Book

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any work employed consists of not only the experience

but also the skills of a person & it also includes an
organized body of people with their expertise & ideas put
forward in completing the work as such many kind hearts
behind the completion of this project.
It is with deep sense of gratitude and reverence that I

express my sincere thanks to my esteemed and worthily
external project supervisor, Prof. Shobhit K. Patel,
Associate Professor of ECE Dept., CHARUSAT for
their guidance, encouragement, help and useful
suggestions throughout. Their untiring and painstaking
efforts, methodological approach and individual help
made it possible for me to complete this work in time.
Their affection, guidance and scientific approach served
a veritable incentive for completion of this work.
ii
I sincerely thank my internal project supervisor, Prof.
Falgun N. Thakkar, Associate Professor of ECE
Dept., GCET for his invaluable guidance, inspiration
and discussions through all stages of this research.
Words can never be able to express my heartiest thanks

to Dr. Bhaskar V. Thakkar, Head of ECE Dept.,
GCET for providing kind support in completion of my
project work.
Lastly I am thankful to Dr. Himanshu B. Soni,

Principal, G. H. Patel College of Engineering &
Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar for his consistent
encouragement, valuable suggestions and moral support.
I shall ever remain indebted to the faculty members and

my classmates of G. H. Patel College of Engineering &
Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar for their cooperation,
kindness and general help extended to me during the
completion of this work.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment ii
Table of content iv
List of Figures vii
List of Tables x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Aim and Objectives 1
1.2 History of Microstrip Patch Antenna 2
1.3 Overview of Microstrip Antenna 4
1.4 Waves on Microstrip 5
1.4.1 Surface Waves 6
1.4.2 Leaky Waves 9

10
1.4.3 Guided Waves
11
1.5 Antenna Characteristics
12
1.6 Design Methodology
13
1.7 Organization of the Report
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 15
2.1 Research Paper Literature Review 15
CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION OF MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA 25
3.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna Theory 25
3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 27
3.3 Feed Techniques 30
iv
3.3.1 Microstrip Line Feed 30
3.3.2 Coaxial Feed 32
3.3.3 Aperture Coupled Feed 34
3.3.4 Proximity Coupled Feed 36
3.4 Methods of Analysis 37
3.5 Transmission Line Method 38
3.5.1 Fringing Effects 40
3.5.2 Effective Length, Resonant Frequency,
and Effective Width 44
3.6 Cavity Model 46
CHAPTER 4 DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Photonic Band gap Structures and Defected
Ground Structures 55
4.3 DGS Unit Cell 58
4.4 DGS Characteristics 59
4.5 Classification of Defected Ground Structures 64
4.6 SRR DGS 65
4.7 Metamaterial 68
CHAPTER 5 MULTIBAND MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA DESIGN, SIMULATION AND RESULTS 72
5.1 Introduction 72
5.2 Designing of S-Shaped Multiband Microstrip
Patch Antenna using coaxial feeding technique 72
5.2.1 Design Procedure 73
v
5.2.2 Dimensions of Patch and Ground 77
5.2.3 Return Loss of the proposed antenna 80
5.2.4 VSWR of the proposed Antenna 82
5.2.5 Smith Chart of the proposed antenna 83
5.2.6 Radiation Pattern of the proposed
antenna 84
5.3 Designing of Defected Ground Structure S-Shaped
Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna Using
Complementary Split Ring Resonator 86
antenna 92
5.4 Designing of S-Shaped Multiband Microstrip
Patch Antenna Metamaterial 94
antenna 101
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 103
6.1 Conclusion 103
6.2 Future Work 104
REFERENCES 105
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Hertz dipole on a microstrip substrate 6
Figure 1.2 Surface waves 8
Figure 1.3 Leaky waves 10
Figure 1.4 Antenna design and development flow chart 12
Figure 3.1: Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna 25
Figure 3.2: Common shapes of microstrip patch elements 26
Figure 3.3: Microstrip Line Feed 31
Figure 3.4: Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 33
Figure 3.5: Aperture-coupled feed 35
Figure 3.6: Proximity-coupled Feed 37
Figure 3.7: Microstrip antenna and coordinate system 39
Figure 3.8: Microstrip line feed, its electric field lines, and
effective dielectric constant geometry 41
Figure 3.9: Graph of Dielectric constant versus frequency for
typical substrate 43
Figure 3.10: Physical and effective lengths of rectangular
microstrip patch. 44
Figure 3.11: Charge distribution and current density creation
on the microstrip patch 48
Figure 4.1: Defected Ground Structure, (a) 1-D DGS (b) 2-D
DGS 57
Figure 4.2: DGS (a) Microstrip Line with Dumbbell Shaped
DGS (b) DGS unit cell and its L-C equivalent. 58
vii
Figure 4.3: Microstrip line with DGS (a) Phase characteristics
and slow wave factor (b) slow wave factor. 61
Figure 4.4: Band stop characteristics of DGS (S21 Parameter) 63
Figure 4.5: Different Slots for DGS (a) Rectangular slot
without head and with circular head (b) with rectangular slot
and triangular slot 64
Figure 4.6: CSRR DGS and its equivalent circuit. 67
Figure 4.7: Permittivity-Permeability (ε-μ) and refractive
index (n) diagram 70
Figure 5.1: Top View of Microstrip Patch Antenna 74
Figure 5.2: Geometry of Proposed Antenna using coaxial feed
(Top View) 79
Figure 5.3: Side View of Proposed Antenna using coaxial feed 80
Figure 5.4: Bandwidth of the proposed antenna (S11 in dB) 81
Figure 5.5: VSWR versus Frequency Plot of the proposed
antenna 82
Figure 5.6 Smith Chart of the proposed antenna 84
Figure 5.7: Radiation Pattern of the proposed antenna in 2D
view 85
Figure 5.8: Radiation Pattern of the proposed antenna in 3D
view 86
(Top View) 88
viii
antenna 91
Figure 5.13: Total Gain Plot of the proposed antenna 93
Figure 5.14: Total Directivity Plot of the proposed antenna 94
(Top View) 96
antenna 100
Figure 5.19: Total Gain Plot of the proposed antenna 101
Figure 5.20: Total Directivity Plot of the proposed antenna 102
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Difference between the PBG and DGS 56
Table 5.1: Material used for Patch Antenna 78
Table 5.2: Return Loss (S11) values 81
Table 5.3: VSWR Values 83
x
ABSTRACT
Wireless communications have been developed widely
and rapidly in the modern world especially during the last
two decades. The future development of the personal
communication devices will aim to provide image,
speech and data communications at any time, and
anywhere around the world. This indicates that the future
communication terminal antennas must meet the
requirements of multi-band or wideband operations to
sufficiently cover the possible operating bands. However,
the difficulty of antenna design increases when the
number of operating frequency bands increases within a
single antenna.
The Thesis provides a detailed study of how to design

Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna using HFSS and
ADS softwares and study the effect of antenna
dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative
xi
Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the
Return Loss (S11), VSWR and Radiation Pattern etc.
The three antennas are designed and simulated using

HFSS software. The first antenna, S-shaped Multiband
Microstrip Patch Antenna is designed and simulated
which has three working bands centered around 1374
MHz, 2476MHz and 3076 MHz which can be used for
multiband application such as L and S band applications.
The second and third antennas are modification of S-
shaped Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna. In second
antenna, Defected Ground Structure with
Complementary Split Ring Resonator is used which has
four working bands. In third antenna Artificial Substrate
material such as metamaterial has been used instead of
natural substrate material which has six bands. Both
antennas can be used for Bluetooth Application and
Multiband Application purposes. Design results like
VSWR, return loss S11, Radiation Pattern and Smith
Chart are also discussed. All Design results are obtained
xii
by a HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) which
is used for simulating microwave passive components.
In future work, the different shapes of patch and different

dimension of patch, substrate and ground can be used and
designed to simulate using different software like IE3D
and CST etc.
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Since the dawn of civilization, communication has
been of foremost importance to mankind. In first place,
communication was accomplished by sound trough
voice. However, as the distance of communication
increased, numerous devices were introduced, such as
horns, drums, and so forth.
1.1 Aim and Objectives

Microstrip patch antenna used to send onboard
parameters of article to the ground while under operating
conditions. The aim is to design and fabricate a
Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna and study the effect
of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate
parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate
thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth
and slots.
1
The objectives are to study the research papers as a
part of literature review on multiband microstrip patch
antenna. So it will give some idea to design an antenna
using simulation software.
1.2 History of Microstrip Patch Antenna

The rapid development of microstrip antenna
technology began in the late 1970’s. The first aperture
coupled microstrip antenna was fabricated and tested by
a graduate student, Allen Buck, on August 1, 1984, in the
University of Massachusetts Antenna Lab. This antenna
used 0.062” Duroid substrates with a circular coupling
aperture, and operated at 2 GHz. As is the case with most
original antenna developments, the prototype element
was designed without any rigorous analysis or CAD -
only an intuitive view of how the fields might possibly
couple through a small aperture. They were pleasantly
surprised to find that this first prototype worked almost
perfectly - it was impedance matched, and the radiation
2
patterns were good. Most importantly, the required
coupling aperture was small enough so that the back
radiation from the coupling aperture was much smaller
than the forward radiation level.
The geometry of the basic aperture coupled patch
antenna is described. The radiating microstrip patch
element is etched on the top of the antenna substrate, and
the microstrip feed line is etched on the bottom of the
feed substrate. The thickness and dielectric constants of
these two substrates may thus be chosen independently to
optimize the distinct electrical functions of radiation and
circuitry. Although the original prototype antenna used a
circular coupling aperture, it was quickly realized that the
use of a rectangular slot would improve the coupling, for
a given aperture area, due to its increased magnetic
polarizability. Most aperture coupled microstrip antennas
now use rectangular slots, or variations thereof.
3
1.3 Overview of Microstrip Antenna
A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch
on a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. This
concept was undeveloped until the revolution in
electronic circuit miniaturization and large-scale
integration in 1970. After that many authors have
described the radiation from the ground plane by a
dielectric substrate for different configurations.
The first practical antenna was developed by
[1] [2]
Howell and Munson .The early work of Munson on
micro strip antennas for use as a low profile flush
mounted antennas on rockets and missiles showed that
this was a practical concept for use in many antenna
system problems. Various mathematical models were
developed for this antenna and its applications were
extended to many other fields. A microstrip antenna is
characterized by its Length, Width, Input impedance, and
Gain and radiation patterns.
4
Various parameters of the microstrip antenna and
its design considerations were discussed in the
subsequent chapters. The length of the antenna is nearly
half wavelength in the dielectric; it is a very critical
parameter, which governs the resonant frequency of the
antenna. There are no hard and fast rules to find the
width of the patch.
1.4 Waves on Microstrip

The mechanisms of transmission and radiation in a
microstrip can be understood by considering a point
current source (Hertz dipole) located on top of the
[3]
grounded dielectric substrate (Figure 1.1) . This source
radiates electromagnetic waves. Depending on the
direction toward which waves are transmitted, they fall
within three distinct categories, each of which exhibits
different behaviors.
5
Figure 1.1 Hertz dipole on a microstrip substrate [3]
1.4.1 Surface Waves

The waves transmitted slightly downward, having
elevation angles θ between π/2 and π - arcsin (1/√εr),
meet the ground plane, which reflects them, and then
meet the dielectric-to-air boundary, which also reflects
them (total reflection condition). The magnitude of the
field amplitudes builds up for some particular incidence
angles that leads to the excitation of a discrete set of
surface wave modes; which are similar to the modes in
metallic waveguide.
The fields remain mostly trapped within the
dielectric, decaying exponentially above the interface
6
(Figure 1.2) [3]
. The vector α, pointing upward, indicates
the direction of largest attenuation. The wave propagates
horizontally along β, with little absorption in good
quality dielectric. With two directions of α and β
orthogonal to each other, the wave is a non-uniform
plane wave. Surface waves spread out in cylindrical
fashion around the excitation point, with field amplitudes
decreasing with distance (r), say 1/r, more slowly than
space waves. The same guiding mechanism provides
propagation within optical fibers.
Surface waves take up some part of the signal’s
energy, which does not reach the intended user. The
signal’s amplitude is thus reduced, contributing to an
apparent attenuation or a decrease in antenna efficiency.
Additionally, surface waves also introduce spurious
coupling between different circuit or antenna elements.
This effect severely degrades the performance of
microstrip filters because the parasitic interaction reduces
the isolation in the stop bands.
7
In large periodic phased arrays, the effect of
surface wave coupling becomes particularly obnoxious,
and the array can neither transmit nor receive when it is
pointed at some particular directions (blind spots). This is
due to a resonance phenomenon, when the surface waves
excite in synchronism the Floquet modes of the periodic
structure. Surface waves reaching the outer boundaries of
an open microstrip structure are reflected and diffracted
by the edges. The diffracted waves provide an additional
contribution to radiation, degrading the antenna pattern
by raising the side lobe and the cross polarization levels.
Surface wave effects are mostly negative, for circuits and
for antennas, so their excitation should be suppressed if
possible.
Figure 1.2 Surface waves [3]

8
1.4.2 Leaky Waves
Waves directed more sharply downward, with θ
angles between π - arcsin (1/√εr) and π, are also reflected
by the ground plane but only partially by the dielectric-
to-air boundary. They progressively leak from the
[3]
substrate into the air (Figure 1.3) , hence their name
leaky waves, and eventually contribute to radiation. The
leaky waves are also non uniform plane waves for which
the attenuation direction α points downward, which may
appear to be rather odd; the amplitude of the waves
increases as one moves away from the dielectric surface.
This apparent paradox is easily understood by looking at
the Figure 1.3 actually, the field amplitude increases as
one move away from the substrate because the wave
radiates from a point where the signal amplitude is larger.
Since the structure is finite, this apparent divergent
behavior can only exist locally, and the wave vanishes
abruptly as one crosses the trajectory of the first ray in
the Figure.
9
In more complex structures made with several
layers of different dielectrics, leaky waves can be used to
increase the apparent antenna size and thus provide a
larger gain. This occurs for favorable stacking
arrangements and at a particular frequency. Conversely,
leaky waves are not excited in some other multilayer
structures.
Figure 1.3 Leaky waves [3]
1.4.3 Guided Waves

When realizing printed circuits, one locally adds a
metal layer on top of the substrate, which modifies the
geometry, introducing an additional reflecting boundary.
Waves directed into the dielectric located under the upper
conductor bounce back and forth on the metal
10
boundaries, which form a parallel plate waveguide. The
waves in the metallic guide can only exist for some
Particular values of the angle of incidence, forming a
discrete set of waveguide modes. The guided waves
provide the normal operation of all transmission lines and
circuits, in which the electromagnetic fields are mostly
concentrated in the volume below the upper conductor.
On the other hand, this buildup of electromagnetic energy
is not favorable for patch antennas, which behave like
resonators with a limited frequency bandwidth.
1.5 Antenna Characteristics

An antenna is a device that is made to efficiently
radiate and receive radiated electromagnetic waves.
There are several important antenna characteristics that
should be considered when choosing an antenna for your
application as follows:
 Antenna radiation patterns
 Power Gain
 Directivity
11
 Polarization
1.6 Design Methodology
Literature Review on Design  Learn
Multi-band Microstrip Procedure & the
Patch Antenna Equations Simulati
on
Software
 Design
and
Simulati
on Stage
Figure 1.4 Antenna design and development flow chart

In order to achieve the objectives of the project, at
the first phase of work, a comprehensive literature review
on multi-band microstrip antenna is required. This is to
get an antenna that requires minimal modification to suit
the specifications of the project.
Then, the process is continuing with design or
develop the antenna design. Besides, in design and
simulation stage, antenna design is simulate using
simulation software HFSS.
12
1.7 Organization of the Report
This report is divided into six chapters. Each
chapter has been discussed on different issues related to
the project. Following are the outline for each chapter:
In Chapter 1, the introduction, overview of the
project background, problem statement, objective, scope
of the work and methodology to have been discussed.
Meanwhile, Chapter 2 focuses on the literature
review used to assist the project. It presents the various
multiband antenna design module for different multiband
applications like GPS, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, etc. with
simulation and results.
An introduction to microstrip antennas was given
in Chapter 3. Apart from the advantages and
disadvantages, the various feeding techniques and models
of analysis were listed.
Chapter 4 provides the introduction and
importance of Defected Ground Structure and its
different shapes. Also it contains the basics of
13
Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) and
Metamaterial.
Chapter 5 provides the design and development of
multiband microstrip antenna. It also introduces the
simulation and measured return loss and related
discussion for these results.
Chapter 6 is devoted to conclusion and
recommendations for future work that can be done for
more enhancements to the antenna.
14
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Prior to start my thesis, it is important to have a deep
understanding on the existing pages of Microstrip
antenna. The main sources of information for the
dissertation are books, journal, thesis and the internet.
There are three major areas of reading in the literature
review, which are antenna design, methods for improving
performance of microstrip patch antenna and related
simulation software. The referred papers are mainly for
multi band Microstrip Patch Antenna employing various
techniques like simple patch antennas, microstrip patch
antennas using different shapes like S, U etc. in patch,
microstrip patch antennas using Photonic Band Gaps
(PBG).
2.1 RESEARCH PAPER LITERATURE

REVIEW
15
In order to start the thesis, the first step is to study the
research papers that have been already published by other
researchers. Papers related to designing of multiband
microstrip patch antenna are chosen and studied. With
the help of literature review, it becomes easier to perform
this work.
The concept of Microstrip radiator was first
proposed by Deschamps in 1953. A patent was issued in
France in 1955 in the name of Gutton and Baissinot.
Development during the 1970s was accelerated by the
availability of good substrates. The first practical
antennas were developed by Howell and Munson. Since
then extensive research and development on Microstrip
antennas aimed at exploiting their advantages.
2.1.1 New Multi-Band Design For A Microstrip

Patch Antenna [4]
A new approach in designing a multi-band
microstrip patch antenna is illustrated. The presented
16
approach is based on combining a rectangular and a
triangle patch with proper slots placed on each part. First,
rectangular slots, following a Chebyshev distribution, are
inserted into the rectangular patch and next, a triangular
slot is inserted into the triangular patch. The new
structure is fed by a coaxial probe with an input
impedance of 50Ω. A sample antenna was fabricated and
tested and results showed a good agreement with the
simulated ones. Furthermore, the size of the antenna was
reduced by half to make the antenna more practical. This
type of antenna can be used in several applications
especially in the GSM domain and the Wi-Fi Bluetooth.
2.1.2 A Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

for Multi-band Applications [5]
A triangular microstrip patch antenna is proposed

for multi-band applications. The proposed antenna is
designed using a chip capacitor and T-shaped slit. Input
impedance of the proposed antenna can be varied by
17
changing the value of capacitor in the T-shaped slit. It
can produce multi-resonant modes and yield return losses
better than 16 dB in 1.97 ~ 2.16 GHz. The peak gains of
the antenna present 2.95 and 3.15 dBi at both ends of the
above frequency range. Details of the antenna design and
experimental results are presented.
2.1.3 Dual- and Multiband U-Slot Patch

Antennas [6]
A wide band patch antenna fed by an L-probe can

be designed for dual- and multi-band application by
cutting U-slots on the patch. Simulation and
measurement results are presented to illustrate this
design.
2.1.4 Multiband PBG Suspended Patch

Antenna [7]
A novel multiband microstrip patch antenna is
introduced and antenna performances are optimized,
18
simulated and analyzed. Comparative analysis is shown
in between a common patch antenna and a suspended
patch antenna. The antenna is designed to function in the
various multiple bands ranging from 1-6 GHz covering
wide range of applications such as GPS, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee and ISM band applications. It achieves
multi-band functionality when PBG (photonic band gaps)
of radius 10mm and height 1.5875mm, in substrate are
introduced at proper places in the substrate. A rectangular
patch (37.2mm by 23.34mm by 0.01mm) is used. At each
band, obtained corresponding VSWR is near to 1. The
proposed antenna provides good return loss S11 and
impedance behavior and reduces surface waves. Far-field
radiation pattern and field distributions on the coaxial
probe feed patch have been analyzed.
2.1.5 Miniaturized Wideband Patch Antenna

Design and Analysis [8]
19
A novel kind of miniaturized wideband patch
antenna is designed and analyzed. The antenna is having
size of 2.1cm X 2.1cm X 1.25cm and patch is having
area of 153mm2. Single or dual band frequency response
can be obtained by varying the feed location, height of
the substrate and the geometric specifications of the
antenna. This antenna can be used for GSM 1800, GSM
1900, UMTS, Wi- Max and UWB applications.
Bandwidths up to more than 56% can be obtained. At
each band, obtained corresponding VSWR is near to 1.
The antenna provides good return loss S11 and impedance
behavior. Far-field radiation pattern and field
distributions on the coaxial probe feed patch have been
analyzed.
2.1.6 E-shaped Patch Antenna Analysis for

Multiple Applications [9]
An ‘E’ patch antenna is designed and analyzed.
The antenna is designed to function in multiple bands in
20
the frequency range of 1-4 GHz depending on the
geometric specifications of antenna. It covers
applications including GSM 1800, P-GSM, E-GSM,
GSM-R, GPS, UMTS and Wi-MAX. E-patches of
different dimensions of area 604mm2, 1600mm2 and
1720mm2 are analyzed. At each band, obtained
corresponding VSWR is near to 1. The antenna provides
good return loss S11 and impedance behavior. Far field
radiation pattern, Impedance pattern and 3D gain have
been analyzed.
2.1.7 A S-SHAPED PATCH ANTENNA FOR

X-BAND WIRELESS / MICROWAVE
APPLICATIONS [10]
A S-shaped microstrip patch antenna has been

designed for wireless X-band applications. Two
rectangular slots are cut from the patch of antenna to
perturb the surface current path, which is responsible for
the excitation of the resonance. A substrate of low
21
dielectric constant is selected to obtain a compact
radiating structure that meets the demanding bandwidth
specification. The S11 = -41 dB at 10.0 GHz of the
proposed patch antenna. At the same frequency antenna
having gain nearly 6 dB. Simulation of antenna is carried
out on Ansoft simulator.
2.1.8 Bandwidth Improvement of S-Shape

Microstrip Patch Antenna [11]
A survey of S-shape microstrip antenna elements

is presented, with emphasis on theoretical and practical
design techniques. The bandwidth of S-shape microstrip
antenna is increased by using a tuning stub. The S-shape
antenna is first studied by a modal-expansion (cavity)
technique and then is fully analyzed with bandwidth
equations. This paper presents the analysis of the
bandwidth & its improvement with the help of the
numerical method. And results expressed that there is no
energy loss in the propagation of wave.
22
2.1.9 S-shaped Patch Antenna Fed by Dual
Offset Electromagnetically Coupled for 5-
6 GHz High Speed Network [12]
Novel Design of S-shaped microstrip patch

antenna fed by dual offset electromagnetically coupled to
generate wideband operation in the 5-6 GHz frequency
range is presented. It is demonstrated that by adding two
slots opposite to each other to a rectangular patch and
using dual offset electromagnetically coupled, wideband
operation can be satisfactorily achieved. In advance, the
two slots in the rectangular patch can reduce the area of
the patch to 19.62%.Importantly; this antenna design is
thin and small to be accommodated in a PCMCIA card of
standard 5mm thickness.
2.1.10 Design of Coaxial fed Microstrip

Patch Antenna for 2.4 GHz
BLUETOOTH Applications [13]
23
In this paper, a novel design of small sized, low
profile coaxial fed patch antenna is proposed for
BLUETOOTH applications at 2.4GHz frequency. The
patch shape is similar to and different parameters

like return loss, VSWR, gain along Θ, Ø directions,
radiation pattern in 2-D and 3-D, axial ratio, E and H
Field Distributions, Current Distributions are simulated
using HFSS 13.0. The measured parameters satisfy
required limits hence making the antenna suitable for
BLUETOOTH applications in 2.4GHz band.
24
CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION OF MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA
3.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna Theory
In its most fundamental form, a microstrip patch
antenna (MPA) consists of a radiating patch on one side
of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the
other side as shown in Figure 3.1. The patch is generally
made of conducting material such as copper or gold and
can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the
feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric
substrate.
Figure 3.1: Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna [3]

25
In order to simplify analysis and performance
prediction, the patch is generally square, rectangular,
circular, triangular, and elliptical or some other common
shape as shown in Figure 3.2 [3]. For a rectangular patch,
the length L of the patch is usually 0.3333λo < L < 0.5λo,
where λo is the free-space wavelength. The patch is
selected to be very thin such that t << λo (where t is the
patch thickness). The height h of the dielectric substrate
is usually 0.003λo ≤ h≤ 0.05λo. The dielectric constant of
the substrate (εr) is typically in the range 2.2 ≤ εr ≤ 12.
Figure 3.2: Common shapes of microstrip patch elements [3]
26
Microstrip patch antennas radiate primarily
because of the fringing fields between the patch edge and
the ground plane. For good antenna performance, a thick
dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is
desirable since this provides better efficiency, larger
[14]
bandwidth and better radiation . However, such a
configuration leads to a larger antenna size. In order to
design a compact microstrip patch antenna, substrates
with higher dielectric constants must be used which are
less efficient and result in narrower bandwidth. Hence a
trade-off must be realized between the antenna
dimensions and antenna performance.
3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages

Microstrip patch antennas are increasing in
popularity for use in wireless applications due to their
low-profile structure. Therefore they are extremely
compatible for embedded antennas in handheld wireless
devices such as cellular phones, pagers etc. The telemetry
27
and communication antennas on missiles need to be thin
and conformal and are often in the form of microstrip
patch antennas. Another area where they have been used
successfully is in satellite communication. Some of their
principal advantages discussed by Kumar and Ray are
given below:
 Light weight and low volume.
 Low profile planar configuration which can be
easily made conformal to host surface.
 Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured
in large quantities.
 Supports both, linear as well as circular
polarization.
 Can be easily integrated with microwave
integrated circuits (MICs).
 Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
 Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid
surfaces.
28
Microstrip patch antennas suffer from more
drawbacks as compared to conventional antennas. Some
of their major disadvantages are given below:
 Narrow bandwidth.
 Low efficiency.
 Low Gain.
 Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions.
 Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas.
 Low power handling capacity.
 Surface wave excitation.
Microstrip patch antennas have a very high antenna
quality factor (Q). It represents the losses associated with
the antenna where a large Q leads to narrow bandwidth
and low efficiency. Q can be reduced by increasing the
thickness of the dielectric substrate. But as the thickness
increases, an increasing fraction of the total power
delivered by the source goes into a surface wave. This
surface wave contribution can be counted as an unwanted
power loss since it is ultimately scattered at the dielectric
bends and causes degradation of the antenna
29
characteristics. Other problems such as lower gain and
lower power handling capacity can be overcome by using
an array configuration for the elements.
3.3 Feed Techniques

Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by a variety
of methods. These methods can be classified into two
categories- contacting and non-contacting. In the
contacting method, the RF power is fed directly to the
radiating patch using a connecting element such as a
microstrip line. In the non-contacting scheme,
electromagnetic field coupling is done to transfer power
[15]
between the microstrip line and the radiating patch .
The four most popular feed techniques used are the
microstrip line, coaxial probe (both contacting schemes),
aperture coupling and proximity coupling (both non-
contacting schemes).
3.3.1 Microstrip Line Feed
30
In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is
connected directly to the edge of the microstrip patch as
shown in Figure 3.3. The conducting strip is smaller in
width as compared to the patch and this kind of feed
arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be
etched on the same substrate to provide a planar
structure.
Figure 3.3: Microstrip Line Feed [26]

31
The purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to
match the impedance of the feed line to the patch without
the need for any additional matching element. This is
achieved by properly controlling the inset position.
Hence this is an easy feeding scheme, since it provides
ease of fabrication and simplicity in modeling as well as
impedance matching. However as the thickness of the
dielectric substrate being used, increases, surface waves
and spurious feed radiation also increases, which
[15]
hampers the bandwidth of the antenna . The feed
radiation also leads to undesired cross polarized
radiation.
3.3.2 Coaxial Feed

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common
technique used for feeding microstrip patch antennas.
32
Figure 3.4: Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna [26]
The inner conductor of the coaxial connector
extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the
radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected to
the ground plane. The main advantage of this type of
feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any
desired location inside the patch in order to match with
its input impedance. This feed method is easy to fabricate
33
and has low spurious radiation. However, a major
disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth and is
difficult to model since a hole has to be drilled in the
substrate and the connector protrudes outside the ground
plane, thus not making it completely planar for thick
substrates (h > 0.02λo). Also, for thicker substrates, the
increased probe length makes the input impedance more
[16]
inductive, leading to matching problems . It is seen
above that for a thick dielectric substrate, which provides
broad bandwidth, the microstrip line feed and the coaxial
feed suffer from numerous disadvantages. The non-
contacting feed techniques which have been discussed
below, solve these issues.
3.3.3 Aperture Coupled Feed

In this type of feed technique, the radiating patch
and the microstrip feed line are separated by the ground
plane as shown in Figure 3.5. Coupling between the
patch and the feed line is made through a slot or an
aperture in the ground plane.
34
Figure 3.5: Aperture-coupled feed [26]
The coupling aperture is usually centered under the
patch, leading to lower cross polarization due to
symmetry of the configuration. The amount of coupling
from the feed line to the patch is determined by the
shape, size and location of the aperture. Since the ground
plane separates the patch and the feed line, spurious
radiation is minimized. Generally, a high dielectric
material is used for bottom substrate and a thick, low
dielectric constant material is used for the top substrate to
35
[15]
optimize radiation from the patch . The major
disadvantage of this feed technique is that it is difficult to
fabricate due to multiple layers, which also increases the
antenna thickness. This feeding scheme also provides
narrow bandwidth.
3.3.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

This type of feed technique is also called as the
electromagnetic coupling scheme. As shown in Figure
3.6, two dielectric substrates are used such that the feed
line is between the two substrates and the radiating patch
is on top of the upper substrate. The main advantage of
this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed
radiation and provides very high bandwidth (as high as
[15]
13%) , due to overall increase in the thickness of the
microstrip patch antenna. This scheme also provides
choices between two different dielectric media, one for
the patch and one for the feed line to optimize the
individual performances.
36
Figure 3.6: Proximity-coupled Feed [26]
Matching can be achieved by controlling the
length of the feed line and the width-to- line ratio of the
patch. The major disadvantage of this feed scheme is that
it is difficult to fabricate because of the two dielectric
layers which need proper alignment. Also, there is an
increase in the overall thickness of the antenna.
3.4 Methods of Analysis
37
There are many methods of analysis for microstrip
antennas. The preferred models for the analysis of
Microstrip patch antennas are the transmission line
[15]
model, cavity model, and full wave model (which
include primarily integral equations/Moment Method).
The transmission line model is the simplest of all and it
gives good physical insight but it is less accurate. The
cavity model is more accurate and gives good physical
insight but is complex in nature. The full wave models
are extremely accurate, versatile and can treat single
elements, finite and infinite arrays, stacked elements,
arbitrary shaped elements and coupling. These give less
insight as compared to the two models mentioned above
and are far more complex in nature.
3.5 Transmission Line Model

[3]
This model represents the microstrip antenna by
two slots of width W and height h, separated by a
transmission line of length L. It was indicated earlier that
the transmission-line model is the easiest of all but it
38
yields the least accurate results and it lacks the
versatility. However, it does shed some physical insight.
Rectangular microstrip antenna can be represented as an
array of two radiating narrow apertures (slots), each of
width W and height h, separated by a distance L.
Basically the transmission-line model represents the
microstrip antenna by two slots, separated by a low-
impedance 𝑍𝑐 transmission line of length L.
Figure 3.7: Microstrip antenna and coordinate system [3]
39
3.5.1 Fringing Effects
Because the dimensions of the patch are finite
along the length and width, the fields at the edges of the
patch undergo fringing. This is illustrated along the
[3]
length in Figure 3.7 for the two radiating slots of the
microstrip antenna. The same applies along the width.
The amount of fringing is a function of the dimensions of
the patch and the height of the substrate. For the principal
E-plane (xy-plane) fringing is a function of the ratio of
the length of the patch L to the height h of the substrate
(L/h) and the dielectric constant εr of the substrate. Since
for microstrip antennas L/h>>1, fringing is reduced;
however it must be taken into account because it
influences the resonant frequency of the antenna. The
same applies for the width.
For a microstrip line shown in Figure 3.8, typical
electric field lines are shown in Figure 3.8. This is a
nonhomogeneous line of two dielectrics; typically the
substrate and air. As can be seen, most of the electric
40
field lines reside in the substrate and parts of some lines
exist in air. As W/h >> 1 and εr ≫1, the electric field
lines concentrate mostly in the substrate. Fringing in this
case makes the microstrip line look wider electrically
compared to its physical dimensions. Since some of the
waves travel in the substrate and some in air, an effective
dielectric constant εr𝑒𝑓𝑓 is introduced to account for
fringing and the wave propagation in the line.
Figure 3.8: Microstrip line feed, its electric field lines, and effective
dielectric constant geometry [26]
41
To introduce the effective dielectric constant, let us
assume that the centre conductor of the microstrip line
with its original dimensions and height above the ground
plane is embedded into one dielectric, as shown in Figure
3.8.
For a line with air above the substrate, the effective
dielectric constant has values in the range of 1< εr𝑒𝑓𝑓 < εr.
For most applications where the dielectric constant of the
substrate is much greater than unity εr ≫1, the value of
εr𝑒𝑓𝑓 will be closer to the value of the actual dielectric
constant εr. The effective dielectric constant is also a
function of frequency. As the frequency of operation
increases, most of the electric field lines concentrate in
the substrate. Therefore the microstrip line behaves more
like a homogeneous line of one dielectric (only the
substrate), and the effective dielectric constant
approaches the value of the dielectric constant of the
substrate. Typical variations, as a function of frequency,
of the effective dielectric constant for a microstrip line
with three different substrates are shown in Figure 3.9.
42
Figure 3.9: Graph of Dielectric constant versus frequency for typical
substrate [3]
For low frequencies the effective dielectric
constant is essentially constant. At intermediate
frequencies its values begin to monotonically increase
and eventually approach the values of the dielectric
constant of the substrate. The initial values (at low
43
frequencies) of the effective dielectric constant are
referred to as the static values, and they are given by [17].
1

 r  1  r 1 
h 2
 reff   1  12  Equation 3.1
2 2  W
3.5.2 Effective Length, Resonant Frequency,

and Effective Width
Because of the fringing effects, electrically the
patch of the microstrip antenna looks greater than its
physical dimensions.
Figure 3.10: Physical and effective lengths of rectangular microstrip

patch [3]
44
For the principal E-plane (xy-plane), this is
demonstrated in Figure 3.10 where the dimensions of the
patch along its length have been extended on each end by
a distance Δ𝐿, which is a function of the effective
dielectric constant εr𝑒𝑓𝑓 and the width to height ratio
(W/h). A very popular and practical approximate relation
for the normalized extension of the length is [18]
 reff  0.3  
W
 0.264 
L  h 
 0.412 Equation 3.2
W 
h
 reff  0.258    0.8 
h 
Since the length of the patch has been extended by Δ𝐿 on

each side, the effective length of the patch is now (L=λ/2
for the dominant TM010 mode with no fringing)
Leff  L  2L Equation 3.3
For the dominant TM010 mode, the resonant frequency
of the microstrip antenna is a function of its length.
Usually it is given by
1 0
 fr    Equation 3.4
2L  r  0 r 2L  r
010
45
Where, 𝜗0 is the speed of light in free space. Since does
not account for fringing, it must be modified to include
edge effects and should be computed using
1 1
 f rc 010  
2 Leff  reff 0 0 2  L  2L   reff 0 0
Equation
1 0
q q
2 L  r 0 0 2L  r
3.5
Where
 f rc 010
q Equation 3.6
 f r  010
The q factor is referred to as the fringe factor (length
reduction factor). As the substrate height increases,
fringing also increases and leads to larger separations
between the radiating edges and lower resonant
frequencies.
3.6 Cavity Model

Although the transmission line model discussed in
the previous section is easy to use, it has some inherent
46
disadvantages. Specifically, it is useful for patches of
rectangular design and it ignores field variations along
the radiating edges. These disadvantages can be
overcome by using the cavity model. A brief overview of
this model is given below.
In this model, the interior region of the dielectric
substrate is modeled as a cavity bounded by electric walls
on the top and bottom. The basis for this assumption is
the following observations for thin substrates (h << λ).
 Since the substrate is thin, the fields in the interior
region do not vary much in the z direction, i.e.
normal to the patch.
 The electric field is z directed only, and the
magnetic field has only the transverse components
Hx and Hy in the region bounded by the patch
metallization and the ground plane. This
observation provides for the electric walls at the
top and the bottom.
Consider Figure 3.11 shown above. When the
microstrip patch is provided power, a charge distribution
47
is seen on the upper and lower surfaces of the patch and
at the bottom of the ground plane. This charge
distribution is controlled by two mechanisms-an
attractive mechanism and a repulsive mechanism as
discussed by Richards. The attractive mechanism is
between the
Figure 3.11: Charge distribution and current density creation on the

microstrip patch [3]
opposite charges on the bottom side of the patch and the
ground plane, this helps in keeping the charge
concentration intact at the bottom of the patch. The
repulsive mechanism is between the like charges on the
bottom surface of the patch, which causes pushing of
48
some charges from the bottom, to the top of the patch. As
a result of this charge movement, currents flow at the top
and bottom surface of the patch. The cavity model
assumes that the height to width ratio (i.e. height of
substrate and width of the patch) is very small and as a
result of this the attractive mechanism dominates and
causes most of the charge concentration and the current
to be below the patch surface. Much less current would
flow on the top surface of the patch and as the height to
width ratio further decreases, the current on the top
surface of the patch would be almost equal to zero, which
would not allow the creation of any tangential magnetic
field components to the patch edges. Hence, the four
sidewalls could be modeled as perfectly magnetic
conducting surfaces. This implies that the magnetic fields
and the electric field distribution beneath the patch would
not be disturbed. However, in practice, a finite width to
height ratio would be there and this would not make the
tangential magnetic fields to be completely zero, but they
49
being very small, the side walls could be approximated to
be perfectly magnetic conducting.
Since the walls of the cavity, as well as the material
within it are lossless, the cavity would not radiate and its
input impedance would be purely reactive. Hence, in
order to account for radiation and a loss mechanism, one
must introduce a radiation resistance RR and a loss
resistance RL. A lossy cavity would now represent an
antenna and the loss is taken into account by the effective
loss tangent δeff which is given as:
δeff = 1/QT Equation 3.7
QT is the total antenna quality factor and has been
expressed by [4] in the form:
1 1 1 1
   Equation 3.8
QT Qd Qc Qr
 Qd represents the quality factor of the dielectric

and is given as:
rWT 1
Qd   Equation 3.9
Pd tan 
Where ωr is the angular resonant frequency.

50
WT is the total energy stored in the patch at
resonance.
Pd is the dielectric loss.
tanδ is the loss tangent of the dielectric.
 Qc represents the quality factor of the conductor
and is given as:
rWT h
Qc   Equation 3.10
Pc 
Where Pc is the conductor loss.

Δ is the skin depth of the conductor.
H is the height of the substrate.
 Qr represents the quality factor for radiation and is
given as:
rWT
Qr  Equation 3.11
Pr
Where Pr is the power radiated from the patch.

Substituting equations (3.8), (3.9), (3.10), (3.11) in
equation (3.7), we get
 P
 eff  tan    r
h rWT
51
Thus, the above equation describes the total effective loss
tangent for the microstrip patch antenna.
52
Chapter 4
DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE
4.1 Introduction
Microwave components such as filters, couplers,
antennas etc., in the microstrip technology, are used in
high performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellite and
missiles where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of
installation, and aerodynamic profile are constraints.
Presently there are many other government and
commercial applications, such as mobile radio and
wireless communications, microwave communication
and millimeter wave communication. In its most basic
form, the microstrip technology consists of a microstrip
transmission line made of conducting material on one
side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on
the other side.
There are two different types of generic structures
used for the design of the compact and high performance
microwave components, named as defected ground
53
structure (DGS) and the Electromagnetic band gap
(EBG) structures generally known as the photonic band
[19]
gap structures (PBG) . These structures have been
attractive to obtain the function of unwanted frequency
rejection and circuit size reduction. DGS cells have
inherently resonant property; many of them have applied
to filter circuits. However, it is difficult to use a PBG
structure (periodic structure) for the design of the
microwave or millimeter wave components due to the
difficulties of the modeling. Another difficulty in using
the PBG circuit is caused by the radiation from the
periodic etched defects. Recently a defected ground
structure (DGS) have been introduced, DGS is realized
by etching off a simple shape in the ground plane,
depending on the shape and dimensions of the defect, the
shielded current distribution in the ground plane is
disturbed, resulting a controlled excitation and
propagation of the electromagnetic waves through the
substrate layer. The shape of the defect may be changed
54
from the simple shape to the complicated shape for the
better performance.
Different shapes of DGS structures, such as
rectangular, square, circular, dumbbell, spiral, L shaped,
concentric ring, U-shaped and V-shaped, hairpin DGS,
hexagonal DGS, cross shaped DGS and combined
structures have been appeared in the literature. These
structures are also used in periodic form. DGS have
advantages in the area of microwave filter design, power
amplifiers, dividers, microwave oscillators, couplers,
transmission lines, combiners and in microstrip antennas.
The defect in the ground plane of the planar transmission
lines such as microstrip, Coplanar etc., disturbs the shield
current distribution and also changes the characteristics
of the transmission line e.g. Capacitance and the
Inductance.
4.2 Photonic Band gap Structures and Defected

Ground Structures
55
The photonic band gap structure is a periodic
structure etched in the ground plane. The difference
between the PBG and DGS is shown in the below table:
Table 4.1: Difference between the PBG and DGS
Photonic Band Defected

Gap Ground
Structure Structure
Geometry Periodic Etched One or Few
Structure Etched
Structure
Microwave Similar Similar
Circuit
Properties
Equivalent Very Difficult Relatively
Circuit Simple
Exaction
The PBG modifies the properties of the microstrip

line such as characteristic impedance and propagation
constant. Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is an etched
56
lattice shape (slot), which locates on the ground plane. It
is motivated by a study of PBG to change guided wave
properties. DGS makes one or a few of PGB etched
ground elements in the ground plane. The shape of slot is
modified from a simple hole to a more complicated
shape. The DGS structure may be found in both one-
dimensional and two dimensional forms, as shown in
Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1: Defected Ground Structure, (a) 1-D DGS (b) 2-D DGS [19]
57
4.3 DGS Unit Cell
A unit DGS (dumbbell) section is created in the
ground plane as shown in the Figure 4.1. The DGS
consists of the two rectangular areas and one connecting
slot in the ground plane [29, 30] as shown in Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2: DGS (a) Microstrip Line with Dumbbell Shaped DGS (b)
DGS unit cell and its L-C equivalent [19]
The DGS with the microstrip line employs an
intentional defect on the ground and it provides band
rejection characteristic from the resonance property. The
cutoff frequency of the DGS is mainly dependent to the
etched square area in ground plane. There is an
58
attenuation pole location, which is due to the etched gap
distance.
An attenuation pole can be generated by
combination of the inductance and capacitance elements.
The capacitance factor is needed to explain the frequency
characteristic of the DGS section. The etched gap area,
which is placed under a conductor line, provides the
parallel capacitance with effective line inductance.
Thus, the proposed DGS section is fully described
by two parameters: the etched lattice dimension and the
gap distance. The inductance and capacitance are given
as:
1
L
4 f 0C
2
Equation 4.1
fc 1
C .
2Z 0 2 ( f 0 2  f c 2 ) Equation 4.2
4.4 DGS Characteristics
59
Defected Ground structures (DGS) have two main
characteristics slow wave propagation in Pass band &
Band Stop Characteristics in microwave circuits.
Slow wave Propagation in Pass Band: The DGS is
considered as an equivalent circuit consisting of
capacitance and inductance as given in the Figure 4.2.
The equivalent inductive part increases due to the defect
and produces equivalently the high effective dielectric
constant, that is, slow wave property due to this fact the
DGS line has the longer electrical length than the
standard Microstrip line, for the same physical length. By
varying the various dimensions of the defect the desired
resonance frequency can be achieved.
60
Figure 4.3: Microstrip line with DGS (a) Phase characteristics and slow
wave factor (b) slow wave factor [19]
Figure 4.3 shows that the microstrip line with DGS
unit is a good guiding structure with small distortion due
to the linear phase variation of S21 with frequency. It is to
be noted that a jumping phenomenon occurs at the
resonant frequency. Compared to the microstrip line
without DGS unit, the microstrip line with DGS unit
exhibits a faster phase variation which exhibits slow
wave behaviors below ω0 and a slower phase variation
which exhibits fast-wave behaviors beyond ω0, where ω0
is angle frequency and equal to 2πf0.
This phenomenon can be explained as follows:
When ω < ω0 (frequencies less than the resonance
frequency of defect), ω0L < 1/ω0C, Inductive Microstrip
61
line is obtained, when ω > ω0 (frequencies greater than
the resonance frequency of defect), ω0L > 1/ω0C,
Capacitive Microstrip line is obtained and in the case at
the resonance frequency (ω = ω0 and ω0L = 1/ ω0C)
[19]
jumping phenomenon occurs . Generally, the slow-
wave factor is defined by λ0/λg, where λg is the guided
wavelength and λ0 is the free space wavelength. Band
Stop Characteristics: This equivalent circuit of the
proposed DGS unit can explain the band gap effect. The
series inductance due to the DGS section increases the
reactance of a microstrip with the increasing of the
frequency.
Band Stop Characteristics: This equivalent circuit of
the proposed DGS unit can explain the band gap effect.
The series inductance due to the DGS section increases
the reactance of a microstrip with the increasing of the
frequency.
Thus, the rejection of the certain frequency range
can be started. The parallel capacitance with the series
inductance provides the attenuation pole location, which
62
is the resonance frequency of the parallel LC resonator.
As the operating frequency increases, the reactance of the
capacitance decreases.
Figure 4.4: Band stop characteristics of DGS (S21 Parameter) [19]

Thus, the band gap between the propagating
frequency bands can be occurred as shown in Figure 4.4.
In order to explain the cutoff and attenuation pole
characteristic of the proposed DGS section
simultaneously, the equivalent circuit should exhibit
performances of low-pass and band stop filter at the same
time. Generally, it is accepted that the microstrip line
should have the impedance around 100 – 130 ohms. By
using the defected ground structure in the ground plane
63
the effective inductance will increase and at the same
time the capacitance will be decrease and finally the
impedance of the transmission line increases and
becomes more than 200 ohms. This high impedance of
the DGS is used in the interconnects used in the digital
systems.
4.5 Classification of Defected Ground

Structures
The shape of the slot affects the response of the
DGS unit section. For this it is divided into the two
categories: Rectangular slot without head and with
different heads (like circular, square, arrow).
64
Figure 4.5: Different Slots for DGS (a). Rectangular slot without head
and with circular head (b) with rectangular slot and triangular slot [19]
Different slot configurations (rectangular slot, with
circular head, square head, arrow head respectively) for
the DGS are shown in Figure 4.5. The dumbbell shaped
DGS gives the slow wave effect in the pass band and
band gap both at the same time that is very useful for the
microstrip antennas.
4.6 SRR DGS
Based on the idea of photonic band-gap (PBG)
structure, defected ground structure (DGS) was firstly
65
proposed by Park et al. in 1999, and has found its
application in the design of planar circuits and low pass
filters. DGS is realized by etching a defective pattern in
the ground plane, which disturbs the shield current
distribution in the ground plane. This disturbance can
change the characteristics of a transmission line such as
equivalent capacitance and inductance to obtain the slow-
wave effect and band-stop property.
Split-ring resonators (SRRs) have been
successfully applied to the fabrication of left-handed
metamaterial (LHM) and the design of planar circuits.
Pendry et al. have demonstrated that an array of SRRs
exhibits negative permeability near its resonant
frequency. Very recently, complementary split-ring
resonator (CSRR), which is the negative image of split-
ring resonators (SRR), has been reported by some
authors. It has been demonstrated that CSRR etched in
the ground plane or in the conductor strip of planar
transmission media provides a negative effective
permittivity to the structure. CSRR has been successfully
66
applied to the narrow band filters and diplexers with
compact dimensions.
Figure 4.6: CSRR DGS and its equivalent circuit [23]

The topology of CSRR DGS is shown in Figure 4.6(a).
From the equivalent circuit of CSRR DGS, shown in
Figure 4.6(b), we can get the position of the transmission
zero. This is given by the frequency that nulls the shunt
impedance as follows:
1
fz 
2 Lr (Cr  Cc )
Equation 4.3
67
4.7 Metamaterial
Metamaterial refer to materials having properties beyond
conventional materials. In conventional materials like
naturally occurring crystals, the lattice constants are
much smaller than the wavelength of incident radiation.
Due to this the incident field sees only the basic
symmetries and misses the underlying periodicity. In this
way such type of crystals can be treated as homogeneous
materials. The electric field component of light when
incident on such materials excites the electric dipole
which reradiates with certain retardation. Thus we
achieve the electric permittivity value, ε other than one.
This excitation of the electric dipole and reradiation with
certain retardation is the physical origin of the refractive
index. The Refractive index is the factor by which light is
slowed down in a particular medium compared to its
speed in the vacuum. In this type of dielectrics, we don’t
get excitation of magnetic dipoles especially at higher
frequencies like optical frequencies. Thus the magnetic
68
permeability value is unity, μ=1 in such materials. In
metamaterial the lattice constant is also smaller than the
wavelength of incident radiation. However, unlike
conventional materials we are able to achieve a magnetic
response, μ≠1 employing artificial building blocks
(atoms). This helps us to mold the electromagnetic
properties of such materials. Even negative values of
magnetic permeability can be achieved. Usually, having a
negative electric permittivity is not a challenge as it is
found in some naturally occurring materials like metals.
Thus, metal based metamaterial can help us to achieve a
[20]
negative refractive index, n= -√εμ . Such type of
metamaterial are called left- handed or Vaselago
materials named after Victor Vaselago who first
purposed this idea in 1968. In such type of materials, the
electric field, the magnetic field and the wave vector
form a left handed coordinate system as shown in Fig
4.7.
69
Figure 4.7: Permittivity-Permeability (ε-μ) and refractive index (n)
diagram [21]
In the conventional materials having both μ and ε
positive we get a forward propagating wave while in
those type of materials where either ε or μ are negative
we get a decaying wave. In left handed materials having
both μ and ε negative we obtain a backward propagating
70
wave. These types of materials have antiparallel phase
and group velocities. Thus the direction of propagation is
[20]
opposite to the direction of flow of energy . This idea
was given by Vaselago in 1968 but much attention was
not given at that time until 1999 when Pendry realized
this idea [22].
71
Chapter 5
MULTIBAND MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA DESIGN, SIMULATION AND
RESULTS
5.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the procedure for designing S-Shaped
Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna is explained. The
designs are simulated using HFSS (High Frequency
Structure Simulator) which is used for simulating
microwave passive components. Finally, the results
obtained from the simulations are demonstrated and
discussed.
5.2 Designing of S-Shaped Multiband

Microstrip Patch Antenna using coaxial
feeding technique
72
This section describes the design of S-Shaped
Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna using coaxial
feeding technique.
As for the substrate selection, the major
consideration will be the dielectric constant. A high
dielectric constant will result in a smaller patch size but
this will generally reduce bandwidth efficiency and might
have difficulty in fabricating a very small patch size
antenna.
5.2.1 Design Procedure

The design of a low profile, wide-band multiband
patch antenna is very complicated. The fact is that the
lowest antenna profile, the widest impedance bandwidth
and the most Omni-directional (lowest ripple level)
azimuth plane radiation pattern cannot be achieved
[25]
simultaneously . Figure 5.1 below shows the
conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna, which
is presented here for the sake of easy analysis and design
73
of practical microstrip antennas for multiband
application.
Figure 5.1: Conventional Rectangular MPA

In the typical design procedure of rectangular Microstrip
patch antenna, three essential parameters are:
Dielectric constant of the substrate (εr): The dielectric
constant of substrate material plays an important role in
the patch antenna design. A substrate with a high
dielectric constant reduces the dimensions of the antenna
74
but it also affects the antenna performance. So, there is a
trade-off between size and performance of patch antenna.
Height of dielectric substrate (h): For the microstrip
patch antenna to be used in communication systems, it is
essential that the antenna is not bulky. Hence, the height
of the dielectric substrate should be less.
After the proper selection of above three parameters, the
next step is to calculate the radiating patch width and
length.
Step 1: Calculation of the width (W): the width of the
microstrip patch antenna is given by equation as [26]:
c
w Equation 5.1
 r 1
2 fo
2
Step 2: Calculation of effective dielectric constant

(εreff): equation (3.1) gives the effective dielectric
constant as [26]:
1

 r  1  r 1 
h 2
 reff   1  12  Equation 5.2
2 2  W
75
Step 3: Calculation of the effective length (Leff):
equation (3.2) gives the effective length as [26]:
c
Leff  Equation 5.3
2 fo  reff
Step 4: Calculation of the length extension (ΔL):

equation (3.3) gives the length extension as [26]:
W 
  reff
 0.3   0.264 
L  0.412h  h  Equation 5.4
W 
  reff  0.258    0.8 
 h 
Step 5: Calculation of the actual length of the patch

(L): the actual length is obtained by subtracting the
length extension from the effective length as:
Leff  L  2L Equation 5.5
Step 6: Calculation of the ground plane dimensions
(Lg and Wg)
The transmission line model is applicable to infinite
ground planes only. However, for practical
considerations, it is essential to have a finite ground
plane. It has been shown in many open literatures that
similar results for finite and infinite ground planes can be
76
obtained if the size of the ground plane is greater than the
patch dimensions by approximately six times the
substrate thickness all around the periphery. Hence, for
this design, the ground plane dimensions would be given
as:
Lg = 6h + L Equation 5.6
Wg = 6h + W Equation 5.7
Step 7: Determination of feed point location (xf, yf):
A coaxial probe type feed is to be used in this design. As
shown in Figure 5.1, the center of the patch is taken as
the origin and the feed point location is given by the
coordinates (xf, yf) from the origin. The feed point must
be located at that point on the patch, where the input
impedance is 50 Ohms for resonant frequency.
5.2.2 Dimensions of Patch and Ground

Patch Dimension:
Ground Dimension:
Length (L) = 50 mm
Length (Lg) = 60 mm
77
Width (W) = 50 mm
Width (Wg) = 60 mm
Figure 5.2 shows the geometry of proposed
antenna (Top View) where the dimensions of S-shaped
meandered patch is 50 * 50 mm2. The S-shaped is made
in the rectangle microstrip patch antenna by slitting with
length of 30 mm and width of 10 mm as shown on figure
5.2. The position of co-axial feed in xy-plane is (3 mm, 3
mm). Here, the material used for patch antenna is shown
in Table 5.1.
Table: 5.1 Material used for Patch Antenna
Material
Patch Copper
Substrate FR4 epoxy with
ε=4.4
78
(Top View)
Figure 5.3 shows the side view of proposed
antenna where the height of substrate is 2 mm and the
height of ground is 1mm.
79
Figure 5.3: Side View of Proposed Antenna using coaxial feed
5.2.3 Return Loss of the proposed antenna

Figure 5.4 shows the Return Loss (S11) plot of the
design and Table 5.2 shows values of Return Loss (S11)
in dB for different bands with their frequency. The
minimum return loss which we are getting for this design
is -38 dB for the second band centered around 2.47 GHz.
80
Ansoft Corporation XY Plot 2 HFSSDesign1
0.00
Curve Info
dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
-5.00 Setup2 : Sweep1
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Freq [GHz]
Figure 5.4: Bandwidth of the proposed antenna (S11 in dB)

Table 5.2: Return Loss (S11) values
Band Frequency Minimum Return Loss (S11)

in GHz in dB (Negative Values)
1st 1.3740 27.6136
2nd 2.4760 38.1818
3rd 3.0760 22.1519
81
5.2.4 VSWR of the proposed Antenna
Figure 5.5 shows the voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR) plot of the design and Table 5.3 shows values of
VSWR for different band with frequencies. For the entire
band VSWR is less than 2 and lowest VSWR for the
design is 1.02 for the second band centered around 2.47
GHz.
45.00
Curve Info
VSWR(WavePort1)
40.00 Setup2 : Sweep1
35.00
30.00
VSWR(WavePort1)
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Freq [GHz]
Figure 5.5: VSWR versus Frequency Plot of the proposed antenna

82
Table 5.3: VSWR Values
Band Frequency in VSWR

GHz
1st 1.3740 1.1506
2nd 2.4760 1.0245
3rd 3.0760 1.1506
5.2.5 Smith Chart of the proposed antenna

The Smith Chart plot (Figure 5.6) represents that how the
antenna impedance varies with frequency.
83
Figure 5.6 Smith Chart of the proposed antenna

antenna
The radiation pattern showing the directivity for the
designed antenna has been shown in Figure 5.7 and
Figure 5.8.
84
Figure 5.7: Radiation Pattern of the proposed antenna in 2D view
85
Figure 5.8: Radiation Pattern of the proposed antenna in 3D view
5.3 Designing of Defected Ground Structure

S-shaped Multiband Microstrip Patch
Antenna Using Complementary Split
Ring Resonator
This section describes the design of Defected
Ground Structure (DGS) S-Shaped Multiband Microstrip
86
Patch Antenna Using Complementary Split Ring
Resonator (CSRR) using coaxial feeding technique.
Patch Dimension:
Ground Dimension:
Length (L) = 50 mm
Length (Lg) = 60 mm
Width (W) = 50 mm
Width (Wg) = 60 mm
meandered patch is 50 * 50 mm2. The S-shaped is made
in the rectangle microstrip patch antenna by slitting with
length of 30 mm and width of 10 mm as shown on figure
5.9. The position of co-axial feed in xy-plane is (3 mm, 3
mm). Here, the material used for patch antenna is shown
in Table 5.4.
87
Material
Patch Copper
ε=4.4

(Top View)
88

is -42.2802 dB for the second band centered around 2.46
GHz.
89
0.00
Curve Info
-5.00 Setup2 : Sw eep1
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
-45.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
Freq [GHz]


1st 1.3740 28.0632
2nd 2.4688 42.2802
3rd 3.0702 20.6456
4th 4.6322 20.7692

90
design is 1.1126 for the second band centered around
2.46 GHz.
45.00
Curve Info
VSWR(WavePort1)
40.00 Setup2 : Sweep1
35.00
30.00
VSWR(WavePort1)
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
Freq [GHz]

91

GHz
1st 1.3740 1.1126
2nd 2.4688 1.1126
3rd 3.0702 1.3599
4th 4.6322 1.2363

antenna
The radiation pattern showing the total Gain and total
directivity for the designed antenna has been shown in
Figure 5.13 and Figure 5.14.
92
.
Figure 5.13: Total Gain Plot of the proposed antenna
93
Figure 5.14: Total Directivity Plot of the proposed antenna
5.4 Designing of S-shaped Multiband

Microstrip Patch Antenna Using
Metamaterial
94
This section describes the design of S-Shaped
Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna using Metamaterial
using coaxial feeding technique.
Patch Dimension:
Ground Dimension:
Length (L) = 50 mm
Length (Lg) = 60 mm
Width (W) = 50 mm
Width (Wg) = 60 mm
meandered patch is 50 * 50 mm2 with SRR in the
substrate to make it metamaterial (Single Negative
Material). The S-shaped is made in the rectangle
microstrip patch antenna by slitting with length of 30 mm
and width of 10 mm as shown on figure 5.15. The
position of co-axial feed in xy-plane is (3 mm, 3 mm).
95
Here, the material used for patch antenna is shown in
Table 5.7.
Material
Patch Copper
ε=4.4

(Top View)
96

is -38.2418 dB for the second band centered around 3.09
GHz.
97
0.00
Curve Info
-5.00 Setup2 : Sweep1
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
Freq [GHz]


1st 1.3221 29.6703
2nd 2.4082 15.1648
3rd 2.7673 14.2857
98
4th 3.0918 38.2418
5th 4.5803 13.0767
6th 4.7577 15.7143

design is 1.1538 for the second band centered around
3.09 GHz.
99
60.00
Curve Info
VSWR(WavePort1)
Setup2 : Sweep1
50.00
40.00
VSWR(WavePort1)
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
Freq [GHz]


GHz
1st 1.3221 1.1538
2nd 2.4082 1.4835
3rd 2.7673 1.4835
4th 3.0918 1.1538
5th 4.5803 1.3187
100
6th 4.7577 1.3187

antenna
The radiation pattern showing the total Gain and total
directivity for the designed antenna has been shown in
Figure 5.19 and Figure 5.20.
.
Figure 5.19: Total Gain Plot of the proposed antenna
101
Figure 5.20: Total Directivity Plot of the proposed antenna
102
Chapter 6
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE
WORK
6.1 Conclusion
Microstrip antennas have become a rapidly
growing area of research. Their potential applications are
limitless, because of their light weight, compact size, and
ease of manufacturing. Here S-shaped microstrip patch is
designed for multiband applications. The modeling and
iterative simulations are carried out. The result indicates
the three bands so the antenna can have used for L and S
Band Applications. Further design can be modified to
have multiband for other applications in C, X and other
bands. The results are in very good agreement with the
industry and standard published antenna-requirements
with respect to ease of fabrication, compactness and
volume miniaturization compared to other antennas so far
designed for similar applications.
103
In further modification, Defected Ground Structure
(DGS) with Complementary Split Ring Resonator
(CSRR) configuration and Metamaterial are used in S-
shaped Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna which gives
better results. The result indicates the four bands and six
bands respectively. So the antenna can be used for
Bluetooth application. It can be also used for L and S
band applications which are used in Medical Application
and ISM Application.
6.2 Future Work

In future work, the different shapes of patch and different
dimension of patch, substrate and ground can be used and
designed to simulate to achieve the particular frequency
band. Also using different substrate material can be used
for further improvement in the design of multiband
microstrip patch antenna.
104
REFERENCES
PAPERS
[1] Howell, J. Q., “Microstrip Antennas,” IEEE AP-S Int. Symp digest,
pp177-180, 1972.
[2] Munson, R.E., “conformal Microstrip antennas and Microstrip
phased arrays,” IEEE transaction on antennas and propagation, Vol-
AP22, pp74- 78, 1974.
[4] J. Costantine, K.Y. Kabalan, A. El Hajj, C. G. Christodoulou, “New
Multi-Band Design For A Microstrip Patch Antenna”
[5] K.M. Lee, Young-Je Sung, Jung-Woo Baik, and Young-Sik Kim, “A
Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Multi-band Applications”
[6] K. F. Lee, S. L. S. Yang and A. A. Kishk, “Dual- and Multiband U-
Slot Patch Antennas,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation
Letters, Vol. 7, 2008.
[7] S. S. Patel & Dr. Y. P. Kosta, “Multiband PBG Suspended Patch
Antenna,” IEEE, 978- 4244-8679-3/11, 2011.
[8] S. S. Patel, Dr. Y. P. Kosta, “Miniaturized Wideband Patch Antenna
Design and Analysis,” IEEE, 978-1-4244-8679-3/11, 2011.
[9] S. S. Patel, Dr. Y. P. Kosta & S. K. Patel, “E-shaped Patch Antenna
Analysis for Multiple Applications,” IEEE, 978-1-4244-8679-3/11,
2011.
[10] K. Aggarwal, A. Garg, “A S-Shaped Patch Antenna For X-Band
Wireless/Microwave Applications,” ISSN, 2249054X-V2I2M2-
032012 Vol 2(2), March 2012.
105
[11] P. Singh, D. C. Dhubkarya, “Bandwidth Improvement of S-Shape
Microstrip Patch Antenna,” GJRE Vol 10(5), October 2010.
[12] F. Y. Zulkii, F. Narpati and E. T. Rahardjo, “S-shaped Patch
Antenna Fed by Dual Offset Electromagnetically Coupled for 5-6
GHz High Speed Network,” PIERS ONLINE, Vol 3, NO. 2, 2007.
[13] G. Immadi, M.S.R.S Tejaswi, M.Venkata Narayana, N.Anil Babu,
G.Anupama, K.Venkata Ravi teja, “Design of Coaxial fed Microstrip
Patch Antenna for 2.4GHz BLUETOOTH Applications,” JETCIS
Vol 2 No. 12 ISSN 2079-8407, December 2011.
[17] Z. I. Dafalla, W. T. Y. Kuan, A. M. Abdel Rahman, and S. C.
Sudhakar, ‟Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna at
1GHz,’’ RF and Microwave Conference, 2004.
[18] E. O. Hammerstad, “Equations for Microstrip Circuit Design,”
Proc. Fifth European Microwave Conf., pp. 268–272, September
1975.
[19] A. K. Arya, M.V. Kartikeyan, A.Patnaik, “Defected Ground
Structure in the perspective of Microstrip Antenna: A Review,”
Frequenz, vol. 64, no. 5-6, pp. 79-84, 2010.
[20] V.G. Veselago, “The electrodynamics of substances with
simultaneously negative values of ε and μ,” Sov. Phys.–Usp., vol. 10,
no. 4, pp. 509–514, 1968.
[21] W. Wu et al, "Optical metamaterials at near and mid IR fabricated
by nanoimprint lithography," Appl. Phys. A 87, 143–150, 2007.
[22] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart,
“Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena,”
106
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 14, pp. 2075–2084,
Nov.1999.
[23] S.K. Patel and Y.P. Kosta, “Meandered multiband metamaterial
square microstrip patch antenna design,” Waves in Random and
Complex Media, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 475-487, 2012.
[24] S.K. Patel and Y.P. Kosta, “Size reduction in Microstrip based
radiating structure with artificial substrate,” International Journal of
Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 207-
216, 2013.
BOOKS
[3] C.A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory Analysis and Design,” Third edition,
Wiley, 2005.
[14] R.Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, A. Itipiboon, “Microstrip antenna design
handbook”, Artech House, Boston –London, 2000.
[16] C. A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design,” John Wiley
& Sons, 1997.
[26] C. A. Balanis, Antenna theory analysis and design, 2nd edition, John
Wiley & sons, Inc, 1997.
[25] S. K. Koul, Millimeter Wave and Optical Dielectric Integrated
Guides and Circuits, John Wiley and Sons, INC, 1997.
DISSERTATIONS
107
[15] A thesis titled “Novel Tuned Rectangular Patch Antenna as a Load
for Phase Power Combining” by S K Behera.
[26] A thesis titled “Dual Band and Dual Polarized Microstrip Patch
Antenna” by S R Behra, Vishnu V.
108

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any work employed consists of not only the experience

It is with deep sense of gratitude and reverence that I

Words can never be able to express my heartiest thanks

Lastly I am thankful to Dr. Himanshu B. Soni,

I shall ever remain indebted to the faculty members and

1.4 Waves on Microstrip 5

1.4.1 Surface Waves 6

1.4.2 Leaky Waves 9

The Thesis provides a detailed study of how to design

The three antennas are designed and simulated using

In future work, the different shapes of patch and different

1.1 Aim and Objectives

1.2 History of Microstrip Patch Antenna

1.4 Waves on Microstrip

1.4.1 Surface Waves

Figure 1.2 Surface waves [3]

Figure 1.3 Leaky waves [3]

1.4.3 Guided Waves

1.5 Antenna Characteristics

Figure 1.4 Antenna design and development flow chart

2.1 RESEARCH PAPER LITERATURE

2.1.1 New Multi-Band Design For A Microstrip

2.1.2 A Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

A triangular microstrip patch antenna is proposed

2.1.3 Dual- and Multiband U-Slot Patch

A wide band patch antenna fed by an L-probe can

2.1.4 Multiband PBG Suspended Patch

2.1.5 Miniaturized Wideband Patch Antenna

2.1.6 E-shaped Patch Antenna Analysis for

2.1.7 A S-SHAPED PATCH ANTENNA FOR

A S-shaped microstrip patch antenna has been

2.1.8 Bandwidth Improvement of S-Shape

A survey of S-shape microstrip antenna elements

Novel Design of S-shaped microstrip patch

2.1.10 Design of Coaxial fed Microstrip

patch shape is similar to and different parameters

Figure 3.1: Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna [3]

Figure 3.2: Common shapes of microstrip patch elements [3]

3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages

3.3 Feed Techniques

3.3.1 Microstrip Line Feed

Figure 3.3: Microstrip Line Feed [26]

3.3.2 Coaxial Feed

3.3.3 Aperture Coupled Feed

3.3.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

3.4 Methods of Analysis

3.5 Transmission Line Model

Figure 3.7: Microstrip antenna and coordinate system [3]

3.5.2 Effective Length, Resonant Frequency,

Figure 3.10: Physical and effective lengths of rectangular microstrip

Since the length of the patch has been extended by Δ𝐿 on

3.6 Cavity Model

Figure 3.11: Charge distribution and current density creation on the

 Qd represents the quality factor of the dielectric

Where ωr is the angular resonant frequency.

Where Pc is the conductor loss.

Where Pr is the power radiated from the patch.

4.2 Photonic Band gap Structures and Defected

Photonic Band Defected

The PBG modifies the properties of the microstrip

4.4 DGS Characteristics

Figure 4.4: Band stop characteristics of DGS (S21 Parameter) [19]

4.5 Classification of Defected Ground