ZOOLOGY

Frog Muscular System

- 2 types of muscle:
o Involuntary/smooth: int organs, microscope
o Voluntary/striated: movement & locomotion, attached to skeleton, prolonged at end/s by tendons of CT for
attachment
- Fascia: tough covering connective tissue enclosing muscle, loosened using probe
- Origin: more fixed or proximal attachment
Insertion: more movable or distal
Action: bring attachment point closer together by contraction or shortening in length
- 200 muscles
- Lymph sacs: spaces between attachment points
- Inner side of skin: large cutaneous BV, A, and V

7 Muscles of Floor of Mouth and Tongue

Mylohyoid: broad sheet across lower jaw
O: inner side of lower jaw
I: tendon in median line
A: raises floor of mouth
Submental: in tip of lower jaw, transverse fibers
O: anterior end of mandible
I: tendon of midline
A: pushes tubercle on lower jaw against premaxilla
to close external nares in respiration
Genioglossus: small and thick
O: lower jaw, dorsal to submental
I: in tongue
A: protracts or extends tongue
Geniohyoid: Narrow
O: posterior process of hyoid
I: 2 hyoglossus muscles join, run to chin to tongue
A: retracts or withdraws tongue
Hyoglossus: Narrow, fibers lengthwise
O: front of jaw
I: divided round Geniohyoid, post. process on hyoid
A: pulls hyoid forward, lifts floor of mouth in
respiration, aids in swallowing, opening jaws, &
moving tongue
Sternohyoid: Broad, under episternum
O: coracoid and clavicle (dorsal)
I: hyoid bone (ventral)
A: bulges hyoid ventrally, depresses floor of mouth
Petrohyoid : 4, small
O: prootic crest
I: fanlike on hyoid sides & pharynx midline
A: raises hyoid in respiration and swallowing
Muscles in Lower Jaw
Depressor mandibuli: behind tympanic ring, tapered
O: post edge of tympanic ring and dorsal fascia
I: extreme post end of lower jaw
A: opens mouth

Temporal
O: side of skull between eye and tympanic ring
I: near post end of lower jaw
A: closes mouth
Masseter: short, between depressor mandibuli and temporal
 O: tympanic ring and adjacent bones
I: lower jaw, behind temporal
A: closes mouth

Muscles of Pectoral Girdle and Arm

Deltoid
O: ant border of upper arm
I: deltoid crest of humerus
A: draws arm forward
Sternoradialis: biceps, fan-shapes, behind deltoid, partly under pectoralis
O: episternum
I: fr. Proximal part of radius, by tendon
A: flexes forearm
Pectoralis: large, fan-shapes, 4 parts
O: sternum, coracoid, & rectus abdominis muscles
I: converges to deltoid crest on humerus
A: flexes arm, expands abdomen by compressing
viscera in thorax
Triceps brachii: dorsal side of upper arm
O: 3 heads
 Hind border of scapula
 Ant half of humerus
 Lateral surface of humerus
A: extends forearm
Rectus abdominis: thin, LW sheet behind mid-ventral line divided transversely by tendinous bars
O: pubis
I: dorsally on sternum
A: supports abdomen
Obliquus externus: thin sheet over entire body side
O: dorsal fascia
I: linea alba, dorsal to rectum abdominis
A: compresses abdomen & lungs, supports abdomen
Cutaneous abdominis: slender, behind obliquus externus
O: skin near mid-length of ilium
I: front of pubic symphisis
A: holds down dorsal skin
Transversus: thin sheet beneath obliquus externus, fibers run laterally & antero-ventrally
O: Transverse process of 4th-9th vertebrae &
ilium
I: coracoid & xiphisternum, esophagus &
pericardium, and on linea alba
A: compresses abdomen & lungs, supports
abdomen

Muscles of Back and Pelvic Girdle

Dorsalis Scapulae: Triangular, behind depressor mandibuli,partly under latissimus dorsi
O: Scapula
I: by tendon joining latissimus dorsi
A: raises arm toward body

Latissimus dorsi: narrowly tapered

O: dorsal fascia
I: on deltoid crest of humerus
A: raises arm upward and backward
Longissimus dorsi: along back, long and slender, with transverse septa
O: urostyle, ant third
I: vertebrae and skull
 A: straighten back, raises head
Coccygeo-sacralis: Narrow, Fibers diagonal, behind Longissimus dorsi
O: urostyle (lat middle part)
I: sacral 9th vertebra on transverse process
A: singly, turns back, both muscles, raises back
Coccygeo-iliacus: behind Coccygeo-sacralis, narrow, fibers diagonal
O: urostyle (side)
I: illium (ant part)
A: hold urostyle in place
Cluteus: short, stout, passes ventrally between vastus externus and rectus anticus femoris
O: illium (mid lat surface)
I: head of femur (ant side)
A: draws thigh forward and upward
Pyriformus: short, slender, behind vastus externus
O: urostyle (post tip), above anus
I: femur (medial surface)
A: raises thigh

9 Muscles of Thigh
Triceps femoris: large, covers entire ant thigh border (dorsally and ventrally)
O: 3 heads joining midway on thigh
 Vastus externus (dorsal)
O: post dorsal ilium crest behind cluteus
 Rectus anticus femoris (medial, smallest, under cluteus)
O: midventral third of ilium
 Vastus internus (ventral)
O: antero-ventral acetabulum border
I: tibio-fibula, proxy by knee tendon
A: draws thigh against trunk, extends shank
Ileofibularis (biceps femoris): long, slender, between vastus externus
O: illium crest, above semimembranous
acetabulum
I: 2 heads (distally on femur & post on tibio
fibula)
A: same as triceps femoris
Semimembranous: large, postero-dorsal on thigh
O: dorsally on ischium
I: post head of tibio-fibula
A: flexes shank
Gracilis minor: slender, flat, attaches to skin
O: ischium edge
I: inner side tibio-fibula below head
A: flexes shank, adducts thigh

Gracilis major: same OIA but larger than Gracilis minor

Sartorius: thin, oblique band, across ventral thigh surface
O: illium, below acetabulum
I: inner head of tibio-fibula
A: flexes shank, adducts thigh
Adductor magnus: Large, under G. major and Sartorius
O: ischium & pubis
I: distal third of femur
A: adducts thigh & leg
Adductor longus: Narrow, mostly under Sartorius
O: illium, ant symphisis
I: with adductor magnus
 A: adducts thigh & leg
Semitendinous: long, thin
O: ischium by 2 heads
I: with G. minor on proxy end of tibio-fibula
A: adducts thigh and flexes shank
4 Muscles of Shank
Gastreonemius: large, post forms calf
O: 2 heads
 Distal end of femur by flat tendon
 Edge of knee tendon
I: by achilles tendon over heel and into plantar
fascia on role of foot
A: extends foot and flexes shank
Peroneous: stout, post tween Gastreonemius and tibialis anticus longus
O: knee tendon
I: tibio-fibula, distally & ankle
A: draws shank against thigh, extends/ twists foot
Tibialis: 3 muscles next to tibio-fibula
a. Tibialis anticus longus
O: distal end of femur by long tendon
I: 2 heads to proxy ends of astragalus &
calcaneum
A: flexes ankle
b. Tibialis anticus brevis
O: tibio-fibula (middle)
I: astragalus
A: flexes ankle
c. Tibialis posticus
O: along entire tibio-fibula
I: astragalus
A: flexes and twists ankle
Extensor cruris: small, under tibialis al & ab
O: femur (medial end)
I: tibio-fibula (middle part)
A: extends shank

PRACTICE TEST
Muscles of floor of mouth and tongue

O:
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O:
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Muscles of Lower Jaw

O:
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O:
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Muscles of Pectoral Girdle and Arm

O:
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O:
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O:
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O:
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O:
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O:
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O:
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O:
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Muscles of Back and Pelvic Girdle

O:
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O:
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O:
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O:
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O:
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O:
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Muscles of Thigh

O:
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 A:

O:
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O:
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O:
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ZOOLOGY
Frog Muscular System
Muscle Position and Shape Origin Insertion Action
Mylohyoid broad sheet across lower
jaw
in tip of lower jaw,
transverse fibers
7 Muscles of Floor of Mouth and Tongue
Mylohyoid:
O: lower jaw (inner side)
I: tendon in median line
A: raises floor of mouth
Submental:
O: mandible (ant end)
I: tendon of midline
A: pushes tubercle on lower jaw against premaxilla
to close external nares in respiration
Genioglossus: small and thick
O: lower jaw, dorsal to submental
I: in tongue
A: protracts or extends tongue
Geniohyoid: Narrow
O: posterior process of hyoid
I: 2 hyoglossus muscles join, run to chin to tongue
A: retracts or withdraws tongue
Hyoglossus: Narrow, fibers lengthwise
O: front of jaw
I: divided round Geniohyoid, post. process on hyoid
A: pulls hyoid forward, lifts floor of mouth in
respiration, aids in swallowing, opening jaws, &
moving tongue
Sternohyoid: Broad, under episternum
O: coracoid and clavicle (dorsal)
I: hyoid bone (ventral)
 A: bulges hyoid ventrally, depresses floor of mouth
Petrohyoid : 4, small
O: prootic crest
I: fanlike on hyoid sides & pharynx midline
A: raises hyoid in respiration and swallowing
Muscles in Lower Jaw
Depressor mandibuli: behind tympanic ring, tapered
O: post edge of tympanic ring and dorsal fascia
I: extreme post end of lower jaw
A: opens mouth

Temporal
O: side of skull between eye and tympanic ring
I: near post end of lower jaw
A: closes mouth
Masseter: short, between depressor mandibuli and temporal
O: tympanic ring and adjacent bones
I: lower jaw, behind temporal
A: closes mouth

Muscles of Pectoral Girdle and Arm

Deltoid
O: ant border of upper arm
I: deltoid crest of humerus
A: draws arm forward
Sternoradialis: biceps, fan-shapes, behind deltoid, partly under pectoralis
O: episternum
I: fr. Proximal part of radius, by tendon
A: flexes forearm
Pectoralis: large, fan-shapes, 4 parts
O: sternum, coracoid, & rectus abdominis muscles
I: converges to deltoid crest on humerus
A: flexes arm, expands abdomen by compressing
viscera in thorax
Triceps brachii: dorsal side of upper arm
O: 3 heads
 Hind border of scapula
 Ant half of humerus
 Lateral surface of humerus
A: extends forearm
Rectus abdominis: thin, LW sheet behind mid-ventral line divided transversely by tendinous bars
O: pubis
I: dorsally on sternum
A: supports abdomen
Obliquus externus: thin sheet over entire body side
O: dorsal fascia
I: linea alba, dorsal to rectum abdominis
A: compresses abdomen & lungs, supports abdomen
Cutaneous abdominis: slender, behind obliquus externus
O: skin near mid-length of ilium
I: front of pubic symphisis
A: holds down dorsal skin
Transversus: thin sheet beneath obliquus externus, fibers run laterally & antero-ventrally
O: Transverse process of 4th-9th vertebrae &
ilium
I: coracoid & xiphisternum, esophagus &
pericardium, and on linea alba
 A: compresses abdomen & lungs, supports
abdomen

Muscles of Back and Pelvic Girdle

Dorsalis Scapulae: Triangular, behind depressor mandibuli,partly under latissimus dorsi
O: Scapula
I: by tendon joining latissimus dorsi
A: raises arm toward body

Latissimus dorsi: narrowly tapered

O: dorsal fascia
I: on deltoid crest of humerus
A: raises arm upward and backward
Longissimus dorsi: along back, long and slender, with transverse septa
O: urostyle, ant third
I: vertebrae and skull
A: straighten back, raises head
Coccygeo-sacralis: Narrow, Fibers diagonal, behind Longissimus dorsi
O: urostyle (lat middle part)
I: sacral 9th vertebra on transverse process
A: singly, turns back, both muscles, raises back
Coccygeo-iliacus: behind Coccygeo-sacralis, narrow, fibers diagonal
O: urostyle (side)
I: illium (ant part)
A: hold urostyle in place
Cluteus: short, stout, passes ventrally between vastus externus and rectus anticus femoris
O: illium (mid lat surface)
I: head of femur (ant side)
A: draws thigh forward and upward
Pyriformus: short, slender, behind vastus externus
O: urostyle (post tip), above anus
I: femur (medial surface)
A: raises thigh

9 Muscles of Thigh
Triceps femoris: large, covers entire ant thigh border (dorsally and ventrally)
O: 3 heads joining midway on thigh
 Vastus externus (dorsal)
O: post dorsal ilium crest behind cluteus
 Rectus anticus femoris (medial, smallest, under cluteus)
O: midventral third of ilium
 Vastus internus (ventral)
O: antero-ventral acetabulum border
I: tibio-fibula, proxy by knee tendon
A: draws thigh against trunk, extends shank
Ileofibularis (biceps femoris): long, slender, between vastus externus
O: illium crest, above semimembranous
acetabulum
I: 2 heads (distally on femur & post on tibio
fibula)
A: same as triceps femoris
Semimembranous: large, postero-dorsal on thigh
O: dorsally on ischium
I: post head of tibio-fibula
A: flexes shank
Gracilis minor: slender, flat, attaches to skin
O: ischium edge
 I: inner side tibio-fibula below head
A: flexes shank, adducts thigh

Gracilis major: same OIA but larger than Gracilis minor

Sartorius: thin, oblique band, across ventral thigh surface
O: illium, below acetabulum
I: inner head of tibio-fibula
A: flexes shank, adducts thigh
Adductor magnus: Large, under G. major and Sartorius
O: ischium & pubis
I: distal third of femur
A: adducts thigh & leg
Adductor longus: Narrow, mostly under Sartorius
O: illium, ant symphisis
I: with adductor magnus
A: adducts thigh & leg
Semitendinous: long, thin
O: ischium by 2 heads
I: with G. minor on proxy end of tibio-fibula
A: adducts thigh and flexes shank
4 Muscles of Shank
Gastreonemius: large, post forms calf
O: 2 heads
 Distal end of femur by flat tendon
 Edge of knee tendon
I: by achilles tendon over heel and into plantar
fascia on role of foot
A: extends foot and flexes shank
Peroneous: stout, post tween Gastreonemius and tibialis anticus longus
O: knee tendon
I: tibio-fibula, distally & ankle
A: draws shank against thigh, extends/ twists foot
Tibialis: 3 muscles next to tibio-fibula
a. Tibialis anticus longus
O: distal end of femur by long tendon
I: 2 heads to proxy ends of astragalus &
calcaneum
A: flexes ankle
b. Tibialis anticus brevis
O: tibio-fibula (middle)
I: astragalus
A: flexes ankle
c. Tibialis posticus
O: along entire tibio-fibula
I: astragalus
A: flexes and twists ankle
Extensor cruris: small, under tibialis al & ab
O: femur (medial end)
I: tibio-fibula (middle part)
A: extends shank