GROUP 1- GLOBAL GOVERNANCE international affairs & rights, interests of developing
countries are safeguarded
Globalization is process of international integration
arising from the interchange of world views,
products, ideas and other aspects of culture.
Global governance – sum of laws, norms, policies,
and institutions that define, constitute, and mediate
relations between citizens, societies, markets, and
states in the international system–the wielders and
objects of the exercise of international public power
(Weiss and Thakur, 2010)
• thought to be an international process of
consensus-forming which generates guidelines and
agreements that affect national governments and
international corporations (WHO, 2015)
United Nations- has been one of the catalysts of
Global Governance. Despite of the negative
criticisms embarked in the international
organization, most remarkable international
organization to gather the participating countries in
solving international matters such as health,
culture, refugees and civil society.
• 1942 “United Nations” by the US president
Franklin D. Roosevelt during the WW II 26 allied
nations together to fighting together against Axis.
• officially existed on October 24, 1945 as
delegates of 50 countries met in San Francisco to
draw up UN Charter, deliberated on basis of
proposals worked out by China, Soviet Union, UK &
US
Roles and Functions of the United Nations
1. Maintain international peace & security
2. Achieves worldwide cooperation to solve
economic, social, cultural, humanitarian problems
3. Respects & promotes human rights & freedoms
for all without regard to race, sex, language,
religion
4. Serves as center where countries can coordinate
their actions to ends
6. Promotes cooperation among states &
international development, develop friendly
7. Facilitates cooperation in mankind that conquers
challenges of the global and regional issues
8. Promotes establishment of a just and reasonable
international political and economic order goes with
history & interest of all nations
9. Ensures all right to equal participation in
10. Financing economic development
11. Responsible for establishing commissions to
fulfill this purpose
12. Improves health & welfare of world’s population
Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st
Century
• 21st brought new governance challenges that are
summarized 'globalization' (entails multiple
trajectories of change within states, among actors
ins out states, new resource mobilization & risk
allocation).
• Depoliticization- delegating decisions to
independent regulators & experts, central banks
• Irina Bokova, UNESCO- The increasing
fragmentation of the international community as
well as climate change, poverty, violent conflict,
extremism, challenges which present direct threats
to unity & well-being of international community.
STATE – people organize in a definite territory with
functioning government & sovereignty
ELEMENTS OF A STATE:
1. People
There must be people residing in a state to be
governed & to perform leadership role.
2. Government
A state requires a functioning government with
permanent inst., defined gov. functions &
centralized enforceable authority
Effective states have:
a. Autonomy - ability of political leaders to
pursue goals without outside pressures
b. Capacity –means of disposal of a state
to implement goals
3. Territory
A state must have a definite territory in which
the people can reside; LAND, WATER, AIR
4. Sovereignty
It is the inherit power of the state to impose its
will on its people free from outside control.
Aspects of Sovereignty
a. Internal Sovereignty – unhindered
power of state to rule over its people.
b. External Sovereignty – Freedom from
foreign rule/ control
State amid Globalization Relevance:
• Globalization- compressing world through
changes in ‘spatial org. of social relations,
transactions > transcontinental, interregional flows’
• Hyperglobalists- believe globalization made state
superfluous (others its ‘globaloney’ & has no effect)
• Westphalian Model- state=highest power with
sovereignty, internal role to provide to, govern, an
external role as an actor in world politics
CURRENT ROLE OF THE STATE:
 Politically
Globalization has changed the role of the state
politically because of strengthened interstate
relationships and dependence on one another.
States- give their sovereignty away to ‘pooling’ in
conventions, contracting, coercion and imposition
• power as economic rather than political progress
because states now make political progression,
causing states to become more developmental.
• The state role has changed because most states
now have high dependence on others. Since WW
II, Britain & Western states become ‘structurally
dependent, militarily and financially on the USA’
• US is a figure of authority to rely on that has
‘generally played a leading role’ 1945 because it
has had the ‘capacity, will and acceptance to
provide leadership’ • This has resulted in a lack of
clarity by Britain and other states in acting
autonomously; this could be seen as positive, as a
strong state relies on strong allies.
 Socially
Globalization has had a problematic effect, making
people and states more at risk and causing the
state’s role to change to encompass solving these
issues and becoming a protector rather than a
controller.
• formation of terrorism; ‘old wars’ > ‘new wars’
where nuclear weapons & terrorism rule
• Terrorism is a new controlling power with its own
network system, decrease in role of state socially
After the 9/11, US believed that states should
become more sovereign as a result of the
increasing terrorist threats; Since Treaty of
Westphalia, sovereignty has decreased, but now
terrorism is having reverse effect. Would we not be
stronger if forces were united rather than states
separating and standing alone? European Security
Strategy after 9/11, says ‘no single country is able
to tackle today’s complex problems on its own’,
illustrating how globalization problems have
decreased state power & effectiveness.
 Technologically
Our world allows barriers between states to be
broken through technological globalization.
Media is a major factor: worldwide newspapers,
television stations, creating impression of world
being one state, awareness. BBC Worldwide,
state’s media system, global org, ‘to maximize
profits…by creating, acquiring, developing media
content’ •Internet- 2nd aspect of technological. State
can no longer control all in-state language,
education due to global mass media results state is
now not completely relied on for educating its
citizens.
 Economically
Finally, globalized economic changes have a
substantial effect on the state’s role. The global
economy has been created by online banking,
stock markets and, largely, global franchises.
Although these franchises often are stereotypical
representations of globalization easily seen around
the world – with businesses (McDonalds) coating
Asia and uncoiling in Africa – the global franchise
system is still overrun by USA origin.
America- still overpowers all states.
Positively- enhanced trade between states &
economy and interstate relations benefit,
Negatively- America is overpowering, states cannot
control their own global companies because they
are not in their territories. No longer controls
currency because of, importation, electronic
banking, shared currency • role of Nation-state in
globalization is a complex one in part due to the
shifting concepts of globalization (fading or
complete disappearance of economic, social,
cultural borders between nation-states) Instead,
globalization changed the way nation-states deal
with one another, in international commerce.
• Globalization also creates a sense of
interdependence, create imbalance of power.