Networking Fundamentals:-

Calculating Subnet Hosts :-

 1. For hosts in each subnets we need to take host bit ( all 0’s in binary ) in above example 8host
bits
Then number hosts in subnet is 2^8 = 256
Need to exclude network and broadcast from the number of host bits ie (256-2) we will get
254 valid hosts

Calculating subnet range: -

To calculate subnet range:-

1. Convert IP address and subnet mask to binary (0 and 1’s )

2. Perform AND Operation we will get Network address for subnet
3. Get Host bits in above example 5 bits do 2^5 (32)
4. Add 32 to IP address as above we will get broadcast address for the subnet
All the time broadcast address should be old so we need subtract 1 from 32 to get broadcast
address
5. Network address : 192.168.100.192
Broadcast address: 192.168.100.223
Calculating Number of subnets:-

Note: we need to subtract 2 subnets when we are working with classful networking
because of All zeros and All One’s subnets
CIDR :-
Classful networking and CIDR apply to IP assignments. FLSM and VLSM apply to how subnets
are assigned within the infrastructure.
FLSM and VLSM :-