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Overview
• We will focus on some common cost accumulation and cost
accounting procedures used by many firms
• Important to understand how cost information is presented
before we figure out how to use this information for decision
making
• We will use a series of numerical examples to illustrate these
procedures
Three Types of Firms
Manufacturing firms
Manufacture
product. Use
Buy raw labor, Stock
materials and Sell products
material and completed
supplies to customers
other items
manufacturin
g costs
Merchandising firms
Buy
Stock
completed Sell products
completed
items from to customers
items
suppliers
Service firms
Cost Classification and Tracking
Recognition and Measurement and
measurement Classification Assignment
report
Cost Objects
Directly
Traced Allocated
Indirect Cost
Costs Pools
Support Production/
departments functional units
1
• Introduction
Where Are Costs Incurred?
Support departments can serve each Total costs Direct costs incurred here
other as well! (“Reciprocal” use)
Support Production/
departments functional units
1
• Direct Method
Direct Method
Ignore services provided by one support department to another
support department
Service consumed by
Human Routine Intensive
IT
Resources care care
Costs incurred $500,000 $350,000 $600,000 $750,000
Service provided by
IT ($500,000) 125,000 375,000
Human Resources ($350,000) 275,000 75,000
1,000,000 1,200,000
Number of cases 5,200 1,400
Cost per case $192.31 $857.14
IT rate $250 per hour
Human Resources rate $5,000 per person
Allocating Support Department Costs
• Step-Down Method
Options
• Direct method
• Ignore all interactions or reciprocal use among support departments
• This is Assignment 1
• Step-down method
• Choose which support department to consider first, say IT
• Allocate it first to all the departments, including the remaining support
departments (in this example, the Human Resources department)
• Eliminate this department from further consideration
• Go to the next service department, and repeat the process
• Note that you will not be allocating any cost to support departments already
eliminated in the previous step
Step-Down: IT First (Assignment 2)
Service consumed by
Human Routine Intensive
IT Total
Resources care care
Costs incurred $500,000 $350,000 $600,000 $750,000
Service provided by
IT (hours) 500 500 1,500 2,500
Human Resources (head count) 15 55 15 70
Number of cases 5,200 1,400
Service consumed by
Human Routine Intensive
IT
Resources care care
Costs incurred $500,000 $350,000 $600,000 $750,000
Service provided by
IT ($500,000) 100,000 100,000 300,000
Human Resources ($450,000) 353,571 96,429
1,053,571 1,146,429
Number of cases 5,200 1,400
Cost per case $202.61 $818.88
IT rate $200 per hour
Human Resources rate $6,428.57 per person
Step-Down: Human Resources First (Assignment 3)
Human Routine Intensive
IT Total
Resources care care
Costs incurred $500,000 $350,000 $600,000 $750,000
Service provided by
Human Resources (head count) 15 55 15 85
IT (hours) 500 500 1,500 2,000
Number of cases 5,200 1,400
Service consumed by
Human Routine Intensive
IT
Resources care care
Costs incurred $500,000 $350,000 $600,000 $750,000
Service provided by
Human Resources $61,765 ($350,000) $226,471 $61,765
IT ($561,765) $140,441 $421,323
966,912 1,233,088
Number of cases 5,200 1,400
Cost per case $185.94 $880.78
Human Resources rate $4,117.65 per person
IT rate $280.88 per hour
Allocating Support Department Costs
• Reciprocal Method
Reciprocal Method
• Considers all interactions (reciprocal use) among support
departments
• Let us review the data…
Data
Service consumed by
Service consumed by
Human Routine Intensive
IT
Resources care care
Costs incurred $500,000 $350,000 $600,000 $750,000
Service provided by
Human Resources $82,317 ($466,463) $301,829 $82,317
IT ($582,317) $116,463 $116,463 $349,390
$1,018,292 $1,181,707
Number of cases 5,200 1,400
Cost per case $195.83 $844.08
IT rate $232.93 per hour
Human Resources rate $5,487.80 per person
Why Is This Important?
Look at the numbers
• Terminology
Where Are Costs Incurred?
Support departments can serve Total costs Direct costs incurred here
each other as well!!
Support Production/
departments functional units
1
Individual
In each department, accumulate costs products/
2
services
allocated from support departments and
direct costs incurred in the department, and
allocate to individual products using some
“reasonable” basis
We will focus on this next
With Multiple Production Departments
Support Support Support
department 1 department 2 department 3
1
Work-in-process
Finished
Raw material
goods
We will focus on 2 next
Cost Classification
Direct materials
Variable
manufacturin
g Direct labor
Product costs
(inventoriable cost) Variable
overhead
Manufacturin
g
Fixed overhead
overhead
Total costs
Selling and
administration
Period costs
Fixed selling
and
administration
Names for Groups of Costs
Direct materials
Prime costs
Direct labor
Conversion
Variable overhead costs
Capacity costs
Fixed overhead
Job-Order/Product Costing Systems
• Introduction
Job-Order/Product Costing System
In job-order costing systems
• Each job/order/batch is given an identifying symbol (usually a
number).
• All direct costs are directly charged to each job
• Indirect costs are allocated to each job
Job 3
Goal: assign overhead in a way that links the overhead costs to the
cost object in a meaningful and systematic manner.
Allocating Overhead Costs Steps:
Form groups with
1. Form cost pools “related” costs
a. Select the appropriate cost pools
Choose how to allocate the
b. Trace all indirect costs to cost pools costs of each group!
• Overhead Application
Use of Predetermined Overhead Rates (POHR)
• Most companies calculate overhead rates at the time of
budgeting i.e., at the time of planning for a period
• We call it the predetermined overhead rate (POHR):
Applied Actual
Actual Applied
Under- Over-
applied applied
Job-Order Costing Example
Machining Assembly
$4,000,000 $3,080,000
Job A Job B
Job-Order Costing Example
• Predetermined overhead rate (machining) =
• Predetermined overhead rate (assembly) =
• We can use these rates to value:
• A new or an existing product
• A specific job/contract
• Inventories (in the aggregate)
Using OH Rates to Value Inventory
Suppose there is an unfinished job in ending WIP. What is its
value? (i.e., after allocating overhead?)
Machining Assembly Total
Direct materials $24,500 $6,700 $31,200
Direct labor 27,900 58,600 86,500
Machine hours 360 150
Solution:
Machining Assembly Total
Direct materials $24,500 $6,700 $31,200
Direct labor 27,900 58,600 86,500
Overhead 3,600 32,230 35,830
Total value $153,530
Job-Order Costing Example
Overhead under-applied or over-applied in machining?
Applied overhead
- Actual overhead
= Under applied ($10,000)
Applied overhead
- Actual overhead
= Over-applied
Disposition of Over/Under-Applied Overhead
• Page 606–608 in the book
• Three methods permitted
1. Write off entire amount to COGS
2. Prorate (i.e., allocate) among WIP, FG, and COGS accounts
3. Re-compute the rates
• Which method to use?
• Write off to COGS is the easiest method. OK if amount is not large
• Proration (i.e., allocating among) among WIP inventory, FG inventory, and
COGS is common. Uses end-of-year balances as the basis
• Re-computing rates is most accurate. Easy if system is computerized
Disposition of Over/Under-Applied Overhead
• Writing off the over/under-applied overhead to COGS
• If overhead is over-applied (i.e., applied overhead > actual overhead),
• COGS is overstated
• “Writing off” will bring down COGS and income will increase
• If overhead is under-applied (i.e., applied overhead < actual overhead),
• COGS is understated
• “Writing off” will increase COGS and income will decrease
• Introduction
Cost Flows in Aggregate
Direct
materials Overhead
Direct labor
(from costs
inventory)
Opening
Cost of goods Ending finished Cost of
finished goods + - =
manufactured inventory goods sold
inventory
Problem 2: Iron Pit Foundry
The firm desires to make a $640,000 profit for the firm, and adds a percentage markup on total cost to achieve that goal.
It uses budgeted direct costs as the basis for allocating indirect costs.
Bidding for Remco Inc.
• During the year, JLR wants to bid on a project for Remco Inc.
The following costs are estimated for this project:
Professional staff salaries $41,000
Administrative support staff $2,600
Travel $4,500
Photocopying $500
Other operating costs $1,400
• Indirect/non-traceable costs =
• Overhead rate =
• Mark up percentage =
Problem 3: Costing a Service Job
Billing for Remco:
• Traceable costs =
• Overhead charge =
• Total costs =
• Mark-up =
• Bill amount =
Points to Note
• In a manufacturing company,
• Costs are accumulated in work-in-process accounts
• Direct costs are charged and indirect manufacturing costs or overhead
costs are allocated
• Cost of goods manufactured is the amount transferred from work-
in-process to finished goods
• Cost of goods sold is the amount charged against revenues when
goods are sold
• This flow applies to all “product” costs
• Period costs are expensed directly to the income statement!
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