Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Developed at
at
Guru Angad Dev Teaching Learning Centre
A Centre of MHRD, Govt. of India
under
Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching
(PMMMNMTT)
Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College
University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Email id: mhrdnrc.chemistry@gmail.com
ONLINE REFRESHER COURSE IN CHEMISTRY FOR HIGHER EDUCATION FACULTY (2018)
@ SWAYAM.GOV.IN
________________________________________________________________________
CREDITS
(Page 2 of 8)
ONLINE REFRESHER COURSE IN CHEMISTRY FOR HIGHER EDUCATION FACULTY (2018)
@ SWAYAM.GOV.IN
________________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
2. NMR
All those nuclei that have net spin are NMR active nuclei and can be studied by NMR
spectroscopy.
Number of 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1
spin states
(Page 3 of 8)
ONLINE REFRESHER COURSE IN CHEMISTRY FOR HIGHER EDUCATION FACULTY (2018)
@ SWAYAM.GOV.IN
________________________________________________________________________
The nucleus is positively charged, and if has net spin, it will behave as a bar magnet
and have a magnetic field. The magnitude and direction of such magnetic field is
determined by a vector called MAGNETIC MOMENT.
• In the absence of a magnetic field the magnetic moment points in random directions.
• In the presence of a magnetic field B0 magnetic moment will align either parallel or
anti-parallel to the magnetic field. The parallel orientation is lower in energy.
• The parallel orientation is lower in energy, but the energy difference is very small.
Therefore, both orientations are populated by almost the same number of nuclei: at
11.5 T there is an excess of ~0.05% of nuclei in the parallel orientation.
4. Chemical Shift
• Electronegativity
• s-Character (Hybridization)
• Magnetic Anisotropic effect (-bonded electrons)
• Hydrogen bonding
(Page 4 of 8)
ONLINE REFRESHER COURSE IN CHEMISTRY FOR HIGHER EDUCATION FACULTY (2018)
@ SWAYAM.GOV.IN
________________________________________________________________________
6. Magnetic Anisotropic Effect
The word "anisotropic" means "non-uniform". So magnetic anisotropy means that
there is a "non-uniform magnetic field". Electrons in π systems (e.g. aromatics,
alkenes, alkynes, carbonyls etc.) interact with the applied field which induces a
magnetic field that causes the anisotropy. As a result, the nearby protons will
experience 3 fields: the applied field, the shielding field of the valence electrons and
the field due to the π system. Depending on the position of the proton in this third
field, it can be either shielded (smaller ) or deshielded (larger ), which implies that
the energy required for, and the frequency of the absorption will change.
Magnetic Anisotropic
Effect in alkene
= 5-6 ppm
Magnetic Anisotropic
Effect in Benzene
Magnetic Anisotropic
Effect in Alkyne
(Page 5 of 8)
ONLINE REFRESHER COURSE IN CHEMISTRY FOR HIGHER EDUCATION FACULTY (2018)
@ SWAYAM.GOV.IN
________________________________________________________________________
Me H Me D Me H
OR Homotopic Protons
Me H Me H Me D
8. Coupling
(Page 6 of 8)
ONLINE REFRESHER COURSE IN CHEMISTRY FOR HIGHER EDUCATION FACULTY (2018)
@ SWAYAM.GOV.IN
________________________________________________________________________
9. Cis and Trans Isomerism
In case of alkenes, trans isomer has higher coupling constant than cis isomer
because steric hinderance causes de-shielding due to dispersion effect.
Ph Ph Ph H
H H H Ph
6.49 ppm 6.99 ppm
10. Summary
(Page 7 of 8)
ONLINE REFRESHER COURSE IN CHEMISTRY FOR HIGHER EDUCATION FACULTY (2018)
@ SWAYAM.GOV.IN
________________________________________________________________________
Reference Material
Introduction To spectroscopy by Donald L. Pavia
Spectrometric identification of organic compounds by Robert Silverstein
Spectroscopy Of Organic Compounds by PS Kalsi
(Page 8 of 8)