[07] The paper proposes a direct power control technique applied to a variable-speed

doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) of a micro-hydro energy conversion system and

uses dfig and pmsm. DPC is developed after the Direct Torque Control (DTC) strategy
introduced by Takahashi [6] and Depenbrok [7]. This control technique is more robust and
more simple than the Field-Oriented Control (FOC) strategy due to small dependency on
machine’s variables. The ripples of the generated power (Fig. 6) are directly dependent on
these two parameters. A minimum DC-link voltage and a maximum switching frequency
will greatly reduce the generated power ripples. In Figs. 7 and 8, DFIG stator currents and
rotor currents are presented on a time-interval of 40ms and 500ms, respectively. Fig. 9
shows that the DC-link voltage is well regulated 2010.\

[02, 06] The paper modeling of vsc using classical approach, based on a Park
representation, and on an energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) and uses dfig and
pmsm. It may be noticed that small-scale utilities are frequently renovated plants, which
were abandoned in the 1950s as they were considered inefficient. For example, in Europe,
68% of micro hydropower stations are based on ancient structures and therefore involve
classical electromechanical sets [2]. These drives are based on a fixed speed synchronous
machine or a squirrel cage induction generator. In both configurations, no use is made of
power electronic devices. In the first case, speed is necessary fixed; in the second one,
speed may vary in a small range according to active power demand changings or the
additional capacitor and load equivalent impedance variations if the asynchronous
machine supplies a passive network, i.e. if the station is islanded. For both generators, the
turbine rate of flow regulation allows to supply the necessary active power and to control
the frequency when the station is connected to isolated loads. 2006.

[03, 19] In this paper an Artificial Neural Network is used to generate the reference
speed that optimizes the turbine efficiency. The main results of measurements on a
test loop with an axial-flow turbine are reported. The proposed conventional OSM
Module operates correctly during the simulation, but is inefficient due to the inclusion of
several FOR-END loops so takes long time another problem is input discretization. 2006
[12] Modifies the design of low speed pmsm to improve operation for hydro system. The
use of permanent-magnet low-speed synchronous generators for small hydropower
stations is to be
made economically by new manufacturing methods even in small quantities. 2011

[15] The PMSG modular design with controller used in the proposed solution leads to a
significantly better system performance over a wider operating range than conventional
systems that use a gearbox and an induction generator. The measured efficiencies of the
frequency converter and the synchronous generator at different powers confirm their high
and nearly constant values. The estimated efficiency of the propeller turbine is 85%for the
nominal parameters; however, this value is strongly dependent on the turbine speed and
can decrease to 75%. The total efficiency of the energy conversion system, therefore,
ranges from 65% to 80%. This result is comparable to the standard solutions but provides
a wider operating range (from 30% up to 120% of nominal flow, because of the VSO) and a
high efficiency that is not achievable with those solutions. Furthermore, with two hydro-
sets working in parallel on the same river, the low limit of the operating range was
decreased to 15% of the nominal flow, and the total efficiency was significantly improved.
2013

[08] In this study induction gen was replaced with the pm synchronous generator and
variable speed drive in revamping project. Results show that this has improved the
efficiency. 2011.

[16] In order to assess these benefits, annual operation of a hydropower plant associated to
an irrigation reservoir has been simulated under different scenarios, with both adjustable
and fixed speed. Turbine operating rangeproved to be wider with ASO. In addition,
simulation results confirm that considerable energy gains are expected to be obtained. The
additional energy provided by ASO ranges from 0.67% up to 42% of that provided by FSO,
the average being almost 20%. Firstly, in hydro plants with certain regulating capacity, that
is, associated to a reservoir, ASO allows the plant to operate over a wider range of reservoir
volumes. Secondly, ASO also enlarges the range of operating flows, especially in the case of
high specific speed turbines such as axial flow propeller turbines, which may result in
significant improvements in the case of run of river hydropower plants. In summary, it can
be stated that ASO allows better use of the available energy resources and greater
flexibility for energy dispatch. Thirdly, ASO allows the turbine to operate at higher
efficiencies, thus increasing the amount of energy generated and avoiding the appearance
of operational problems such as cavitation, draft tube pressure oscillations and shaft
torque fluctuations. As a consequence, equipment’s life can be extended and, in turn, long
term maintenance requirements can be significantly reduced.
[5] The paper has given a quantification of how much the power export from the region
can be increased due to introduction of ASH machines. This is valuable not only for the
power producer but also for the system operator and for community due to an improved
utilization of the network infrastructure. In turn, this may lead to a postponement of
high investments associated with new overhead lines. 2000
[9] A MPPT algorithm (perturb & Observe) is used for controlling the MHPP-PMSG
for optimizing the operating efficiency by finding the optimal rotation speed. PI
controllers are used to control the power electronics interface converters and DC-
link voltage.

[20] The proposed MEPT algorithm, based on the application of the steepest descent
gradient method, appears to be a promising tool for the exploitation of mini-hydro
resources. The proposed MEPT algorithm allows the maximum SHP energy production
from the water source taking into account the constraints relevant to the water level at the
weir. In case of water levels larger than the concession one, the plant operates at its
maximum water flow. Further studies to improve the robustness of the MEPT algorithm
will take into account the adoption of improved optimization methods (e.g. conjugate
gradient).

Nowadays, many low-head sites with moderate flows, where head and flow deviations are
significant in relative terms, are rejected due to their lack of cost-effectiveness. In this
sense, ASO of axial flow propeller turbines may contribute to the development of several
mini and micro hydro schemes, which have so far not been exploited .[16]
In a conventional hydro generator, the gate opening controls the active power generated.
This regulation has a time constant in the order of seconds, given by the shape of the
production. For an ASH generator, both the active and reactive power production can be
changed very rapidly, about the order from 10 to 30 ms. This is possible due to the ability
to change the rotor current frequency very fast. By this, the active power supplied or
drawn from the generator terminals may change quickly without affecting the network
frequency. [5]