Summer Training Report

On
“Protection and Maintenance in Power
Distribution and Transmission”
At

Unchahar, Raebareli, U.P.

Submitted By:
Roshan Kumar
15EE35008

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INTRODUCTION:
“To be the world’s largest and best p
producer, powering India’s growth.”
- Vision Statement of
NTPC

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. is one of the Maharatna companies. Incorporated in
1975, NTPC
is India’s largest power generation companies in India. It is the sixth largest thermal power
generating
company in the world. Its core business is Engineering, Construction & Operation of power-
generation plants. It also provides consultancy to power utilities in India and abroad. It has 15
coal-based and 7 gas-based Power stations, across the nation. Almost 25 % of total power needs
in India are met by NTPC. Presently, it has an installed capacity of about 41,184 MW. Its target
is to achieve 128,000 MW by 2032.
National thermal power corporation is a major power generation corporation in the country. It
generating one-third of the total power consumed in the country. This organization made an
impeccable record by consistently generating reliable and quality power since three decades.
The mission of NTPC has been to construct commission and operate power projects most
economically and efficiently.

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Process Overview:

Principle of the Steam Power Plant:

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COAL HANDLING PLANT:
• The coal being filled in the wagons of the rail reaches plant. The purpose of this plant is to
convey the coal to the bunker in the size not larger than 20mm.It handles and transports the
coal to the bunker from the wagons by passing through various conveyors, transfer points,
crusher houses.

Type of unloading the coal:

• Manual Unloading
• Box in (using wagon tippler for unloading)
• Bottom Open Bottom Release (BOBR) technology (using Track hopper)

COAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:

i. PULLEY :
They are made of mild steel. Rubber lagging is provided to decrease the friction factor in
between the belt and pulley.

ii. SCRAPPER:
Conveyors are provided with scrappers at the discharge pulley in order to clean the carrying
side of the belt built up material on idler rolls. Care should be taken to ensure that scrapper is
held against the belt with the pressure sufficient to remove material without causing damage to
the belt due to excessive force exerted by the wiper. The following categories of scrapper are
common in use :
Steel blade scrapper
Rubber/fabric blade scrapper
Nylon brush scrapper
Compressed air blast scrapper.

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iii. IDLERS:
These essentially consist of rolls made out of seamless steel tube enclosed fully at each end
and fitted with stationary shaft,anti-friction bearing and seals. They support the belt and enable
it to travel freely without much frictional losses and also keep the belt properly trained.
iv. CONVEYOR BELT: The conveyor belt consists of layers or piles of fabric duck,
impregnated with rubber andprotected by a rubber cover on both sides and edges. The fabric
duck supplies the strength towith stand the tension created in carrying the load while the cover
protects the fabric arecas.
Heat resistant belting is always recommended for handling materials at a temperature over 66˚
C.

v. VIBRATING SCREEN: The function of vibrating screen is to send the coal of having size
less than 20 mm to the crusher. The screen is operated by four v-belts connected to motor.

vi. CRUSHER:The role of crusher is to crush the coal from 200 mm to 20 mm size of coal
received from the vibrating screen. This is accomplished by means of granulators of ring type.
There are about 37 crushing elevations; each elevation has 4 granulators-2 of plain type and 2
of toothtype, arranged alternately.The granulators are made of manganese steel because of their
work hardening property. The coal enters the top of the crusher and is crushed between rotating
granulators and fluid case path. The crushed coal through a chute falls on belt feeder. Normally
these crushers have a capacity round 600tonnes/hr.

vii. MAGNETIC SEPAROTERS: This is an electromagnet placed above the conveyor

toattract magnetic materials. Over this magnet There is one conveyor to transfer these materials
to chute provided for dumping at ground level. Because of this, continuous removal is possible.
It can remove any ferrous impurity from
10gms to 50kg.

GENERATORS AND TRANSFORMERS:

AUXILIARY POWER
• Auxiliary power is electric power that is provided by an alternate source
• It serves as backup for the primary power source
• Auxiliary system power supply in large power plants is a key factor for normal operation,
transient states, start-ups and shutdowns during fault conditions

GENERATOR PROTECTION:

• STATOR PROTECTION - The neutral of star connected winding is connected to primary of

neutral
grounding transformer, so that earth fault current is limited by over voltage relay.

• DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION - In case of phase-to-phase fault generator is protected by

longitudinal differential relay.

• ROTOR PROTECTION - Rotor winding may be damaged by earth faults or open circuits.
The field is biased by a dc voltage, which causes current to flow through the relay for an earth
fault anywhere on the field system.

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• OVER SPEED PROTECTION – Mechanically over speed device that is usually in the form
of centrifugally operated rings mounted on the rotor shaft, which fly out and close the stop
valves if the speed of the set increase more than 10%.

• OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION – It is provided with an over voltage relay. The relay is
usually
induction pattern. The relay open the main circuit break and the field switch if the over voltage
persists.

• SEAL OIL SYSTEM – Hydrogen in the generator is under very high pressure. There is a
possibility of
this hydrogen to come out of gaps, which is very hazardous. So, seal oil is used to seal the gaps
so that hydrogen doesn’t come out.

• LUBRICATION OIL SYSTEM –Turbine lubrication-oil system seeks to provide proper

lubrication of turbo generator bearings and operation of barring gear. Pumps are used to
circulate lubrication oil inside the generator. The oil of the lubrication and the governing system
is cooled in the oil coolers. The cooling medium for these coolers is circulating water.

TRANSFORMERS:
TYPE PF TRANSFORMERS—

• UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER: --This is a step down transformer. The primary

receives from generator and secondary supplies a 6.6 KV bus. This is oil cooled. These are 8
in number.

• NEUTRAL GROUNDED TRANSFORMER: --This transformer is connected with supply

coming out of UAT in stage-2. This is used to ground the excess voltage if occurs in the
secondary of UAT in spite of rated voltage.

• GENRATOR TRANSFORMER: -- This is a step up transformer. This supply gets its primary
Supply from generator and its secondary supplies the switchyard from where it is transmitted
to grid. This transformer is oil cooled. The primary of this transformer is connected in star. The
secondary is connected in delta. These are four in number.

• STATION TRANSFORMER: --This transformer has almost the same rating as the
generator transformer. Its primary is connected in delta and secondary in star. It is a step
down transformer. These are 4 in number.

SWITCH YARD:
AC electrical energy can’t be stored like cells, so what we generate should be consumed
instantaneously. But as the load is not constants therefore we generate electricity according to
need i.e. the generation depends upon load. The yard is the places from where the electricity is
send outside. It has both outdoor and indoor equipment.
Maintenance has become critical. Any ambiguity in the operation of the switchyard may lead
to such disasters like grid failure, station outages crippling not only the normal life of people
but also the very economy of the country. Even in less serious situations such as cascade

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tripping of Auto Transformers due to unplanned over loading has caused underutilization of
our generating capacity many times. The operation of switchyard calls for a very alert staff that
shall have to sense the abnormalities in time and prompt to concern timely to enable normalcy
of the system. The following are some of the identified activities of 400 KV switchyard
operations.

Switch Yard single line diagram

SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT:

To perform switchyard operation activities perfectly, operation staff should have good
knowledge about the equipment provided in switchyard as well as in control room. They should
be familiar with the control system adopted here and a good understanding about the
procedures to be followed during the emergencies, outage requirements and charging. Brief
description about switchyard equipment is given below.

BUS BAR:
In electrical power distribution, a bus bar is a thick strip of copper or aluminum that conducts
electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation or other electrical apparatus.
Bus bar are used to carry very large currents, or to distribute current to multiple devices within
switchgear or equipment. Bus bar is an Aluminium tube of 4” IPS having wall thickness of
0.4”, where all incoming and outgoing feeders are connected in a schematic way to enable
smooth operation and Maintenance of equipment without any interruption to the system. At
RSTPS one and half breaker scheme is provided for 200 MW generator feeders and 400 KV
outgoing lines, Two breaker scheme is provided for 500 MW generator feeders.

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ISOLATORS:

In electrical engineering, a disconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical
circuit can be completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often
found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its
source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High voltage isolation switches are
used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and
transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. Isolating
switches are commonly fitted to domestic extractor fans when used in bathrooms in the UK.
Often the isolation switch is not intended for normal control of the circuit and is only used for
isolation. Isolator is an off load device provided in conjunction with circuit breaker to
disconnect the equipment or the section, which is to be isolated from all other live parts. The
isolators provided in the switchyard are of central break type. The operation of Isolators can be
done from control room (remote) or local. Motorized operation for opening & closing of
Isolator is provided, however Isolators can also be opened & closed manually in the even of
nonavailability of motorized operation.

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CIRCUIT BREAKER:
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a
fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation
It is an automatic device capable of making and breaking an Electrical Circuit under normal
and abnormal conditions such as short circuits. SF6 is the arc quenching media for all the 400
KV and 220 KV breakers installed in the switchyard. Pneumatic operating system is provided
in AEG, ABB, AREVA and NGEF make breakers and Hydraulic operating system is provided
in BHEL make breakers. 132KV breakers provided in 132 KV lines are of Minimum oil type
operating on spring charge mechanism.

SURGE/LIGHTINING ARRESTERS:

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on
the system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) have been
used for power system protection since the mid 1970s. The typical lightning arrester also
known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning
surge or switching surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth. Surge Arresters are
provided to ground the over voltage surges caused by switching and lighting surges. Surge
Arresters provide leakage path to the ground whenever the system Voltage rises above the
specified value. They are equipped with surge monitors, which measure the leakage currents
and a counter to record the number of surges taken place.

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EARTH SWITCH:

In electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the electrical potential of the
conductors relative to that of the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system has
implications for the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply. Earth switch
is mounted on the isolator base on the line side or breaker side depending upon the position of
the isolator. The earth switch usually comprises of a vertical break switch arm with the contact,
which engages with the isolator contact on the line side. Earth switch is required to discharge
the trapped charges on the line or equipment (under shut own) to earth for maintaining safety.
Earth switch can be operated only from local either by electrical operation or manually.

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CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT):

Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current transformers,
together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential transformers (PT)), are known as instrument
transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments,
a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the
circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A
current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high
voltage in the monitored circuit. Current the electrical power industry. Current Transformers
are provided to step down the current to low values suitable for measuring protection and
control instruments. Current Transformers also isolate measuring and protective devices from
high system voltage. CTs in the switchyard consist of five secondary cores. Core 1&2 are used
for busbar protection, 4 & 5 are for main 1&2 protection and core 3 is for measuring
instruments.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT):

CVTs step-down the system voltage to sufficiently low value (110 V) for measuring, protection
and synchronizing circuits. CVT has a H.F. terminal point for receiving & transmitting the high
frequency signals for carrier protection and communication.

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WAVE TRAP:

Wave Trap is a parallel resonant circuit tuned to the carrier frequency connected in series with
the line conductor at each end of the protected transmission line section. Wave trap offers high
impedance path for high frequency signals and low impedance path for power frequency
current. This keeps carrier signal confined to the protected line section and does not allow the
carrier signals to flow into the neighboring sections.

SWITCH YARD CONTROL ROOM EQUIPMENT:

The control room is the place where the conditions of the system are monitored, controls
initiated and operations are integrated. Control room consists of the following equipment.

CONTROL PANELS:
Corridor type flat control panels are provided in U shape with doors at both the end panels.
Between the front and rear panels, there is adequate space for inspection of interior wiring. The
controlling knobs are provided on front panel for opening & closing of breakers and isolators.
The close/open position of the breakers / isolators / earth switches is indicated through lamps
or semaphore indicators. The relative position of each equipment is shown in the mimic single
line diagram that is painted on front side of the control panels. The indicating instruments (MW,
MVAR, voltage, current etc.) and annunciation windows are provided on the top of front panel
for monitoring of the equipment. Breaker monitoring and protective relays such as LBB, Auto
reclosure, check synchronization, Trip circuit monitoring, Annunciation relays and energy
meters are mounted on the rear side of the panel.

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RELAY PANELS:

Relay panels are of cubicle type, flat independent boxes with a door at backside. All the
protective relay units related to one bay are divided into two groups viz. Main 1 protection,
stub protection, O/V protection and their auxiliary & trip relays as group 1 and Main 2
protection, U/v protection and their auxiliary & trip relays as group 2 relays. Group 1 & group
2 relays are mounted on front side of two separate panels side by side. Fault locator and
disturbance recorder of the corresponding bay mounted on front side of the third panel. A
separate glass door is provided front side of all the panels to cover the relays from dust.

CONCLUSION:

We have studied the over view of NTPC Ltd, Unchahar, Raebareli unit switch yard and its
auxiliary equipments , bus-bar system circuit breaker arrangement system. The major role of
“OPERATION OF 400KV SWITCH YARD OF NTPC Ltd, UNCHAHAR, RAEBARELI” is
to transmit the power to various parts of northen, north-east & middle India.

REFERENCES:

1. Training Period Work

2. Power protection familiarization book by NTPC’s Power Management Institute Noida
3. https://www.ntpc.co.in/

THE END

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