 2018 -2019:
1. What are the effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diode lights on
the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis?
2
Dasmariñas Campus
2. Which light-emitting diode lights produces more beneficial effects on the

growth and development of Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis?
3. Why are LED lights more efficient that other kinds of light bulbs?
4. Will the model plant undergo different growths and developments under
certain treatments?
5. What are other factors that can contribute to the effects of red, blue, and
white light-emitting diode lights on the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp.
Pekinensis?
6. Are LED lights a good substitute to sunlight as one of the essential
element for the plant’s photosynthesis?
7. Why is there a need to find an alternative ways to replace sunlight as a
contributing factor of plant growth?
8. Are there any significant differences between the LED lights and sunlight
in the growth and development of the plant?
C. Scopes and Delimitations
This study, conducted by the researchers, is to observe the applicability of

Red, Blue and White LED lights to the growth of Brassica Rapa. With that in
mind, the whole research will solely revolve to the words articulated in this paper.
It is apparent that some areas are meant to be discussed, such as the treatment
of one plant is parallel to the other. Evidently, if there are areas the researchers'
niche should cover, there are some which are not meant to be tackled. They will
focus singly on the growth of each Brassica Rapa under certain treatments. The
researcher will also not take-up a different plant other than Brassica Rapa subsp.
Pekinensis. This research will be based on numerical data given by statistical
tools used, indicating this is a quantitative research. This study will be covering
one (1) academic year only. Hence, any other aspects that are not related to the
niche will be disregarded.
3
Dasmariñas Campus
D. Significance of the Study
The research centers in knowing the effects of red, blue and white light-
emitting diode lights on the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis, hence it
will be catering several stakeholders:
 Local Farmers – This study will suggest new ideas and innovative ways
that may be beneficial to them especially that in the country, rainy season
is yearly experienced thus, this research will provide useful alternative
ways to sunlight.
 Common Man - Through this research, people in the community may get
useful information about planting indoors and gardening with a different
lighting system; more specifically those who reside in an apartment or
condominium unit or any other place where there is no available space
exposed in the sunlight.
 Botanists and Agricultural Education Students – This research will

help them with their studies by providing them results based on
experiments and statistical treatments.
 Future Researchers – Since the study is limited, there will be some areas
and factors not to be discussed and explained. Future researchers may
use this study as reference and guide to explore broader aspects from this
and discover greater things.
4
Dasmariñas Campus
CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter provides an overview of related literature and studies after the
thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers. Furthermore, it presents
the framework for the research study that comprises the main focus of the
research. This will provide information that will further elaborate different
standpoints that will serve as the foundation of the proposed study.
A. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
According to Darko et al. (2014), the obstacle of sustaining a fair amount of

food in an increasing human population under climate change is quite troubling.
With this, they have taken consideration to rise production capacity by means of
controlled-environment agriculture using artificial lighting. The development of
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) have shown promising potential in enriching
sustainable plant growth. This innovation shows that LEDs can act as both
supplementary or sole-source lighting for artificial lighting source for plants.
The idea presented in that article shows that people are having a hard time
on sustaining enough amount of food to the increasing human population
because of sudden changes of weather, therefore they use other techniques to
produce food. One of them is by using artificial lighting, like the Light Emitting
Diode lights to grow a plant into a non-agriculture environment because it has a
potential to sustain a plant growth. Either it can be a substitute or main
component for growing plant.
As studied by Rehman et al. (2017), LEDs have remarkable potential as

supplemental source of l light. LEDs are novel and versatile source of light with
cool emitting surface, wavelength specification, and low electric power
requirement to grow plants.
5
Dasmariñas Campus
Based on Rehman’s study, LEDs can be use as an effective source of light

to grow plants because of its attributes and since it requires low electric power.
According to D'Souza et al. (2015), light emitting diode (LED) lights possess
unique properties that are highly sustainable for several operations in the food
industry. Such properties include low radiant heat emissions, high emissions of
monochromatic (black and white) light, electrical luminous, photon efficiency,
long life expectancy, flexibility, and mechanical robustness. LED lights reduces
damage and degradation in crops and increases yields and nutritive content of
horticultural and agricultural produce.
For the growth of the plant, it is to be expected to avoid anything that

blemish the plant. D'Souza stated that light emmiting diode light may decrease
the possibility of poor growth of the plant.
Hyeon and Wheeler (2010) stated that one significant advantage of

custom-designed lighting system is the reduction of insect, disease, or pathogen
loads on certain crops. Tailored lighting system enhanced or restricted in certain
wavelength can also eliminate or minimize the ability of fungi to multiply and
insects to host species or reproduce.
As the researchers plan to have a controlled environment on the

brasicarapa, Hyeon and Wheeler's study would prove to be a good
background on depicting the controlled environment as the introduce the
reduction of insect, disease, or pathogens by using a custom-designed lighting
system. This lighting system would dismiss the reproduction of fungi and insects,
as such making the environment of the plant more suitable for growth.
As stated by Affeldt (2016), plants use more red and blue light for
photosynthesis than they do green, and the absorption spectrum of plants can
6
Dasmariñas Campus
effectively be matched by using the right combination of LEDs. LEDs as an

illumination source in an indoor garden are much more suitable than other grow
lights whose peak emissions widely differ from the absorption spectrum of plants.
As Affeldt have said, he depicts the idea of using different light color as
means to replicate the natural spectrum of sunlight through LEDs. This idea
showed that there will be a close replication of sunlight through Red, Blue, and
White light emmiting diode lights.
As cited by NASA (2016), different light wavelengths have specific effects

for plants grown indoor. The red LED light is vital for the growth of a plants’ stem
and expansion of leaves. This wavelength regulates flowering, dormancy
periods, and seed germination as well. On the other hand, the blue LED light
may stunt the plant’s growth if overexposed to this light, so it needs to be mixed
with other light in different spectra. It also has an effect to the chlorophyll content
present in the plant as well as leaf thickness.
As NASA stated on their article, they explained that LED lights have
varieties of wavelength and each have specific effects to plants grown indoor.
Moreover, they also stated that it is important to mix another LED light of different
spectra to blue LED lights because too much of it may delay the growth of the
plant.
According to Kalisz and Siwek (2006), Chinese cabbage seedling should

be acclimated before they are transplanted so the plant can successfully
withstand adverse weather condition. The effect of low temperature prevailing at
the early stages of plant grow is sometimes associated with the premature
flowering. Chinese cabbage is a cool weather vegetable; it will bolt (form a flower
stalk) quickly if it develops primarily in warm weather.
7
Dasmariñas Campus
As Kalisz and Siwek have said, Chinese cabbage seedling, for it to grow in
an adverse weather, needs to be acclimated first. They also stated that the
premature flowering is sometimes the result of low temperature in early stages of
plant grow.
As cited by Kuan et al. the light spectra, intensities, and durations of LED
lighting system for plants can be easily controlled and manipulated by the plant
growers for them to have the right proportion suited for the growth of the plants.
With this aspect, the said study demonstrated that the combination of red and
blue LED light was an effective light source for plant growth and development.
Based on the findings of their study, red and blue LED lights proves to be
the best combination for an effective growth and development of a plant.
Furthermore, one advantage of using LED lights as lighting system for plants is
that it can be easily manipulated to find the suited combination of different LED
lights of different wavelengths for the plant growth.
The idea from each cited work proves to be suitable for the researchers'
niche. As those studies show that the plants can be manipulated by light
emmiting diode lighting system, researchers would use the right coherence
suited for the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis.
B. SYNTHESIS
Since the research study seeks to know the effects of red, blue, and white
light emitting diode lights on the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis, the
researchers have gathered related studies that will strengthen the researchers’
notion to prove that LED lights can be used as an alternative lighting source for
the growth of the said model plant. The readings cover the theory of the
effectiveness of different LED light wavelength which depicts that red, blue, and
8
Dasmariñas Campus
white LED light has distinct effects and different levels of effectiveness to a plant
grown indoor.
Furthermore, it is as much important to give emphasis to the theory of LED

lights as a low cost and an effective alternative to sunlight in which plants can
grow in a controlled and treated with LED lighting system environment as it can
develop in a traditional growing environment with sun as its source of light.
C. CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
FIGURE 1
IPO DIAGRAM
Red, Blue, and Experiment LED Greenhouse

D. LED lights
White Lighting
ANOVA
E.
Growth LED Lighting
Chi-square
F. System for Indoor
Brassica Rapa
Weighted Mean Plants
G. Pekinensis
subsp.
H. Spectrum Hypothesis testing Seminars on How
Light
to Start Indoor
I. Data Collection Gardening Using
Weather Condition
LED Lighting
Crop Water Needs System
Fig.1. shows the IPO diagram for this research study
As the diagram shows, the researchers conducted the study to know if red,
blue, and white LED lights could affect the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp.
Pekinensis. Even so, there are also some variables that needs to be considered
such as light spectrum, weather condition, and crop water needs. Hence, to
9
Dasmariñas Campus
come up with the results, several statistical methods are used in determining the
effects of red, blue, and white LED lights on the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp.
Pekinensis. Some of this are ANOVA and chi-square. Given there is a significant
effect, agricultural institution or even plant growers could put up LED greenhouse
lighting, LED lighting system for indoor plants, and have seminars on how to start
indoor gardening using an LED lighting system. All of which can create
innovation in agriculture and horticulture.
D. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
The researchers of this study provide these assumptions that had been
formulated from the research questions and will soon be tested using statistical
treatments as they go further with the research.
1. There is a significant difference on the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp.

Pekinensis exposed to different colors of LED lights;
2. The means of the height of the plants exposed to 3 different colors of LED
lights are different from each other.
E. DEFINITION OF VARIABLES
To facilitate the readers’ understanding of the contents of this study, the

researchers included the operational and conceptual definitions of the following
terms:
1. Effect – this word pertains to the influence of one variable to a particular

variable.
2. Red Light Emitting Diode Light – it is one of the fundamental terms in
the research study since it is the independent variable that concerns
causality on the growth of their experimental plant. It has a wavelength of
10
Dasmariñas Campus
630-660 nm and is responsible for vegetation and flowering stages

of plant growth.
3. Blue Light Emitting Diode Light – it has a wavelength of 490–450 nm
and is important for vegetative leaf growth. It is also the independent
variable in the study.
4. White Light Emitting Diode Light – it has a wavelength of 390-700 nm
since it is a combination of all colors. Also, it is one of the independent
variables of the research study.
5. Growth – it will determine the success in the research study.
6. Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis – it is the dependent variable or the
main target of the study which will take effects from the red, blue, and
white light emitting diode lights. It is also used as the test subject in this
research.
7. Light Spectrum – it is considered as the intervening variable in the study
since it concerns different wavelengths of energy produced by the light
source thus, causing an effect to the dependent variable.
8. Weather Condition – it is one of the moderating variables of the study
because it can alter or enhance the effect of the LED lights on the growth
of Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis.
9. Pests – another moderating variable that may hinder the success of the
study
10. Crop Water Needs – It is deemed as an extraneous variable in the study
since it is an essential element for a plant growth but is not emphasized in
the study.
11
Dasmariñas Campus
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
To obtain substantial and necessary data that can lead to further findings
and answers to the research questions, the researchers have considered the
following methodological aspects.
A. RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers of the study will observe the growth of Brassica Rapa
subsp. Pekinensis under the use of red, blue, and white LED lights as its lighting
source and they will measure and treat results using statistical processes for
them to acquire accurate and precise hypothesis and results. Therefore, the
researchers configured that the design of the study is a quantitative research
since the results will be dependent on the statistical treatments used by the
researchers. Furthermore, the study is an experimental type of quantitative
research since the researchers will perform experiments and come up with a
product to be tested out in the whole duration of the study.
B. RESEARCH LOCALE
The research study was conducted at Philippine Christian University –

Dasmariñas Campus. Though mainly, the research experiment set-up will take
place at the residence of one of the researchers, Carlo John Lolong, in Green
Park Villas Malagasang II-C Imus, Cavite. Furthermore, since the experimental
product needs to be tested out in an indoor environment to give justified result,
the chosen locus of the study is in a residential place where access to an open
area for gardening is limited.
12
Dasmariñas Campus
C. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES
Since the study is an experimental type of research, the sampling

procedure used by the researchers is critical sampling wherein the units to be
investigated will solely base on the judgement of the researchers. With critical
sampling, the researchers can focus on particular characteristics of the
experimental subject which will best enable them to answer the research
questions.
D. INSTRUMENTATION
The researchers will use single group design for the experimental set-up
where they will apply the treatment to a single group of subjects. The experiment
will be consisted of three treatments of light which are red, blue, and white light-
emitting diode lights each had the equivalence of 6 watts per light. As per the
planting of the seeds, there will be one plant pot with indefinite number of
seedlings per experimental unit. Moreover, the researchers will set criteria for
trial and error as they go over the series of steps in conducting the experiment.
seedlings seedlings seedlings
Fig.2 LED lights panel and treatments distributions (top view)
E. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Parallel to the research design, the researchers will conduct an experiment

wherein they will grow chinese cabbage (Brassica Rapa subsp. Pekinensis)
13
Dasmariñas Campus
seeds on to three 120X90X44cm plywood plant shelves each have LED lights
equipped with a power of 6 W. One section will be treated with red LED light, the
other with blue LED light, and the last section with white LED light. Each LED
light will have the distance of 51 cm from the ground. On the other hand, the
seeds will be sown at 0.6 cm in depth and in rows. Each unit will experience 12
hours exposure to LED light and 12 hours of darkness.
F. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
As the research study suggests observation of distinctions among three

LED light treatments, the statistical processes to be used are as follows:
To obtain the average result of the response in each of the given criteria,
the researcher will use Weighted Mean.
X = ∑fx
n
Where:
∑= summation symbol
f= frequency for each given scale
x= value of each scale
n= number of frequency
For the researchers' use of different controlled environment to observe the

respective growth of each plant and to determine their differences, the
researcher will use Chi-square Test.
14
Dasmariñas Campus
x2= (O-E)2
E
Where:
x2= chi – square values
O = observed values
E= expected values
Lastly, to determine the significant difference in respective treatment of

each plant, they will use the statistical treatment ANOVA.
F = MSb
MSw
Where:
MSb = Mean Square Between
MSw = Mean Square Within
15
Dasmariñas Campus
CHAPTER 4
Results and Discussion
The results shown below are acquired from the data that have been
gathered while conducting the experiment. The gathered data are in accordance
to the experiment and researchers’ observation that will be interpreted through
accurate statistical treatment. Theories and ideas will be given to aid each results
for credibility.
Table 1
Researchers as Evaluators
CATEGORY FREQUENCY
Evaluators 6
Table 1 shows the amount of Researcher to observe
The researchers will be responsible for the observations on the conducted

experiment. Criteria will scored in accordance to the researchers’ observations.
16
Dasmariñas Campus
Table 2
Set up of Each Trials
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

The seedlings will be The seedlings will be The seedlings will be
planted under the planted under the planted under the
exposure of blue LED exposure of red LED light exposure of white LED
light within 12 hours a within 12 hours a day and light within 12 hours a
day and 12 hours in 12 hours in dusk. It will day and 12 hours in
dusk. It will be watered be watered 250 mL per dusk. It will be watered
250 mL per day. day. 250 mL per day.
Table 2 shows the description of the set-up in each trial
The table above shows how the researchers conducted the experiment.
The similarity in treatment, with the exception of the LED light color, on each
trails will be a variable or two on the researchers’ observation on the growth of
Brassica rapa.
Table 3
Evaluation of Overall Effectiveness of LED lights on Growth of Brassica

Rapa
Criteria Rating Remarks

Blue 2.17 Slightly Visible Growth
Time of Growth Red 3 Visible Growth
17
Dasmariñas Campus
White 4 Full Growth

Blue 2.17 Low Height
Height Red 3 Average Height
White 4 Full Height
Color Blue 3.5 Green
Red 3.33 Green
White 4 Richly Green
Table 3 shows the rate of evaluation according to researchers’
Based on the results shown, the most effective and light source of the
plant and can be a replicative light spectrum of the sun is the white LED light
which shows a higher scores than the other two LED lights. Further analyzing the
results, the time of growth on blue LED light is poor considering the scores of the
other on the other hand it has a bit higher score than red LED light in terms of
color. This means that the plant exposed to blue LED has a slower Growth time
than the other but the plant is considered on equal in terms of color with the other
two.
Table 4
Comparison of respective LED light color on their influence of the growth

of Brassica Rapa
Category Rating
Experimental Group 15.04
Table 4 shows the rate of difference on the growth of Brassica Rapa under LED
lights
18
Dasmariñas Campus
In table #, the rate of 15.04 shows the involvement of variations of LED

light does different effect on the plant. The criteria used to evaluate the growth of
the Brassica Rapa are: Time of Growth, Height, and Color.
Table 5
Chi-square Results based on Trials
Scores Result
0-4 0
5-8 9.98
9-12 5.06
Total value 15.04
Table 5 shows the differences in scores in terms of a healthy growth of Brassica
Rapa
The scores shown on Table # display a distinction on the influence of each

LED light in terms of the researchers’ criteria on the growth of Brassica Rapa.
The scores under 4 show no result would mean that that plant under the
exposure of LED light have successfully grown in somewhat full grown figure yet
of course all differs in the set of criteria the researchers have based.
19
Dasmariñas Campus
Table 6
Results for the Conducted Trials
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

∑X1 =47 ∑X2 =56 ∑X3 =72
∑(X1)2 =375 ∑(X2)2 =524 ∑(X3)2 = 864
F- Value = 49.48
Table 6 shows the Anova results for the growth of Brassica Rapa
. The table above shows the f-value depicts the significant difference in
respective treatment of each plant. The result shows an inclining set of
evaluation given by the researchers. This would mean that on the respective
trials, the LED light that have shown the most desired result on replicating the
natural spectrum given by the sun would be the white LED light. And the lesser
desired result would be the blue LED light.
20
Dasmariñas Campus
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECCOMENDATION
A. SUMMARY
Researchers tried to prove if Light-Emitting Diode (LED) can be an

alternative source of sunlight for growing plants, and what can be the effects of
different LED colors such as blue, red, and white for the growth of Brassica Rapa
subs. Pekinensis or commonly known as Chinese Cabbage. And with that the
study is an experimental type of quantitative research. As the research is
progressing researchers found out that, Light Emitting Diodes (LED) have shown
promising potential in enriching sustainable plant growth. This innovation shows
that LEDs can act as both supplementary and sole-source lighting for artificial
lighting source for plants Darko et. al (2014). Being LED can really be an
alternative source of sunlight, the researchers also noticed that the plant in the
white led grows faster than with the blue and red LED. And based on the result of
the statistical treatment that is used, the values of each LED though there is are
not much big of a difference meaning they all work as an alternative source of
sunlight. But if we look on which is more efficient to use, the white LED is the one
to choose. Because the white LED is a combination of the primary colors-red,
green and blue mixing it all to form a white. With that, the white LED has all the
needed spectrum for the plants to grow more effectively. Unlike with the red LED
who is good with the flowering and budding of the plant and the blue LED for the
vegetative growth of the plant.
B. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS
21
Dasmariñas Campus
C. CONCLUSION
1. Out of three lights that has been chosen to make the plants grow, the
white led light is the most effective
2. LED lights is an alternative light source to grow a plant
3. White light can be use as the alternative light source because of its
spectrum that similar to the sun, which is the originally source of light and
heat to grow plant.
4. Blue light is not an efficient light to grow a plant in this experiment
5. LED light is the cheapest instrument that can be used as an light source to
grow a plant depending on its color.
D. RECCOMENDATION
With the results of the data given in the thesis problem. The researchers
therefore recommend the following:
1. For future researchers to use other colors of LED bulbs.

2. For future researchers to test this type of research on other plants.
3. For future researchers to place lightbulbs on different angles for better
effectiveness on growth of plants.
4. For future researchers to use the type of soil fit for planting the selected
plants.
5. For future researchers to use other light intensity.
6. For future researchers to use other area of land where in the plant will
grow.
7. For future researchers to build more extensive shelves of plants.
8. For future research to consider the weather
9. For future researchers to consider the amount of water the plant.
10. For future researchers to use other tools to measure the plant
22
Dasmariñas Campus
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Affeldt, (2016). The Effects of LEDS on Plants. Retrieved from
https://www.maximumyield.com/the-effects-of-leds-on-plants/2/1332,
Accessed last November 9, 2018
Darko et al., (2014). Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and
secondary metabolism. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3949401/, Accessed last

November 12, 2018.
D’Souza et al., (2015). Application of Light-Emitting Diodes in Food Production,

Postharvest, Preservation, and Microbiological Food Safety. Retrieved from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1541-4337.12155,
Accessed last November 12, 2018.
Hyeon and Wheeler, (2010). Plant Productivity in Response to LED Lighting.

Retrieved from
http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/43/7/1951.full, Accessed last

October 30, 2018.
Kalisz & Siwek, (2006). Yield and Quality of Chinese Cabbage as affected by
different Temperature Conditions During Seedling Production. Retrieved from
23
Dasmariñas Campus
http://ptno.org.pdf.krakow.pl/wydawn/FoliaHosticulturae/Spicy/FH2006/PDF1802
2006/fh1820p01.pdf, Accessed last January 12, 2019.
Krist, (2010). The Design and Manufacture of a Light Emitting Diode Package for
General Lighting. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/, Accessed last October 31, 2018.
Kuan et al., (2013). The Effects of Red, Blue, and White LED Lights on the
Growth, Development, and Edible Quality of Hydroponically Grown Lettuce.
Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304423812004797,
Accessed last November 11, 2018.
NASA, (2016). LEDs Provide the Optimum Light Wavelengths for Plant Growth.
Retrieved from
https://advancedledlights.com/blog/technology/nasa-research-optimum-
light-wavelengths-plant-growth/, Accessed last
Rehman et al., (2017). Light-emitting Diodes: Whether an Efficient Source of

Light for Indoor Plants. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10./007/s11356-017-0333-3, Accessed
last October 29, 2018
24
Dasmariñas Campus
APPENDICES
*validation letter
*Sample Survey
DOCUMENTATION
The Researcher firstly made the three 120X90X44cm plywood plant shelves
each have LED lights of equipped with a power of 6 W. Each shelves have a
corresponding LED light color of Blue, Red, and White.
25
Dasmariñas Campus
Then, they made a hand-crafted plant pot from 1.5 liter bottle where they put the
soil. It s then they had planted indefinite number of seedlings across the soil.
After that, the researcher watered the soil along with the seedlings with 250mL
which then will be the amount of water to be used on making the Brassica rapa
grow.
The seeds then put under the exposure of the corresponding red, white, and blue
Light-Emitting Diodes. This will done 12 hours of exposure in LEDs and 12 hours
in darkness everyday. It will be then treated with 250mL water every single day
and will be in tight monitoring for avoiding the hindrance of pests on the growth of
Brassica rapa.
26
Dasmariñas Campus
The pictures show the progress of growth in the span of three days in exposure
under red, white, and blue light-emitting diodes repectively.
On the span of three weeks on careful handling and monitoring, the growth of the
Brassica rapa is as shown. Red, white, and blue LED are used respective to the
shown pictures.
27
Dasmariñas Campus
28
Dasmariñas Campus
29
Dasmariñas Campus
30
Dasmariñas Campus
31
Dasmariñas Campus
32
Dasmariñas Campus
33
Dasmariñas Campus
34
Dasmariñas Campus
35
Dasmariñas Campus
36
Dasmariñas Campus
37
Dasmariñas Campus
38
Dasmariñas Campus
39
Dasmariñas Campus
40
Dasmariñas Campus
41
Dasmariñas Campus
42
Dasmariñas Campus
43
Dasmariñas Campus
44
Dasmariñas Campus
45
Dasmariñas Campus
46
Dasmariñas Campus
47
Dasmariñas Campus
48
Dasmariñas Campus
49
Dasmariñas Campus
50
Dasmariñas Campus
51
Dasmariñas Campus
52
Dasmariñas Campus
53
Dasmariñas Campus
54
Dasmariñas Campus
55
Dasmariñas Campus
56
Dasmariñas Campus
57
Dasmariñas Campus
58
Dasmariñas Campus
59
Dasmariñas Campus
60
Dasmariñas Campus
61
Dasmariñas Campus
62

Philippine Christian University: Senior High School Department Dasmariñas Campus A. Background of The Study

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Philippine Christian University: Senior High School Department Dasmariñas Campus A. Background of The Study

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Philippine Christian University

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

A. Background of the Study

Additionally, studies show that there is still much to be discovered about

B. Statement of the Purpose

2. Which light-emitting diode lights produces more beneficial effects on the

C. Scopes and Delimitations

This study, conducted by the researchers, is to observe the applicability of

D. Significance of the Study

 Botanists and Agricultural Education Students – This research will

A. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

According to Darko et al. (2014), the obstacle of sustaining a fair amount of

As studied by Rehman et al. (2017), LEDs have remarkable potential as

Based on Rehman’s study, LEDs can be use as an effective source of light

For the growth of the plant, it is to be expected to avoid anything that

Hyeon and Wheeler (2010) stated that one significant advantage of

As the researchers plan to have a controlled environment on the

effectively be matched by using the right combination of LEDs. LEDs as an

As cited by NASA (2016), different light wavelengths have specific effects

According to Kalisz and Siwek (2006), Chinese cabbage seedling should

Furthermore, it is as much important to give emphasis to the theory of LED

Red, Blue, and Experiment LED Greenhouse

Fig.1. shows the IPO diagram for this research study

D. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

1. There is a significant difference on the growth of Brassica Rapa subsp.

To facilitate the readers’ understanding of the contents of this study, the

1. Effect – this word pertains to the influence of one variable to a particular

630-660 nm and is responsible for vegetation and flowering stages

The research study was conducted at Philippine Christian University –

C. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES

Since the study is an experimental type of research, the sampling

seedlings seedlings seedlings

Fig.2 LED lights panel and treatments distributions (top view)

E. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Parallel to the research design, the researchers will conduct an experiment

F. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

As the research study suggests observation of distinctions among three

f= frequency for each given scale

x= value of each scale

For the researchers' use of different controlled environment to observe the

Lastly, to determine the significant difference in respective treatment of

Results and Discussion

The researchers will be responsible for the observations on the conducted

Set up of Each Trials

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Table 2 shows the description of the set-up in each trial

Evaluation of Overall Effectiveness of LED lights on Growth of Brassica

Criteria Rating Remarks

White 4 Full Growth

Comparison of respective LED light color on their influence of the growth

In table #, the rate of 15.04 shows the involvement of variations of LED

Chi-square Results based on Trials

The scores shown on Table # display a distinction on the influence of each

Results for the Conducted Trials

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECCOMENDATION

Researchers tried to prove if Light-Emitting Diode (LED) can be an

B. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

1. For future researchers to use other colors of LED bulbs.

Affeldt, (2016). The Effects of LEDS on Plants. Retrieved from

Accessed last November 9, 2018

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3949401/, Accessed last