Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PROBING SURFACE
(PLANAR ARRAY OF 1024 ELEMENTS)
\ I
TRANSLATION
I
TRANSMlnlNG
ELEMENT
I
PROBING LINE
I (CIRCULAR ARRAY OF E4 ELEMENTS)
(a)
OBJECT
ROTATION
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. Circular array for biomedical applications at 2.45 GHz. (a) The
circular array consists of 64 horn antennas, which are used, succes-
sively, for transmitting and receiving. When one antenna is transmit-
ting, the scattered field is measured by the others, and so on. (b)
(b) Experimental prototype corresponding to the principle described in
Fig. 2(a).
Fig. 1. Planar microwave camera for biomedical applications at 2.45
GHz. (a) The scattered field is measured on a 22 X 22 cm2 area by using
a planar array of 32 x 32 = 1024 modulated probes. (b) General view of
the equipment including a microcomputer for controlling the acquisi- nique currently used clinically for noninvasive thermal
tion process and performing image reconstruction. The water tank
between the emitter and the microwave camera has been removed. control during hyperthermia sessions, active imaging pro-
vides much larger investigation depths and/or sensitivity.
As an example, temperature gradients of the order of 1°C
thermal control of deep hyperthermia. After some prelimi- are visible over depths extending to approximately 20 or
nary studies [5]-[7], microwave planar cameras, operating 30 cm.
at 2.45 GHz, were fabricated and evaluated for this partic- Whereas the above camera is designed to operate in
ular purpose withn the French evaluation program TEP planar geometry, a circular configuration has been studied
[8]-[lo] (Fig. 1). The principal aspect of this camera is its at the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona,
sensor of 32 X 32 = 1024 sensitive points, which makes it Spain (Fig. 2). This work has been supported by the
possible to record wave fronts of amplitude and phase over Spanish Committee for Scientific and Technical Research
a surfacc of approximately 22 cm by 22 cm at measure- (CAICYT) and by the Spanish National Institute for
ment rates varying between 100 and 1000 points per sec- Health (FISS). It has been conducted within French/
ond. Such performance is achieved by using a modulated Spanish and British/Spanish cooperation agreements. A
scattering technique. Single-view focusing and, when possi- laboratory prototype as well as the corresponding recon-
ble, multiview tomographic reconstruction can be acheved, struction algorithms has been developed mainly for detect-
on a personal microcomputer, within a few dozen seconds. ing thermal gradients in the brain [11]-[14]. The equip-
In comparison to other imaging techniques (X rays, NMR, ment consists of a circular array of 64 antennas operating
ultrasonic) and as partially confirmed by preliminary eval- at 2.45 GHz (Fig. 2). The diameter of the array is approxi-
uations, microwaves offer good thermal sensitivity, conve- mately 20 cm. When one of the antennas is emitting, the
nient compatibility with heating equipment, and moderate transmitted signal is received by the other ones, and so on.
cost. In addition, they allow permanent monitoring, and Several laboratory experiments on phantoms and volun-
iheir low irradiation levels make them innocuous. With teers have confirmed the potentialities of microwave imag-
respect to microwave radiometry, whch is the only tech- ing and the limitations imposed by the available recon-
2112 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQULS. VOL 37. NO 12,DECEMBER 1989
Fig. 3. Microwave image of a human forearm obtained with the mi- Fig. 4. Multiview tomographic reconstruction of a human forearm ob-
crowave camera depicted on Fig. l from single view processing using a tained with the circular array depicted in Fig. 2 (courtesy of Prof. L.
spectral reconstruction technique. Such an image is obtained within a Jofre, UPC, Spain).
few dozen seconds on a personal microcomputer (courtesy of Dr. G.
Gaboriaud, Institut Curie, France).
challenge. The objective is to integrate microwave control
equipment into existing or projected hyperthermia systems
struction algorithms. Both planar and circular geometries consisting of multi-RF applicators or arrays of microwave
have their own fields of application, in whch they exhlbit radiative waveguides. In t h s way, microwave imaging ex-
comparable and/or complementary performances. Ther- hibits unique features when compared to other solutions
mal sensitivity is about 1°C and spatial resolution in water such as electric impedance tomography or nuclear mag-
is around 7 mm, whch corresponds to the diffraction limit netic resonance (NMR) imaging. Investigations of other
of half a wavelength in water at 2.45 GHz. In addition to possible applications are planned at European clinical
the previous imaging systems, another configuration of centers using the existing 2.45 GHz microwave cameras,
equipment has been studied, consisting of an arrangement e.g., early detection of fibrosis after accidental or therapeu-
of two mutually orthogonal linear arrays [15]. tic irradiation (Institut Curie, Paris, France) and follow-up
Such a pragmatic and prototype-fabrication-oriented ap- of rejection after renal transplants (Royal Hallamshire
proach to biomedical applications has been supported by Hospital, Sheffield, U.K.). In addition, further work on the
systematic studies on dielectric tissue characterization un- algorithms is now being seriously considered, particularly
der normal and pathological conditions and by theoretical in order to benefit from prior information and to intro-
investigations of the possible improvement of reconstruc- duce polarization effects. Different optimization tech-
tion algorithms. For instance, the variations of complex niques seem to be able to remove the limitations imposed
permittivity with temperature have been studied in order by the spectral approach.
to assess the role of thermoregulatory processes and, hence,
evaluate the possibility of calibrating microwave images in B. Buried Objects
terms of temperature. Concerning the reconstruction algo- The two following examples are representative of differ-
rithms, a large effort has been devoted to expand the field ent approaches using microwaves in specific fields of ap-
of validity of different approximations inherent in the use plications. The first is devoted to the cor.tro1 of concrete
of the most commonly used spectral approach [16]-[21]. [22]-[24]. The problem consists of detecting and localizing
Today, the results obtained by t h s technique still remain metallic bars and, finally, of estimating their diameter.
of limited interest in view of morphological imaging, for Such a study has been conducted in France by the Centre
whch more convenient imaging techniques exist. Figs. 3 National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) with the
and 4 show two examples of microwave images obtained support of Laboratoire Central des Ponts et ChaussCes
in vivo from a human forearm. Although the quantitative (LCPC, French Ministry of Transportation). It resulted in
aspects of such images remain to be established, the bone a portable linear sensor of 64 sensitive points, covering
structures are clearly visible. It is worth adding that such about one frequency octave around X-band (Fig. 5). Com-
images are obtained withn a few seconds without mechan- pared with other existing techniques (pachometer, gam-
ical movement of the patient or of the equipment. How- magraphy), this sensor provides a unique capability to
ever, differential imaging appears to be still more promis- display concrete tomographic cross sections about 40 cm
ing during the follow-up of certain parameter changes wide and 10 cm deep (Fig. 6). The success of microwave
(temperature, blood flow) during a treatment or due to the imaging in this application results from the relative sirn-
natural evolution of a pathology. In the future, t h s will plicity of the structures under test (circular or square bars)
probably be one of the best areas of application of mi- and from the strong contrast between metal bars and the
crowave imaging, for either therapy or diagnosis. surrounding concrete.
Research is still continuing in deep or endocavitary A more complicated case is illustrated by the detection
hyperthermia control, which remains a very motivating and identification of buried objects [25] using a FMCW
BOLOMEY: EUROPEAN DFVI L O P m N T S IN MICROWAVE IMAGING 2113
ARRAY OF
6 ROTATING
\ ROTARY
WAVEGUIDE
RECEIVING PROBES SWITCH
(b)
r-
32mm
L
fa
feed
pv+tr--- L.- _ - I
I _ _ _ -y
-t-.-.-1
r o t a r y wabeguide s w l c h
- - - _I
I
(c)
Fig. 9. Receiving Luneburg lens antenna for 70 GHz imaging radar. (a) Principle of a Luneburg lens with mechanic;il scan
of the focal plane by means of a single probe. (b) Scheme of the practical realization for fast scanning. The focal plane of
the parallel-plate Luneburg lens is explored by means of an array of six rotating probes. (c) Detailed drawing of the
parallel-plate Luneburg lens (courtesy of Prof. H. Brand. Univ. Erlangen-Niirnberg).
waves offer self-illuminating capabilities and direct range results obtained when the radar is operating in a labora-
and speed determination, as well as complete safety for the tory. The imaging capabilities of millimeter waves through
environment. A pulse Doppler radar prototype which op- diffuse scattering are clearly illustrated a3 well as some
erates at 94 GHz has been developed (Fig. 7). A deflection artifacts due to multiple reflections.
mirror, illuminated by a lens-corrected horn antenna, al- Other aspects of vision have been considered in the
lows one to observe targets under near-field conditions up millimeter range [31]-[34]. As an example, a significant
to 18 m. Azimuth and elevation coverages are, respectively, effort has been devoted to traffic monitorins for car drivers
360" and k20". With a pulse width of 1.7 ns, the range or helicopter pilots. Millimeter-wave radars are expected to
resolution is 25 cm. The data rate is approximately 10000 provide them with real-time information ton possible ob-
resolution cells per second. The prototype is mounted on a structions so that they can react properly at the right time.
demonstration vehicle which is also equipped with a laser In such applications, in addition to usual radar data, it is
camera for scanning the close range up to a few m and a necessary to determine other parameters, such as geometry
laser position detector up to a few cm. Fig. 8 shows typical and size. As shown in the case of the autonomous vehicle.
BOLOMEY: EIJROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS I N MICROWAVE IMAGING 2115
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to express his warmest thanks to
his European colleagues for their help in preparing this
review paper. In particular, Prof. A. P. Anderson, Prof. H.
Brand, Prof. J. Detlefsen, Prof. H. Ermert, Prof. L. Jofre,
Prof. E. Moller, Prof. A. D. Olver, Dr. G. Gaboriaud, Dr.
B. Brusmark, Dr. Ch. Pichot, and Dr. S. Strom are sin-
cerely thanked for providing the author with adequate
material.
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’
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J . Detlefsen, “Application of multistatic radar principles to short Jean-Charles Bolome) was horn in Paris. France.
range imaging,” Proc. h r . Elec. Eng., vol. 133, pt. F. pp. 658-662. in 1942. He receiird the electrical cngineering
Dec. 1986. degree from the Ecole SupCrieurc d’ElectricitC.
J. Detlefsen, M. Lange, and M. Brockmair. “Precise reconstruction Clif-sur-Yvette. France. in 1963 and the Ph D.
of the surface of cylindrical objects by evaluation of microwave degree from the Univcrsit? of Paris-XI (Om!).
tomographic data,” Proc. 1986 URSI I n t . Svnip. (Budapest), Aug. in 1971.
1986. He became Assistant Professor in 1974 and
M. Lange, J. Detlefsen. and M. Brockmair, “94 GHz imaging radar Professor in 1976 at the Uni~ersit! of Paris-XI
for autonomous vehicles,” in Proc. 18th European Microwove Cotf. (Orsay). His research actikity, conducted in the
(Stockholm), Sept. 1988, pp. 826-830. Groupe d’Electromagn6tisme (CNRS-ESE) since
J. Detlefsen, “Evaluation of near range 94 GHz radar images for that time, has been devoted to general scattering
autonomous vehicles,” in Proc. I n t . Conf. Rudur (Pans), April and diffraction, with attention given to both numerical and experimental
1988, p. C2a.7. aspects. Since 1981, his main field of interest has been in near-ficld
H. Brand, “Abbildung mit elektromagnetischen Mikrowellen, ins- imaging, with special emphasis on biomedical applications. antenna mca-
hesondere von schnell hewegten Ohjckten. (Real time microwave surements, and nondestructive testing.
imaging systems in traffic applications).” Frequenz. vol. 40. pp. Dr. Bolomey received the Blondel medal of the SociCtC des Electnciens
181-187, 1986. et des Electroniciens in 1976. the General FeriC Prize de 1’AcadCmie des
S. Osterricder. “Imaging of moving targets with millimctcr waves.” Sciences in 1984 and. with his group. the Microwave Prize of the
in Proc. Miliruq, Microwaues Conf. (Brighton), 24-26 June 1986. European Conference in Numberg in 1983. From 1977 to 1982. he \\as
p. 22. President of Section 25 (ondes et signaux) of the Societe des Elkctricicns
J. Kjellgren and G. Stenstroni, “On colour-coding of radar et des EICctroniciens. From 1978 to 1984, he served as the French
pictures,” Opto, vol. 2X. pp. 33-38, Sept.-Oct. 1985. dclcgate to Commission R of the International Union of Radio Science.