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Abstract
This paper describes an estimation method for gas turbine compressor degradation and an economical
optimisation model for determining the optimal compressor washing cycles. The optimisation model
aims at minimising fuel consumption and emissions in combined-cycle power plants. The results
presented are of significant importance for power plants operators that have the possibility of
frequently connecting and disconnecting to the power grid. By optimising power generation periods
and levels, downtimes and maintenance scheduling, the operators ensure that the plant operates at a
high efficiency level in periods when fuel prices are high. High efficiency levels ensure low fuel
consumption and emission levels.
T0 = 287.15 (K)
P0 = 101325 (Pa)
κ0 = 1.4
Figure 2 shows two different corrected estimates of The model has a state machine of 4 main boolean states
isentropic efficiency vs. the compressor ratio Pac’ / Pamb’ (δ1, δ2, δ3, δ4). The system will always be in one of these
for a 300MW combined-cycle power plant. The upper 4 states. The linear constraint describing this behaviour,
curve was estimated one week after the lower curve. is simply δ1 + δ2 + δ3 + δ4 = 1. In addition to this
During the week between the two estimates, the power constraint, the hybrid model consists of the following 22
plant was down for maintenance. The estimated logical constraints:
optimisation horizon of 10-20 days. Hence, a
1. IF α≤0 THEN δ5=0 ELSE δ5=1 similar help variable to z3 is not needed for η2.
2. IF α2≤0 THEN δ6=0 ELSE δ6=1
These two constraints relate the boolean variables 15. IF δ4=1 THEN αi+1 = αi
δ5 and δ6 to the continuous variables α and α2. 16. IF δ4=1 THEN α2i+1 = α2i
17. IF δ4=1 THEN ηi+1 = ηi
3. IF δ1=1 THEN αi+1 = α0 18. IF δ4=1 THEN η2i+1 = η2i
4. IF δ1=1 THEN α2i+1 = α2i - ε2δ6 These four constraints describe the behaviour of the
5. IF δ1=1 THEN ηi+1 = ηi + γ(η2i+1 - ηi) efficiency levels in the idle state. All values remain
6. IF δ1=1 THEN η2i+1 = η2i - α2i at their previous level.
These four constraints describe the system after an
online wash. The variable α, which describes the 19. z1 = δ1 P1
degradation rate of the compressor efficiency η, is 20. z2 = δ2 P2
reset to it’s initial value. The variables η2 and α2 21. z3 = δ1 α
describe the non-recoverable degradation of a 22. z4 = P5(η2i - ηi)
compressor. These variables always decrease,
except when the compressor is in the idle state. The The constraints 19, 20 and 22 describe the costs
non-recoverable efficiency can be thought of as the associated with the various states. The constants P1
efficiency level of a perfectly clean but ageing and P2 are the cost associated with chemicals,
compressor. Constraint 5 models the increase in labour and lost power production of online and
efficiency after an online wash. The constant offline washes, respectively. P5 describes the cost of
parameter γ (between 0 and 1) models the the extra fuel needed to operate the compressor at
effectiveness of an online wash. Online washes an efficiency level below the recoverable level η2.
usually only cleans the first rows of compressor
blades before the water and chemicals evaporate. The logical propositions above consist of IF-THEN-
Hence, the blades at the compressor outlet will not ELSE statements and multiplications of a boolean and a
be clean and the compressor efficiency is not continuous variable. These types of logical constraints
restored to the maximum value. As will be seen can easily be converted to a set of linear constraints, see
from the next set of constraints, the maximum for example [2]. Automatic tools for converting logical
efficiency that can be restored, is given by the constraints to linear constraints exist, for example
recoverable level η2. HYSDEL from ETH [8].
Minimise Σ z1 + z2 + z4
Subject to the 23 constraints from section 4
6. BENEFIT ANALYSIS