Cell Division: Mitosis, Meiosis

Genetics and Heredity

Prepared by:
Jess Christian Ramirez
May 2012
 Onthis note, we know that the cells we have
by this date, is a result of certain processes
that involves pre-existing or older cells

 Thisprocesses are called mitosis (for non sex

cells) and meiosis (for sex cells)
 Chromosome – refers to strands of DNA found
inside the nucleus, it is consist of sister
chromatids, joined together by central bond
called the centromere. Each chromosome
contains rings where information about traits
are encrypted
 In humans the chromosome number is 46,
that is there are 46 chromosomes on every
nucleus of cells
 Somatic cells refer to sex cells, while non
somatic cells refer to other cells aside from
those that function for reproduction
 Mitosis refers to the cell division and
production of non somatic cells while meiosis
refers to somatic/sex cells
 We denote chromosome number, which in
humans, 46 as 2N where N is the half of
chromosome number, the importance of this
half number, N will be discussed later on the
next slides
 When we produce skin cells from previously
living skin cells, we produce cells with 2N
chromosome number
 When we produce sperm and egg cells, we
produce cells with only N number of
chromosomes
 This is to make sure that the zygote will
maintain a constant number of 2N, N from
the mother and N from the father, and will
not increase if it had been 2N + 2N, 4N + 4N
and so on
 MITOSIS: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase
 Meiosis: Interphase, Prophase Metaphase1,
Metaphase 2, Anaphase1, Anaphase2,
Telophase 1 and Telophase2
 This IPMAT process involves the alignment of
bands into hemispheres, and others relate to
the pulling of sister chromatids apart and the
splitting of the nucleus
 We often notice similarity of a child from its
parents, physically and sometimes even
emotions and other traits
 This is because of Heredity, which means the
passing of traits from a parent to its offspring,
but it is like a game of dice on whether which of
the following will be passed on, and who affects
these characteristics
 We differentiate traits into observable
quantities, whereas characters being different
types/divisions of a certain trait(e.g. trait-type
of eyes, characters being chinky-eyed or
rounded)
 Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk developed
laws which explain the phenomenon of
passing of parent’s trait, these laws are
called, “The Laws of Heredity”
 Thus, he was called the “Father of Genetics”
 He observed garden peas for different traits
and its corresponding characters. He used
garden peas because of the many contrasting
characteristics it has from its traits and it
can grow with a small period of time, thus
several generations can be observed.
TRAITS OBSERVED CHARACTERS OBSERVED

1. Shape of seed Round seed; Wrinkled seed

2. Color of seed Yellow seed, Green seed

3. Color of seed coat Colored coat; White coat

4. Shape of pod Inflated pod; Constricted pod

5. Color of pod Green pod; Yellow pod

6. Position of Flower Axial flowers; Terminal flowers

7. Length of stem Long stem; Short stem

 Law of Dominance: when pure-breeding
plants with different characters are crossed,
only the dominant character will show while
the recessive character will not be observed
 Law of Segregation: the recessive gene will
not appear on the 1st filial, F1 (first
offspring) generation, but will appear from
F2 and so on
 Law of Independent Assortment: the genetic
relation of one trait will not affect those of
the other trait
 Genotype refers to the allele (letter
assignment that denotes pure breed or
hybrid zygotes) combination that results
from crossing of character
 Phenotype refers to the resulting character
of the cross.
 Homozygous(RR or rr) refers to either pure
dominant or pure recessive character and
Heterozygous (Rr) which refers to a hybrid
dominant form
 Devised by Reginald Punnett in order to
observe the pure bred and hybrid crossing
easily
 For example a pure bred RR will be crossed
to another pure bred rr the result will be
R R
r Rr Rr

r Rr Rr

 Thusthe result will be 4 offsprings showing

hybrid dominant characters
 Due to the Law of Dominance, both RR and
Rr shows the dominant phenotype(character)
thus we must take note that in making the
Punnett Square we consider both cases in
crossing characters, thus we do 2 Punnett
Squares to show both RR and Rr.
 While in the recessive genotype rr, as the
Law of Dominance say, we have no other
case where the recessive phenotype shows
except the genotype rr.
 Hitch hiker thumb, a recessive trait can be
modeled using the Mendelian Laws of
Heredity, suppose that Mr. Cruz has hitch
hiker thumb is married to a woman who does
not possess this trait, is there a possibility
that their offspring will have hitch hiker
thumb?
 Since Mrs. Cruz is not a hitch hiker, we can
denote her genotype as either HH or Hh, and
we cross it to Mr. Cruz’ genotype which is hh
 H H
h Hh Hh
h Hh Hh

H h
h Hh hh
h Hh hh
 Withthe first Punnett square, we have 4
heterozygous dominant offspring

 While on the second, we obtained 2

heterozygous dominant offspring and 2
homozygous recessive offspring.
 The four o’ clock flower, or rosas de alas
cuatro shows incomplete dominance
 Incomplete dominance means that the cross
of two contrasting characteristics will bring
forth the mix of two traits
 In the four o clock flower, to get a white
flower, two white flowers must be crossed,
like wise to red flowers, two red flowers
must be crossed but if one white flower is
crossed with a red flower, a pink flower will
be obtained.
 By Walter Sutton, he said that genetic
activities can be found on the chromosomes
and formulated his chromosome theory of
inheritance which is parallel concept of
Mendel’s.
 He said that genes must be present in a
chromosome but it was Thomas Morgan who
proved the existence of genes in the
chromosome, and this location is called the
loci or locus, and that the gene is responsible
for the control of inheritance of characters.
 Morgan’s team found out that the
chromosomal pairs for humans are as such;
XY in male and XX in female

 We denote inheritance of traits due to the X

as sex linked traits as it can be possessed by
both males and females but with some
restrictions. Whereas y link traits is exclusive
only to males and called holandric traits
 G6PD a sex linked trait (related to the X
chromosomes) which is the restriction of a
growing child to soy, toluene, solvents and
menthol. If Mr. Cruz has 2 kids, one male and
female, and both have G6PD, who has the
G6PD trait? Mr. Cruz or Mrs. Cruz?
 The answer is Mrs. Cruz, since the female kid
is XX and the male is XY, Mr. Cruz gave only
his Y chromosome to the male child but the
G6PD showed on both male and female child,
thus his wife, Mrs. Cruz is the G6PD carrier.
 Hemophilia, a disease wherein a sufferer
may experience blood dissolved in the urine
is a sex linked trait, if the hemophilia can be
triggered on by having both XX with
hemophilia for the female, and only one X
for the XY of the male, what is the chance of
having hemophilia of the kids of Mr.
Salvacion, one male and one female if Mr.
Salvacion is a bleeder while his wife is not?
 The XX chromosome of the female kid came
from the dad who is a bleeder and the other
X from the mom who is not a bleeder, thus
the XX of the female kid will not have
hemophilia
 The XY chromosome of the male will also not
have hemophilia because the X of a male
child came from the mother while the Y
came from the father, who in this case is a
bleeder, thus none of his children will
become a bleeder or hemophilic.
 Multiple alleles refers to more than one
dominant character between alleles
 This case can be best described by the blood
types A, B, AB(heterozygous) and
O(recessive)
 Blood type A can be obtained from the cross
of A and O or pure A, same is true with B
except that the B will be crossed with O or
pure B. While AB is produced by the crossed
of A and B
 O is produced from the cross of both O’s or
AO’s and BO’s
 My father is type AB and my mother is type
O, is it possible that I am type B?
 Yes, the cross of AB and O is as follows
A B
O AO BO
O AO BO

 Thusthere is an equal chance of being an A

and B from the cross of AB and O.
 ANY
QUESTIONS
?
1. Mr. Santos has 3 kids, 2 male and 1 female, if Mr.
Santos is not a bleeder and his wife is also a
bleeder, what is the probability that his child will
not develop the disease?
2. If soft armors in arthropods are considered as a
recessive trait, what are the chances of having soft
armored arthropod from the cross of two hard
armored arthropod?
3. If my blood type is AB, what are my parents
possible genotypes? What are the possible
phenotypes of my brothers and sisters?
4. If my dad has hitch hiker thumbs, a recessive trait,
and my mom does not possess this trait, what are
the chances that I do not possess hitch hiker
thumbs?
5. If a pink four o clock flower is crossed with a white
variety, what are the chances of getting a white
flower? A pink flower? And a red flower?
6. Explain the concept of mitosis and meiosis, why is
that sex cells, develop only N chromosomes while
others have 2N?
7. Explain why humans, normally develop 4 sperm
cells while we develop only 1 egg cells.