CHAPTER 1

MATHEMATICS IN OUR
WORLD
MATHEMATICS
science of numbers and their
operations, interrelations,
combinations and abstractions
and of space configurations of
their structure, measurement,
transformations and
generalizations.
MATHEMATICS
derivedfrom the ancient word
manthanein meaning "to learn".
The Greek root mathesis means
"knowledge"
máthema meaning science,
knowledge, or learning,
mathematikós or mathemata
means "fond of learning".
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Precision
Definition
Reasoning
Coherence
Purposefulness
They are not independent of
each other
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Precision
It is precise in the sense that
mathematical statements are
clear and unambiguous. It is
clear what is known and what is
not known.
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Definition
Definitionsabound in
mathematics. It is the bedrock of
mathematical structure and the
platform that supports
reasoning.
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Reasoning
Reasoning is the lifeblood of
mathematics. It is the engine
that drives proving and problem
solving. Its absence is the root
cause of the learning by rote
approach.
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Coherence
Concepts and skills are
interwoven in mathematics.
MATHEMATICS: FIVE BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Purposefulness
And lastly, mathematics is goal-
oriented, and for every concept
or skill there is a purpose for it.
PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Mathematics is the science of
patterns and relationships
provide a sense of order.
 PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS
A lot of disciplines are based on
making hypothesis and hypotheses
are often based on patterns.
Assumptions are also based on
patterns, recurring patterns. Thus,
the understanding of patterns aids in
the development of mental skills
needed in the transformation of ideas
to information then to knowledge.
PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS
As a theoretical discipline,
mathematics explores the possible
relationships among abstractions
without concern for whether those
abstractions have counterparts in
the real world.
 PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Investigating the patterns that one
finds in numbers, shapes, and
expressions would lead to making
mathematical discoveries.
Patterns, relationships, and
functions constitute a unifying theme
of mathematics.
PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Patterns are an effective way to
demonstrate the relationship
between variables.
It provides opportunities to
model and to analyze situations.
PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Itgives opportunities for
problem solving, making and
verifying generalizations, and
building mathematical
understanding and confidence.
ABSTRACTIONS
The abstractions can be anything
from strings of numbers or letters
to geometric figures to
measurements to sets of equations.
 ABSTRACTIONS
Inquiries such as "Does the interval
between prime numbers form a
pattern?"
Is there an expression for the change
in the surface area of any regular solid
as its volume approaches zero?;
 needs investigatory approaches of
patterns.
WHAT IS NEEDED?
Inorder to recognize patterns,
one needs
 critical thinking
 logical reasoning,
 important skills needed by
everyone.
Euclid said that "The laws of
nature are but the mathematical
thoughts of God."
Galileo affirmed by stating that
―Mathematics is the language in
which God has written the
Universe.
Here are a very few properties of
mathematics that are depicted
in nature.
A. SHAPES
 Geometry is the branch of mathematics
that basically describes shapes and
establishes the relationships between
them.
 Figures with regular shapes are
categorized as polygons.
 Polygons are fascinating, especially when
they are approximated in nature. When
looking carefully, one can see them all
around us.
SOME COMMON SHAPES VISIBLE IN
NATURE:
SOME COMMON SHAPES VISIBLE IN
NATURE:
B. SYMMETRY
 There are Two Kinds of Symmetry.
 One is bilateral symmetry in which an object
has two sides that are mirror images of each
other. The human body would be an excellent
example of a living being that has bilateral
symmetry.
 The other kind of symmetry is radial
symmetry. This is where there is a center
point and numerous lines of symmetry could
be drawn. The most obvious geometric
example would be a circle.
C. PATTERNS
 Though every living and non-living thing
of the world may seem to follow a
pattern of its own, looking deeply into
the geometry and mechanism of the
pattern formation can lead you to
broadly classify them into merely two
categories:
 Self-organized patterns/ Inherent
organization
 Invoked organization
SELF-ORGANIZED PATTERNS/ INHERENT
ORGANIZATION

A self-organizing pattern, follows a simple

set of rules, and they use only local
information to determine how a particular
subunit evolves. They are represented by
successive patterns. This pattern can be
represented as successive horizontal rows;
the 'successor' pattern is just under its
predecessor. When the basic rule just
defined is applied to that row (the active
row) and then to subsequent rows, a
complex pattern develops.
INVOKED ORGANIZATION
 Not all patterns that occur in nature
arise through self-organization. A
weaver bird uses its own body as a
template as it builds the
hemispherical egg chamber of the
nest. A spider when creating a web
follows a genetically determined
recipe in relation to its sticky orb
and the various radii and spirals it
creates.
INVOKED ORGANIZATION
A similar invoked organization is that of
the honeycomb made by bees. In these
cases, the structures are built something
of an architect that oversees and imposes
order and pattern. There are no sub units
that interact with one another to generate
a pattern. Each of the animals acts like a
stonemason or laborer, measuring, fitting,
and moving pieces into place.
A B

D
C
𝑋 𝑋+𝑌 𝑋
= 𝑙𝑒𝑡 =𝑎
𝑌 𝑋 𝑌
𝑋 𝑌 𝑎2 = 𝑎 + 1
=1+
𝑌 𝑋
𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 1 = 0
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑌 𝑋
∙ =1∙ + ∙ 1± 5
𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑋 𝑌 𝑎 =
2

2
𝑋 𝑋 The positive
= +1 root gives the
𝑌 𝑌
golden number!
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
END OF CHAPTER 1