Electrical Machinery

ELECTRICAL MACHINE VIVA
QUESTIONS
Engineering Funda YouTube Channel
Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya
SSASIT, Surat
ELECTRICAL MACHINE VIVA QUESTIONS
Q-1 Transformer works on which principle?

Ans Electrical Transformer works on Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. In
electrical transformer the emf induced will be of Stationary Induced EMF. In
stationary induced emf, emf will be induced in such a manner that the electrical
conductors (windings) are kept stationary and magnetic field is varied ( varying
magnetic field in transformer core) results in production of induced emf.
Q-2 Why efficiency of transformer is high?
Ans Electrical transformer is a static device which transfers the power from one circuit
to other through electromagnetic induction. In electrical transformer as there are
no moving parts, no friction and windage losses occur and other losses in
transformer are less as magnetic path of a transformer is a closed loop ( no air gap
exist like induction motor between two circuits). Losses in the transformer are
very less compared to any other rotating machine, hence efficiency of transformers
will be very high. Efficiency will be of the order of 95percent to 98percent.
Q-3 What is the Ideal transformer?
Ans Transformer which has characteristics such as no winding resistance, no magnetic
leakage, no iron loss or core loss ( hysteresis and eddy current loss), and zero
magnetising current is termed as Ideal Transformer. Ideal transformer is assumed
for better explanation and understanding of practical transformer.
Q-4 What is excitation current or magnetising current in Transformer?
Ans The no load primary current provided to the transformer is called magnetising
current or excitation current. This current is used to produce the flux in the
transformer core and overcome the no load losses (core losses) of the transformer.
This excitation current will be of the range from 2 to 5 percent of the rated full
load primary current.
Q-5 Why power factor of the transformer under no load is very low?
Ans During no load condition of transformer, the excitation or magnetizing current
flow in the primary winding of the transformer. This excitation current is made up
of large component of magnetizing component of current (Im) which is in
quadrature with the applied voltage and comparatively small in phase component
of current (Ie) which is in phase with the applied voltage. Thus due to large
magnetizing component, power factor of the transformer will be very low. Power
factor will be usually 0.1 to 0.2 lag.
Q-6 What is the relation between applied voltage and emf induced with respect to
flux wave?
Ans Under no load condition and considering no losses
Induced emf in both primary and secondary lags behind the main flux by
90degree.
Applied voltage to primary winding leads the main flux by 90o and is in phase
opposition with the induced emf in the primary winding (V1= -e1)
Secondary voltage V2=e2 as there is no voltage drop in the secondary.
Q-7 What are the different losses of Transformer?
Ans Transformer has two types of losses
1. Iron losses or core losses: Iron losses are the no load losses in transformer. This
losses remain unchanged at any load of the transformer. Iron losses are categorized
as Hysteresis loss and Eddy current loss.
ENGINEERING FUNDA YOUTUBE CHANNEL PROF. HITESH DHOLAKIYA

2. Copper loss: This loss is due to the I^2.R loss in the windings of the
transformer. This is a variable loss varies with the load on the transformer. Other
losses include stray load losses and dielectric losses.
Q-8 If supply frequency f transformer is made double keeping voltage unchanged
what happens?
Ans Hysteresis loss will decrease and eddy current loss remains unchanged.
Q-9 Why Low Voltage (LV) winding is placed near to the transformer core?
Ans For a given conducting material insulation required depends on the voltage. Hence
if High Voltage (HV) winding is placed near to the transformer core, more
insulation is required to insulate between the transformer core and the High
Voltage (HV) winding. This results in increase in the cost of the insulation
material and also size of the transformer increases significantly. Thus Low
Voltage (LV) winding is placed near the core which requires less insulation
between the core and LV winding.
Q-10 What are the different insulation materials used in power transformers?
Ans In power transformers the primary insulation medium and cooling medium is
transformer oil. It serves the purpose of both insulation and cooling. Apart from
transformer oil different insulation materials employed are oil impregnated paper,
press board, wood, mica, and asbestos.
Q-11 What is Transformer Breathing?
Ans When transformer under full load, power transformer oil present in the transformer
heats up and gets expand. During this process gas at the top of the oil gets expel
out in to the conservator present at the top of the power transformer along with hot
oil and cool oil from conservator comes down. This process is called breathing out
of the transformer. When the load on the power transformer is removed or during
no load condition, transformer oil cools and air is drawn in to the transformer. This
is called breathing in of the transformer. The incoming air may consists of
moisture which should be removed else results in the deterioration of the dielectric
strength of the transformer oil. Hence the air entering the power transformer is
made to pass through the breather where moisture is removed from air through
silica gel.
Q-12 Define Transformer? Explain its working.
Ans It is a device which is used to transform electrical energy from one circuit to
another circuit. It has two winding one is primary and another is secondary.
Winding connected to source is primary winding and to load side is sec. winding.
Both are magnetic coupled and wound on a common magnetic core.
Transformation takes place on the basis of Faradays Law of electromagnetic
induction & the flux link with primary and secondary winding is known as mutual
flux. And is responsible for transformation of energy. AC Voltage source is
connected to primary winding & load is to the secondary winding.
Q-13 Explain the elementary theory of Ideal Transformer?
Ans Ideal Transformer does not exist in real, only it help us to understand the basic
concept of practical transformer. Under the following assumption Ideal
Transformer can be treated as Practical Transformer.
- The resistance of Transformer windings are Zero. Hence copper losses (I^2.R)
are zero and windings are purely inductive.
- Hysteresis losses & eddy current losses are zero.
- No leakage in transformer.
Q-14 Explain Core type Transformer?

Ans It has a single magnetic core and two leg or limbs. First of all some part of low
voltage winding (lv) is wound around the 2 limbs after that some part of high
voltage (hv) winding is wound over lv winding. After that again lv is winding is
wrapped over hv and so on. Both are wrapped over each other. Hence various
section lv are connected in series and various section hv are also connected in
series. Both are insulated by mica, paper etc.
Q-15 Explain Shell type Transformer?
Ans It has a double magnetic circuit and 3 limbs but winding will be wrapped around
the central limb. First of all lv is wound around central limb then hv will wrapped
then again lv and so on. In thus winding don’t overlap each other but they are of
disc type. Hence hv is sand-witched between 2 lv winding.
Q-16 Define Step up & Step down Transformer?
Ans Step Up: This transformer is used to boost up the voltage level from primary
winding to the secondary winding.
Step Down: This transformer is used to reduce the voltage level from primary
winding to the secondary winding.
Q-17 Explain the working of tank and other accessories like terminal, bushing,
conservator and breather?
Ans 1. Tank: It filled with insulating oil which provide cooling to both winding and
insulation to transformer assembly
2. Terminal and Bushing: The winding of transformer is brought outside and
covered with the procelain bushings.
3. Conservator: It permits the expansion of oil and keep the main transformer full
of oil. It is placed over tank.
4. Breather: It is placed over the conservator.It allow to pass the gasses in
atmosphere which is produces in the tank. It consist of silica gel to prevent
moisture enter inside the tank.
Q-18 Define Transformation Ratio?
Ans It is the ratio of sec. voltage to the primary voltage. Denoted by k. For Ideal
transformer: k = N2/N1 = V2/V1 = I1/I2
Q-19 Why the core of Transformer is laminated?
Ans To reduce eddy current loss. They are made up of thin laminated sheet & are
insulated from each other. Finally the solid structure is pressed to remove presence
of air gap.
Q-20 Explain the effect of cooling?
Ans To control the temp. of transformer we use some cooling mechanism like cooling
fins. It is attached with tank to prevent the harmful effect of excessive temp.
Q-21 Explain auto and audio transformer?
Ans It is smaller, lighter, cheaper as compare to dual winding transformer. In this single
winding act as primary & sec. winding. It does not provide electrical isolation.
Q-22 Is it Possible to Change Three Phase to Two Phase or Vice-Versa with
Standard Transformers?
Ans Yes. This is a very practical application for standard single phase off-the-shelf
transformers. Some typical voltage combinations are as follows: 480 volts three
phase to 240 volts two phase, or 240 volts three phase to 480 volts two phase, or
240 volts three phase to 240 volts two phase. Please refer to us for an exact
schematic.
Q-23 How Does a Transformer Work?

Ans A transformer works on the magnetic induction principle. It has no moving parts
and is a completely static solid state device, which insures, under normal operating
conditions, a long and trouble-free life. It consists, in its simplest form, of two or
more coils of insulated wire wound on a laminated steel core. When voltage is
introduced to one coil, called the primary, it magnetizes the iron core. A voltage
is induced in the other coil, called the secondary or output coil. The change of
voltage (or voltage ratio) between the primary and secondary depends on the turns
ratio of the two coils.
Q-24 What are Taps and When are They Used?
Ans Taps are provided on some transformers on the high voltage winding to correct
for high or low voltage conditions, and still deliver full rated output voltages at
the secondary terminals. Standard tap arrangements are at two and one-half and
five percent of the rated primary voltage for both high and low voltage conditions.
For example, if the transformer has a 480 volt primary and the available line
voltage is running at 504 volts, the primary should be connected to the 5% tap
above normal in order that the secondary voltage be maintained at the proper
rating.
Q-25 What is the Difference Between Insulating, Isolating, and Shielded Winding
Transformers?
Ans Insulating and Isolating transformers are identical. These terms are used to
describe the isolation of the primary and secondary windings, or insulation
between the two. A shielded winding transformer, on the other hand, is designed
with a metallic shield between the primary and secondary windings, providing a
safety factor by grounding, thus preventing accidental contact between windings
under faulty conditions. All two, three and four winding transformers are of the
insulating or isolating types. Only autotransformers, which are a type whose
primary and secondary are connected to each other electrically, are not of the
insulating or isolating variety.
Q-26 Can Transformers be Operated at Voltages other than Nameplate Voltages?
Ans In some cases, transformers can be operated at voltages below the nameplate rated
voltage. In NO case should a transformer be operated at a voltage in excess of its
nameplate rating unless taps are provided for this purpose. When operating below
the rated voltage the KVA capacity is reduced correspondingly. For example, if a
480 volt primary transformer with a 240 volt secondary is operated at 240 volts,
the secondary voltage is reduced to 120 volts and if the transformer were originally
rated 10 KVA, the reduced rating would be 5 KVA, or in direct proportion to the
applied voltage.
Q-27 Can 50-Hz Transformers be Operated at 60 Hz & Vice-versa ?
Ans 50 Hz Transformers rated below 1 KVA can be utilized on 60 Hz service. However
- transformers of 1 KVA & Larger rated at 60 HZ should not be used on 50 Hz
service due to higher losses and resultant heat rise .
Q-28 Can Transformers be Used in Parallel?
Ans Single phase transformers can be used in parallel only when their impedances and
voltages are equal. If unequal voltages are used a circulating current exists in the
closed network between the two transformers which will cause excess heating and
result in a shorter life of the transformer. In addition, impedance values of each
transformer must be within > 7.5percent of each other. For example: Transformer
A has an impedance 4percent, transformer B which is to be parallel to A must have
an impedance between the limits of 3.7percent & 4.3percent. When paralleling

three phase transformers the same precautions must be observed as listed above,
plus the angular displacement and phasing between the two transformers must be
identical. The resultant KVA when paralleling two or more transformers is 2 times
the nameplate KVA of the smallest transformer in the parallel system.
Q-29 Can 60 Hz Transformers be Used at Higher Frequencies?
Ans Transformers can be used at frequencies above 50 Hz up through 400 Hz with no
limitations provided nameplate voltages are not exceeded. However, 50 Hz
transformers will have less voltage regulation at 400 Hz than at 50 Hz. Where
better regulation and smaller physical size are required, contact us for special 400
Hz designs.
Q-30 What is Meant by Regulation in a Transformer?
Ans Voltage regulation in transformers is the difference between the no load voltage
and the full load voltage. This is usually expressed in terms of percentage. For
example: A transformer delivers 100 volts at no load and the voltage drops to
95volts at full load, the regulation would be 5percent. Our dry type distribution
transformers generally have regulation from 2percent to 4percent, depending on
the size and the application for which they are used.
Q-31 What is Meant by Temperature Rise in a Transformer?
Ans Temperature rise in a transformer is the temperature of the transformer is the
temperature of the windings and insulation above the existing ambient or
surrounding temperature, and is determined by the insulation class used in the
transformer coils.
Q-32 What is Meant by Insulation Class?
Ans Insulation class was a popular way of referencing insulating materials in their
ability to sustain long life while operating at different temperatures. Since it Is
difficult and at times confusing to describe different insulations by letter
designations, such as A, E, B, F & H; it is better to describe insulation as insulation
systems.
Q-33 Is One Insulation System Better Than Another?
Ans Not necessarily. For example: Small fractional KVA transformers use the class
105°C insulation system, which is 55°C rise. The class 150°C insulation system,
which is 80° C rise, has generally been superseded by a class 185° C insulation
system, which is 115° C rise. Medium KVA size transformers, approximately
371/2 KVA and larger, are generally manufactured using a 220° C insulation
system, which is 150° C rise. All of these insulation systems from 105° C through
220° C will normally have approximately the will normally have approximately
the same number of years operating life. A well designed transformer, observing
these temperature limits, should have a life expectancy of approximately 20- 25
years.
Q-34 Why Should Dry Type Transformers Never be Overloaded?
Ans Overloading of a transformer results in excessive temperature. This excessive
temperature causes overheating which will result in rapid deterioration of the
insulation and cause complete failure of the transformer coils.
Q-35 Are Temperature Rise and Actual Surface Temperature Related?
Ans No. This can be compared with an ordinary light bulb. The filament temperature
of a light bulb can exceed 2000 degrees, yet the surface temperature of the bulb is
low enough to permit touching with bare hands.
Q-36 What is Meant by Impedance in Transformers?

Ans Impedance is the current limiting characteristic of a transformer and is expressed

in percentage.
Q-37 Why is Impedance Important?
Ans It is used for determining the interrupting capacity of a circuit breaker or fuse
employed to protect the primary of a transformer.
Q-38 Can Single Phase Transformers be Used for Three Phase Applications?
Ans Yes. Three phase transformers are sometimes not readily available whereas single
phase transformers can generally be found in stock. Three single phase
transformers can be used in delta connected primary and wye or delta connected
secondary. They should never be connected wye primary to wye secondary, since
is will result in unstable Secondary voltages. The equivalent three phase capacity
when properly connected of three single phase transformers is three times the
nameplate rating of each single phase transformer, or example: Three 10 KVA
single phase transformers will accommodate a 30 KVA three phase load.
Q-39 WHAT is ZIG ZAG Grounding Transformer
Ans Three Single Phase Transformers can be connected to have a three phase Zig Zag
Transformer. This system can be used for either grounding or developing a fourth
WIRE from a three phase neutral. An example would be to change a 480 V —
three phase — three wire system to a 480Y/277 V — three phase — four wire
system.
Q-40 What Colour are generally used for Dry Type Transformers?
Ans Normally ligh gray is used on: Single phase 50 VA through 25 KVA and on three
phase 3 KVA through 15 KVA. Light gray is used with a pleasing bluegray on the
side and top covers on — Single phase 37 ½ KVA through 250 KVA and three
phase 20 KVA through 750 KVA.
Q-41 Can Transformers be Reconnected as Autotransformers to Increase Their
KVA Rating?
Ans Several of standard single phase transformers can be connected as
autotransformers. The KVA capacity will be greatly increased when used as an
Autotransformer, in comparison to the nameplate KVA as an insulating
transformer. Examples of autotransformer applications are changing 600 volts to
480 volts in either single phase or three phase; changing 480 volts to 240 volts
single three phase or vice versa; or the developing of a fourth vire (neutral) from
a 480 volt three phase three wire system or obtaining 277 volts single phase. This
voltage is normally used for operating fluorescent lamps or similar devices
requiring 277 volts.
Q-42 What is Corona and How Does it Affect Dry Type Transformers?
Ans Corona — a type of localized discharge resulting from transient gaseous ionization
in insulation systems when the voltage stress exceeds a critical value. In a dry type
transformer, part of the insulation system is air, which is referred to in the
definition as gas. If a transformer is not designed properly and the insulation is
overworked, it will result in the development of ionization of the air which in turn
causes deteriorating affects on the insulation of the transformer. This will result in
an extremely short life of the transformer. Our transformers are designed so that
they are corona-free even at voltages considerably higher than recommended
operating voltages. The reason is, if a momentary transient voltage occurs and
causes corona inception, the design of the transformer is such that the corona
extinction voltage level is appreciably higher than the operating voltage level;
therefore, corona will not be present during operation.

Q-43 What is BIL and How Does it Apply to our Transformers ?

Ans BIL is an abbreviation for Basic Impulse Level. Impulse tests are dielectric tests
that consist of the application of a high frequency steep wave front voltage
between windings, and between windings and ground. The Basic Impulse Level
of a transformer is a method of expressing the voltage surge (lightning, switching
surges, etc.) that a transformer will tolerate without breakdown. All transformers
manufactured for 600 volts and below will withstand BIL rating, which is 10 KV.
This assures the user that he will not experience breakdowns when his system is
properly protected with lightning arrestors or similar surge protection devices.
Q-44 What is Polarity, When Associated With a Transformer?
Ans Polarity is the instantaneous voltage obtained from the primary winding in relation
to the secondary winding. Transformers 600 volts and below are normally
connected in additive polarity — that is, the terminals of the high voltage and low
voltage windings on the left hand side are connected together, This leaves one
high voltage and one low voltage terminal unconnected. When the transformer is
excited, the resultant voltage appearing across a voltmeter will be the sum of the
high and low voltage windrings. This is useful when connecting single phase
transformers in parallel for three phase operations. Polarity is a term used only
with single phase transformers.
Q-45 What is Meant by Indoor or Outdoor Transformers?
Ans Indoor transformers are ordinarily defined as transformers suitable for indoor
operation only. Outdoor transformers are intended for indoor or outdoor operation.
The transformers illustrated in this catalog may be used for either indoor or
outdoor operation. However, it is desirable to supply some protection for the
transformer such that it will be shielded from direct exposure to rain, snow, or
submersion in water.
Q-46 Will a Transformer Change Three Phase to Single Phase?
Ans A transformer will not act as a phase changing device when attempting to change
three phase to single phase. There is no way that a transformer will take three
phase in and deliver single phase out while at the same time presenting a balanced
load to the three phase supply system. There are, however, circuits available to
change three phase to two phase or vice versa using standard dual wound trans-
formers.
Q-47 Range of our Dry Type Transformers?
Ans We manufactures the most complete line available of boost-buck transformers for
applications ranging from 80 to 520 volts single or three phase.
Further complete engineering and manufacturing facilities are available for
custom designed transformers — fractional through 5000 KVA ratings, low
voltage through 15 KV. Some of the applications in which these custom built
transformers are used are — instrumentation, telecommunications, computer
peripherals, rectifiers, reactors, oven and heating applications, and various others
to match the customers exact specifications. These transformers are available in
various temperature rise and insulation systems, along with possible convection,
forced air, water, or oil cooling as required by the customer.
Q-48 How Do You Size a Transformer for Operating a DC Motor?
Ans There are no straight forward simple formulas which can be used in sizing
transformers to operate DC motors. However, the transformer size can be
calculated accurately when the circuit is known for rectifying the AC to DC for
operating the motor. There are a great variety of circuits now in common use for

changing AC to DC. One of the more common circuits is the three phase full wave
bridge circuit employing three SCRs and three diodes.
Q-49 What is Meant by Balanced Loading on Single Phase Transformer
Applications?
Ans Since most single phase transformers have a secondary voltage of 120/240, they
will be operated as a three wire system. Care must be taken in properly distributing
the load as the transformer secondary consists of 2 separate 120 volt windings.
Each 120 volt winding is rated at one-half the nameplate KVA rating. For
example: A 10 KVA transformer, 120/240 volt secondary is to service an 8 KVA
load at 240 volts and two 1 KVA loads at 120 volts each. If the incorrect method
is used, winding A will be loaded at 6 KVA, and winding B will be loaded at 4
KVA. These do total 10 KVA but, since each winding is only rated at 5 KVA (V2
of nameplate rating), we have an overloaded transformer and a certain failure.
Q-50 What About Balanced Loading on Three Phase?
Ans Each phase of a three phase transformer must be considered as a single phase
transformer when determining loading. For example: A 45 KVA three phase
transformer with a 208Y/120 volt secondary is to service 4 loads at 120 volts
single phase each. These loads are 10 KVA, 5 KVA, 8 KVA, and 4 KVA.
Note that maximum loading on any phase does not exceed 10 KVA. Each phase
has a 15 KVA capacity.
Q-51 WHAT IS ELECTRIC MOTORS?
Ans An electric motor is an electrochemical device that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction of
magnetic field and current carrying conductors to generate force.
Q-52 ON WHAT PRINCIPLE ELECTRIC MOTOR WORKS?
Ans The Motor Principle: when a current-carrying conductor is located in an external
magnetic field perpendicular to the conductor, the conductor experiences a force
perpendicular to itself and to the external magnetic field. The physical principle
behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current
and a magnetic field.
The right-hand rule for force on a conductor can be used to determine the direction
of the force experienced on the conductor.
Q-53 HOW MANY TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS ARE THERE?
Ans Mainly there are two types of electric motors:
a. AC motors
b. DC motors
Q-54 WHAT IS AC MOTOR?
Ans An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). It
commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils
supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an
inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.
Q-55 WHAT IS DC MOTORS?
Ans A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct
current (DC). The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore so is its
current. The current in the rotor is switched by the commutator to also be
stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator and rotor
magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum
torque.
Q-56 WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTOR?

Ans Electric motors applications are: industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine
tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, record players.
Q-57 WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AC, DC
MOTORS?
Ans Advantages of AC Motors:
1. Low cost,
2. long life,
3. high efficiency,
4. large ratings available (to 1 MW or more),
5. large number of standardized types.
Disadvantages of AC Motors:
1. Starting inrush current can be high,
2. speed control requires variable frequency source.
Advantages of DC Motors:
1. Precision positioning,
2. High holding torque,
3. Long lifespan,
4. Low maintenance,
5. High efficiency
Disadvantages of DC Motors:
1. Some can be costly,
2. Require a controller,
3. Higher initial cost,
4. Requires a controller.
Q-58 WHAT IS UNIVERSAL MOTOR?
Ans A series-wound motor is known as a universal motor when it has been designed
to operate on either AC or DC power. It operate well on AC because the current
in both the field and the armature (and hence the resultant magnetic fields) will
alternate in synchronism and hence, the resulting mechanical force will occur in a
constant direction of rotation.
Q-59 WHAT ARE THE STANDARDS OF MOTOR?
Ans The following are major designs and manufacturing standards covering electric
motors:
International Electro-technical Commission: IEC 60034 Rotating Electrical
Machines
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (USA): NEMA MG 1 Motors and
Generators
Underwriters Laboratories (USA): UL 1004 – Standard for Electric Motors
Q-60 What is the back emf ?
Ans When the motor armature continues to rotate due to motot action the armature
conductor cuts te magentic flux, and therefore emf are induced in them the
direction of this induced emf is such that it oppose the applied voltage therefore
this is called Back emf. .
Q-61 Why the DC motors are mostly gear motor ?
Ans Because the low speed motor are much more expensive than high speed motors of
the same kW o/p rating.

Q-62 What is the suitable dc motor for electric traction ?

Ans DC series motor.
Q-63 What is the suitable dc motor for vacuum cleaner ?
Ans DC series motor.
Q-64 What is the suitable dc motor for paper making ?
Ans DC cumulative compound motor.
Q-65 What is the suitable dc motor for shearing and punching ?
Ans DC cumulative compound motor.
Q-66 What will be the effect on the direction of rotation of dc motor if the supply
terminal are reversed ?
Ans No effect because direction of the rotation changes when the direction of magnetic
field changes.
Q-67 Why series motors are preferred for traction purpose ?
Ans due to large starting torque and slow down with the increase the load and
automatically relieved from the heavy excessive load.
Q-68 How can the direction of the dc motor be determined ?
Ans By applying Flemings left hand rule .
Q-69 What is dynamo ?
Ans A dynamo is the machine which convert either mechanical energy to electrical
energy or vise versa.
Q-70 Can a generator produce electricity ?
Ans No, it can only creates a potential difference, which causes the flow the current.
Q-71 What is the essential parts of DC machine ?
Ans Field system, Armature, commutatore, Brushes, Armature winding, Bearings,
Shafts.
Q-72 What is the function of commutator?
Ans The commutatore is the form of rotating switch placed b/w the armature and
external circuit and so arrange that it reverses the connection to the external circuit
at the instant of each reversal of the current in the armature coil and thus convert
induced alternating current in armature coil into direct current in the external load
circuit.
Q-73 What is Armature reaction ?
Ans The effect of the magnetic field setup by the armature current on the distribution
of flux under the main pole of the DC machine is known as the Armature reaction.
Q-74 What is the function of armature in the generator ?
Ans It rotates the conductors in to uniform magnetic field and provide the path of very
low reluctance to the magnetic flux.
Q-75 What is meant by regenerative braking?
Ans When the supply is cutt off for a running motor, it still continue running due to
inertia. In order to stop it quickly we place a load(resitor) across the armature
winding and the motor should have maintained continuous field supply. so that
back e.m.f voltage is made to apply across the resistor and due to load the motor
stops quickly.This type of breaking is called as Regenerative Breaking.
Q-76 Why is the starting current high in a DC motor?
Ans DC motors, Voltage equation is V=Eb-IaRa (V = Terminal voltage,Eb = Back emf
in Motor,Ia = Armature current,Ra = Aramture resistance).At starting, Eb is zero.

Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra ,where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will

become enormously increased.
Q-77 Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads?
Ans For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary must be star
winding. and this lighting load is always unbalanced in all three phases. To
minimize the current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding in the
primary. So delta / star transformer is used for lighting loads.
Q-78 Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?
Ans Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting torque. Series
motor are used in Trains, Crane etc.
Q-79 Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer ie:body earthing & nutral
earthing , what is function. i am going to install a 5oo kva tranformer & 380
kva DG set what should the earthing value?
Ans The two types of earthing are Familiar as Equipment earthing and Sysytem
earthing. In Equipment earthing: body ( non conducting part)of the eqipment shold
be earthed to safegaurd the human beings.system Earthing : In this neutral of the
supply source ( Transformer or Generator) should be grounded. With this, in case
of unbalanced loading neutral will not be shifted.so that unbalanced voltages will
not arise. We can protect the equipment also. With size of the equipment(
transformer or alternator)and selection of relying system earthing will be further
classified into directly earthed,Impedance earthing, resistive (NGRs) earthing.
Q-80 Tell me in detail about c.t. and p.t. ?
Ans The term C.T means current transformer, and the term P.T means potential
transformer. In ckt where measurements of high voltage and high current is
involved they are used there.Particularly when a measuring device like voltmeter
or ammeter is not able to measure such high value of quantity because of large
value of torque due to such high value it can damage the measuring device.so, CT
and PT are introduced in the ckts. They work on the same principle of transformer,
which is based on linkage of electro magneticflux produced by primary with
secondary.They work on the ratio to they are designed.E.g if CTis of ratio 5000A
and it has to measure secondary current of 8000A.then ANS=8000*5000=8A and
this result will be given to ammeter .and after measuring 8A we can calculate the
primary current. Same is the operation of PT but measuring voltage.
Q-81 There are a Transformer and an induction machine. Those two have the same
supply. For which device the load current will be maximum? And why?
Ans The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer bcoz the motor
consumes real power.. And the transformer is only producing the working flux
and it’s not consuming.. hence the load current in the transformer is because of
core loss so it is minimum.
Q-82 What is power factor? whether it should be high or low? Why?
Ans Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the system. Low
power factor means losses will be more.it is the ratio of true power to apperent
power. it has to be ideally 1. if it is too low then cable over heating & equipment
overloading will occur. if it is greater than 1 then load will act as capacitor and
starts feeding the source and will cause tripping.(if pf is poor ex: 0.17 to meet
actual power load has to draw more current(V constant),result in more lossesif pf
is good ex: 0.95 to meet actual power load has to draw less current(V
constant),result in less losses).
Q-83 How many types of colling system it transformers?

Ans 1. ONAN (oil natural, air natural)

2. ONAF (oil natural, air forced)
3. OFAF (oil forced, air forced)
4. ODWF (oil direct, water forced)
5. OFAN (oil forced, air forced)
Q-84 Give two basic sprrd control scheme of DC shunt motor?
Ans By using flux control method: in this method a rheostat is connected across the
field wdg to control the field current.so by changing the current the flux produced
by the field wdg can be changed, and since speed is inversely proportional to flux
speed can be controlled 2.armature control method: in this method a rheostat is
connected across armature wdg.by varying the resistance the value of resistive
drop(IaRa)can be varied, and since speed is directly propotional to Eb-IaRa the
speed can be controlled.
Q-85 Enlist types of dc generator?
Ans D.C.Generators are classified into two types
1)separatly exicted d.c.generator
2)self exicted d.c.generator, which is further classified into;
1)series 2)shunt and 3)compound(which is further classified into cumulative
and differential).
Q-86 What is 2 phase motor?
Ans A two phase motor is a motor with the starting winding and the running winding
have a phase split. e.g;ac servo motor. Where the auxiliary winding and the control
winding have a phase split of 90 degree.
Q-87 What is the significance of vector grouping in Power Transformers?
Ans Every power transformer has a vector group listed by its manufacturer.
Fundamentally it tells you the information about how the windings are connected
(delta or wye) and the phace difference between the current and voltage. EG.
DYN11 means Delta primary, Wye Secondary and the current is at 11 o clock
referred to the voltage.
Q-88 Which type of A.C motor is used in the fan (ceiling fan, exhaust fan, padestal
fan, bracket fan etc) which are find in the houses ?
Ans Its Single Phase induction motor which mostly squirrel cage rotor and are
capacitor start capacitor run.
Q-89 Which motor has high Starting Torque and Staring current DC motor,
Induction motor or Synchronous motor?
Ans DC Series motor has high starting torque. We cannot start the Induction motor and
Synchronous motors on load, but cannot start the DC series motor without load.
Q-90 What are the main functions of control gear?
Ans 1. To provide a means of starting and stopping the motor and, at the same time,
of limiting the starting current if required.
2. To give adequate protection to the motor under all conditions.
3. To allow speed changing when required.
4. To provide means of braking the motor when required.
5. To reverse the direction of rotation when required.
Protection of the motor must be automatic, but the other operations may be
arranged to be under the control of an operator, or may be partly or fully-
automatic.
Q-91 What devices are required to give adequate protection to the motor?

Ans 1. Under-voltage release to prevent automatic restarting after a stoppage due to a

drop in voltage or failure of the supply, where unexpected restarting of the motor
might cause injury to an operator.
2. Overload relays for protection against excessive current in the motor windings
- e.g. in the event of overload or failure of the motor.
3. Earth fault.
4. Single phase protection.
Q-92 What provision must be made for short-circuit conditions in motor circuits?
Ans Since overload relays are not designed to operate and clear the circuit in the event
of a short-circuit. Circuit-breaker or fuse protection of sufficient breaking capacity
to deal with any possible short-circuit that may occur must be provided.
Q-93 What are the usual forms of overload relay in motor-control gear?
Ans In small contactor starters, generally thermal relays, either of the solder pot or
bimetal type. With large contactors or oil switches, magnetic relays of the solenoid
type with dashpots. Either type of overload relay may be used within intermediate
sizes.
Q-94 How do thermal relays work?
Ans The bimetallic thermal relay consists of a small bimetallic strip that is heated by
an element connected in series with the supply. When the current rises above a
preset value, the movement of the strip releases a catch which opens the trip
contacts. In recent years more modern electronic relays are used which simulate
the thermal overload. Many of these relays also incorporate a memory, i.e.
simulates the temperature rise / cooling curve of the winding.
Q-95 How does the magnetic overload relay operate?
Ans A solenoid connected in series with the supply contains a plunger whose
movement is damped by a dashpot. When the safe current is exceeded, the
solenoid pulls the plunger up - disconnecting the supply. The damping provided
by the dashpot prevents unwarranted tripping on short-time overloads.
Q-96 How many overload relays are required in the control gear?
Ans On three-phase supplies where the neutral point of the system is connected to
earth, as is usually the case, three overload relays (one in each line) are necessary
for complete protection. For 2-phase 3-wire and 4-wire supplies, two overload
relays are required, one in each phase line, none being connected in any neutral or
earth conductor. With single-phase motors one overload relay in any conductor
except an earthed conductor or neutral.
Q-97 What happens when one of the three lines supplying a three-phase induction
motor becomes open-circuited?
Ans The motor, if already running, will continue to run as a single-phase motor on the
remaining single-phase supply. The condition is called single-phasing. If the
motor is loaded to more than about 30 per cent of full load, the currents in the
motor windings tend to become excessive and overheating occurs. With one line
broken, the motor will not start up and, due to the heavy standstill current, burn-
out is likely unless the motor is quickly disconnected.
Q-98 Will normal overload relays trip on single-phasing?
Ans If correctly set, the normal overloads will trip when the motor is fully loaded due
to the rise in current passing through the closed supply lines. With a delta-
connected motor partially loaded, the rise in line current may not be sufficient to
operate the overload trip and one phase may became excessively overheated.
Q-99 What special protection can be provided against single-phasing?

Ans One method is to incorporate a combined overload and single-phase relay in the
control gear. A typical relay of this type includes three overload relays with trip
contacts so arranged that it will trip if the displacement of one overload element
differs from that of the others. This type of relay will operate if single-phasing
occurs at or near full load with the same time delay as on overload, but at light
loads, the time delay for single-phase protection is longer. Another device is a
phase-failure relay in the control gear. Its principle is based on the fact that the
currents in the supply lines or the voltages between them at the motor terminals
are unbalanced when the motor is single-phasing. The phase-failure relay may be
of the current or voltage-operated type which trips out the line switch when one
of the supply lines becomes open circuited.
Q-100 What are the alternatives to the use of overload releases?
Ans Direct protection against overheating or burning-out of motor windings may be
built into the motor. Built-in protectors may take the form of thermostats or
thermistors embedded in the end windings of the stator while the motor is under
construction. These devices are sensitive to the winding temperatures and are
arranged in a suitable circuit so as to cause the motor to be switched off if the
windings heat up excessively.
Q-101 How are built in thermal overload protector arranged?
Ans On smaller motors LV mush winding motors, these detectors are embedded in the
overhang of the winding. On the medium voltage motors these are placed in
between bottom and top coils in the slot portion of the core.
Q-102 How do built-in thermal overload protectors work?
Ans Thermistors are very small semiconductor devices whose resistance changes
rapidly with temperature. Three thermistors are inserted in the end-windings of
the stator, one in each phase, and are connected in series. The two thermistor
terminals at the motor are connected to an electronic-amplifier-control unit in the
starter, through which the tripping circuit of the starter is operated. The response
of the thermistors to temperature change is extremely rapid, allowing this type of
protection to be effective under all motor overload conditions.
Q-103 Resistance temperature devices (RTD)
Ans This is a resistance which increases linearly with temperature rise. The most
commonly used in motors is embedded in an epoxy glass type wedge which can
be inserted between the upper and lower coils. The resistance is measured with an
electronic amplifier control unit which is converted to temperature. This unit has
adjustable settings to allow for alarm and trip with contacts which are then used
in the motor starter circuit.
Q-104 What’s is Thermocouples?
Ans A thermocouple is two dissimilar metals which are joined together and with a
change in temperature, creates a voltaic action. This gives out a milli-volt signal
which is then measured with an electronic amplifier control unit converting the
measurement to temperature.
Q-105 When is direct-on-line starting used for three-phase squirrel-cage motors?
Ans It is usual for small LV machines; for larger motors it is often necessary to use
other methods of starting in order to ovoid excessive starting currents. HV motors
are usually DOL started. (since amps are low)
Q-106 What are the connections for direct-on-line starters?
Ans The scheme of connections is merely three line leads in and three motor leads out.
Direct-on-line contactor starters are designed round the basic circuit shown. An
isolating switch may be incorporated in the starter. If reversing is required, two

contactors one for each rotation, are required and are interlocked so that only one
can close at a time. A hand-operated oil switch with under-voltage trip coil may
be used with larger motors.
Q-107 What methods are employed to reduce the starting current of squirrel-cage
motors?
Ans Where the starting conditions are light, the starting current can be lessened by
some method of reducing the stator voltage when switching on.
There are four ways of starting on reduced voltage:
1. Primary-resistance starting - introducing resistance between the supply and the
stator windings.
2. Primary-reactor starting - introducing a reactor in series with the stator
windings, usually connected in the star point.
3. Star-delta starting - connecting the stator windings in star for starting and in
delta for running.
4. Auto-transformer starting - supplying the stator windings through tappings on
an auto-transformer.
Q-108 When is primary-resistance starting employed?
Ans Generally only for small motors on light-starting duty. The method is easily
adjustable to suit the load and gives a smooth breakaway against low torque. If the
resistance is adjustable, as in a faceplate starter, starting can be very smooth and
this is useful for motors that must be started without any shock that might cause
injury to the material being handled by the driven machine.
Q-109 When is the primary reactor method of starting employed?
Ans Mainly for high-tension motors on very light-starting load where a fairly heavy
starting current can be permitted e.g. boiler-feed pumps in a large power station.
The start button must be depressed until the switch is moved into the run position.
I indicates contactor coil, line switch and maintaining contacts operated by the
contactor coil.
Q-110 When is the star-delta starter used?
Ans When the starting current has to be reduced and starting current and torque values
one-third of those obtained with direct-on-line starting are suitable. It is necessary
that the motor be designed to operate with the primary winding connected in delta,
but with six terminals brought out to allow for connection in star during starting.
The plain star-delta method is used for small and medium-sized motors on light-
starting loads, e.g. centrifugal pumps, fans having low inertia, line shafting and
motor-generator sets. The Wauchope-type has the same uses but prevents the drop
in speed when the stator is disconnected from the supply in changing from star to
delta. Switching is done through resistances to maintain continuous line contact.
This also obviates the momentary high current when switching from star to delta.
Q-111 What are the connections for a star-delta starter?

Ans Motors arranged for star-delta starting have six terminals - the two ends of each
phase winding being brought out to terminals marked U1, V1, W1 and U2, V2,
W2. These terminals are connected to similarly-marked terminals in the starter.
The basic circuit of a typical hand-operated air-break or oil-immersed starter is
shown in the diagram, the incoming supply being controlled by a line contactor.
With the change-over switch in the start position, the motor windings are
connected in star (U1, V1 and W1 together) and in the running position in delta

(U2 to W1, V2 to U1 and W2 to V1). In starting the motor, the handle of the
change-over switch is put into the start position, as indicated, and the start button
is pressed. This energizes the contactor coil which closes the triple-pole main
switch and auxiliary switch (1). Note that the contactor coil cannot be energized
unless the changeover switch has been placed in the start position. When the motor
has reached full speed, which is noticeable by sound, the handle of the change-
over switch is moved to the run position and the start button is released. The motor
is now directly connected to the line. In some star-delta starters, the overload units
are by-passed in the start position. A complete connection diagram of a hand-
operated star-delta starter with this feature is also shown. Apart from the fact that
the over-load units are brought into circuit only in the ~run~ position, the circuit
is the same at the basic circuit. A fully-automatic star-delta starter has two
contactors and a triple-pole line contactor with time-delay relay between start and
run connections.
Q-112 When is an auto-transformer starter used?
Ans When more flexibility is required for starting a squirrel-cage motor than is
provided by the star-delta method, which is limited as far as starting torque is
concerned. Auto-transformer starting permits the stator to be wound for running
in star. The starting torque can be adjusted to suit the load by changing the voltage
tapping on the auto-transformer. Both starting torque and current are reduced in
the same proportion. It is used for motors of medium and large size on light
starting loads (e.g. centrifugal pumps, fans, compressors and mills). Up to about
75kW the simple auto-transformer starter is employed; above this, the Korndorfer
Connection is recommended.
Q-113 What does the simple auto-transformer starter consist of?
Ans The motor is started by connecting its primary to tappings on the starting
transformer; then after a time delay, re-connecting direct to the supply. The
winding on each limb of the auto-transformer usually has three taps, 60, 75 and
85 per cent of line voltage, but taps to give other percentages may be arranged as
required. The auto-transformer may be used in conjunction with a contactor panel,
or alternatively a hand-operated switch.
The accompanying illustration shows the wiring diagram of an auto-transformer
starter consisting of a line contactor interlocked with a hand-operated change-over
switch, three thermal or magnetic overload relays and an auto-transformer.
Q-114 What are the connections for the Korndorfer system?
Ans The simple auto-transformer starter has the disadvantage that at the instant of
transition from start to run the supply to the motor is interrupted. This means that
the insulation may be stressed by high transient voltages. The Korndorfer method
keeps the motor connected to the supply continuously by means of the connections
shown in the diagram. On the first step (1), switches 1 and 2 close and the motor
accelerates at a reduced voltage determined by the transformer tapping. On the
second step (2), the star point of the transformer (switch 2) is opened so that the
motor continues to run with part of the transformer winding in circuit. Next, this
part is short-circuited by the run contactor or switch (switch 3 closes) and finally
the start contactor or switch (1) is opened, as shown at (3). A fully automatic starter
would comprise a triple-pole line contactor, start contactor, running contactor,
three single-pole overload relays, auto-transformer with a set of links for tap-
changing, a suitable timer, and start and stop pushbuttons.

Q-115 What precautions should be observed when applying reduced voltage

starting to a load with rising characteristic such as fans?
Ans If the specified starting current is too low, the motor may start correctly but not
run fully up to speed. The result is that on changing over to the running or full-
voltage condition a very high current may be taken, thus negating the low initial
current. For this reason, even with fan drives, it is not desirable to pin the starting
current lower than about 200 percent of full-load current.
Q-116 What are the initial-starting line current and motor torque when star-delta
starting?
Ans Both line current and torque are approximately one-third of the motor standstill
values on full volts.
Q-117 Why are the above values of initial-starting current and torque approximate?
Ans Because the formulae given assume for simplicity that the standstill/reactance of
a motor is constant at all voltages -that the short-circuit current varies in direct
proportion to the applied voltage. Owing to magnetic saturation, particularly of
the slot lips, the standstill reactance tends to be less on full volts than on reduced
volts so the current and torque values tend to be rather less than those obtained by
the formulae given.
Q-118 How do the various methods of starting on reduced voltage compare as
regards torque per ampere?
Ans Star-delta and auto-transformer methods have the advantage over primary
resistance and primary reactor methods.
Q-119 What mechanical methods of reducing starting current can be adopted?
Ans The starting duty can be reduced by fitting a centrifugal or other type of clutch
which only picks up the load when the motor is well up to speed.
Q-120 What is sequence starting?
Ans A system of starting by which several motors of similar rating are started in
sequence off one starter in conjunction with interlocked switching.
Q-121 How are slip-ring motors started?
Ans By first switching the supply on the stator winding with all the external rotor
resistance in circuit across the slip rings and then cutting out the rotor resistance
progressively as the motor speeds up until finally the rotor winding is short-
circuited.
Q-122 How is speed control of a slip-ring motor effected?
Ans By introducing resistance into the rotor circuit similar to a starting resistance
except that the heat losses in the resistance must be dissipated continuously.
Unless the duty is intermittent, all except small sizes require some means of
cooling the resistors. Grid resistances with a motor-driven fan may be used in
conjunction with a drum controller. Alternative methods are oil-immersed
resistances or a liquid resistance cooled by circulating water through cooling
tubes.
Q-123 What is liquid resistance?
Ans Insulated pots filled with a resistance solution of electrolyte, e.g. caustic soda or
washing soda. Plates connected to the slip rings dip into the pots and are shorted
out in the full-speed position. Liquid starters and controllers are used for large
motors.
Q-124 What is the advantage of a liquid resistance for starting purposes?
Ans Resistance may be reduced continuously so that, with close control over the
current as indicated on an ammetre, a very smooth start can be obtained.
Q-125 What is a slip resistance?

Ans A fixed step of rotor resistance used to limit the current taken from the supply at
the instant when peak load is applied to the motor. It is often desirable to do this
on press drives, guillotines, etc. As the resistance value is small, it is usual to have
a conventional starter so arranged that the last step of resistance is not cut out when
the starting handle is right home. This last step of resistance is continuously rated.
Q-126 What is meant by motors in synchronous tie?
Ans When the two slip-ring motors are required to run at the same speed, it is possible
to do this by connecting their rotors together through the slip rings in conjunction
with a single slip resistance. The starter for such a scheme includes a single rotor
resistance, the last step of which is the continuously-rated slip resistance, and two-
stator contactors, one for each motor.
In order to limit the circulating current in the event of the motors being out of
phase when started, a reactance is usually inserted in the interconnecting tie. The
reactor is wound in two sections, and connected so that it is non-inductive to
currents flowing through each half into the slip resistance but inductive to
circulating currents between rotors. This reactance also assists load sharing when
the two motors are driving a common load, as for example travel motors at
opposite ends of an overhead crane.
Q-127 Why almost all large size Synchronous machines are constructed with
rotating field system type?
Ans The following are the principal advantages of the rotating field system type
construction of Synchronous machines:
• The relatively small amount of power, about 2percent, required for field system
via slip-rings and brushes.
• For the same air gap dimensions, which is normally decided by the kVA rating,
more space is available in the stator part of the machine for providing more
insulation to the system of conductors, especially for machines rated for 11kV or
above.
• Insulation to stationary system of conductors is not subjected to mechanical
stresses due to centrifugal action.
• Stationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation.
• It is easy to provide cooling arrangement for a stationary system of conductors.
• Firm stationary connection between external circuit and system of conductors
enable he machine to handle large amount of volt-ampere as high as 500MVA.
Q-128 Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an Altenator.
Ans Frequency of emf induced in an Alternator,f ,expressed in cycles per second or
Hz, is given by the following equation
F = (PN)/120 Hz,
Where P- Number of poles
N-Speed in rpm
Q-129 How are alternators classified?
Ans According to type of field system
• Stationary field system type
• Rotating field system type
According to shape of field system

• Salient pole type
• Smooth cylindrical type

Q-130 Name the types of Alternator based on their rotor construction.

Ans Alternators can be classified into the following two types according to its rotor
construction
• Smooth cylindrical type alternator
• Salient pole alternator
Q-131 Why do cylindrical Alternators operate with steam turbines?
Ans Steam turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency only at high speeds.
The high speed operation of rotors tends to increase mechanical losses and so the
rotors should have a smooth external surface. Hence, smooth cylindrical type
rotors with less diameter and large axial length are used for Synchronous
generators driven by steam turbines with either 2 or 4 poles.
Q-132 Which type of Synchronous generators are used in Hydro-electric plants and
why?
Ans As the speed of operation is low for hydro turbines use din Hydro-electric plants,
salient pole type Synchronous generators are used. These allow better ventilation
and also have other advantages over smooth cylindrical type rotor.
Q-133 What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for
Synchronous machines?
Ans Advantages of salient-pole type construction are :
• They allow better ventilation
• The pole faces are so shaped that the radial air gap length increases from the
pole center to the pole tips so that the flux distribution in the air-gap is sinusoidal
in shape which will help the machine to generate sinusoidal emf
• Due to the variable reluctance the machine develops additional reluctance power
which is independent of excitation
Q-134 Why is the stator core of Alternator laminated?
Ans The stator core of Alternator is laminated to reduce eddy current loss.
Q-135 How does electrical degree differ from mechanical degree?
Ans Mechanical degree is the unit for accounting the angle between two points based
on their mechanical or physical placement.
Electrical degree is used to account the angle between two points in rotating
electrical machines. Since all electrical machines operate with the help of
magnetic fields, the electrical degree is accounted with reference to the magnetic
field. 180 electrical degree is accounted as the angle between adjacent North and
South poles.
Q-136 What is the relation between electrical degree and mechanical degree?
Ans electrical degree θe and mechanical degree θm are related to one another by the
number of poles P, the electrical machine has , as given by the following equation
θe = (P/2)θm
Q-137 What is distributed winding?
Ans When coil-sides belonging to each phase are housed or distributed in more than
one slot under each pole region then the winding is called distributed winding
A full pitch coil has width of coil otherwise called coil-span as 180ºε where β
angle between adjacent slots in electrical degree and x=1,2,3…
Q-138 Why is short pitch winding preferred over full-pitch winding ?
Ans Advantages
• Waveform of the emf can be approximately made to a sine wave and distorting
harmonics can be reduced or totally eliminated.
• Conductor material , copper , is saved in the back and front end connections due
to less coil-span.
• Fractional slot winding with fractional number of slots/phase can be used which
in turn reduces the tooth ripples.
• Mechanical strength of the coil is increased.
Q-139 Define winding factor.
Ans The winding factor Kd is defined as the ratio of phasor addition of emf induced in
all the coils belonging to each phase winding to their arithmetic addition.
Q-140 Why are Alternators rated in kVA and not in kW?
Ans The continuous power rating of any machine is generally defined as the power the
machine or apparatus can deliver for a continuous period so that the losses incurred
in the machine gives rise to a steady temperature rise not exceeding the limit
prescribed by the insulation class.
Apart from the constant loss incurred in Alternators is the copper loss, occurring
in the 3 –phase winding which depends on I^2.R, the square of the current
delivered by the generator. As the current is directly related to apparent – power
delivered by the generator , the Alternators have only their apparent power in
VA/kVA/MVA as their power rating.
Q-141 What are the causes of changes in voltage in Alternators when loaded?
Ans Variations in terminal voltage in Alternators on load condition are due to the
following three causes:
• Voltage variation due to the resistance of the winding, R
• Voltage variation due to the leakage reactance of the winding, Xt
• Voltage variation due to the armature reaction effect, Xa
Q-142 What is meant by armature reaction in Alternators?
Ans the interaction between flux set up by current carrying conductor Φa and the main
filed flux Φm is defined as the armature conductors and the ain filed flux is defined
as the armature reation
Q-143 What do you mean by synchronous reactance?
Ans Synchronous reactance X s= (Xl + Xa)
The value of leakage reactance Xl is constant for a machine based on its
construction. Xa depends on saturating condition of the machine. It is the addition
of Xa , which represent the armature reaction effect between two synchronously
acting magnetic fields that makes the total reactance Xa to be called syncheornous
reactance.
Q-144 What is meant by synchronous impedance of an Alternator?
Ans The complex addition of resistance, R and synchronous reactance , jXs can be
represented together by a single complex impedance Zs called synchronous
impedance.
In complex form Zs = (R + jXs )
In polar form Zs = (|Zs|∠θ)
Where |Zs|= √R² + X²s
and θ = tan¯¹(Xs/R)
Q-145 What is meant by load angle of an Alternator?
Ans The phase angle introduced between the induced emf phasor, E and terminal
voltage phasor , U during the load condition of an Alternator is called load angle.
Q-146 Upon what factors does the load angle depend?
Ans The magnitude of load angle δ increases with increase in load. Further the load
angle is positive during generator operation and negative during motor operation
Q-147 An Alternator is found to have its terminal voltage on load condition more
than that on no load. What is the nature of the load connected?
Ans The nature of the load is of leading power factor , load consisting of resistance and
capacitive reactance.
Q-148 Define the term voltage regulation of Alternator.
Ans The voltage regulation of an Alternator is defined as the change in terminal voltage
from no-load to load condition expressed as a fraction or percentage of terminal
voltage at load condition ; the speed and excitation conditions remaining same.
Voltage regulation in percentage , Urp = [(|E|-|U|)/|U| ]x 100
Q-149 What is the necessity for predetermination of voltage regulation?
Ans Most of the Alternators are manufactured with large power rating , hundreds of
kW or MW, and also with large voltage rating up to 33kV. For Alternators of such
power and voltage ratings conducting load test is not possible. Hence other indirect
methods of testing are used and the performance like voltage regulation then can
be predetermined at any desired load currents and power factors.
Q-150 Name the various methods for predetermining the voltage regulation of 3-
phase Alternator.
Ans The following are the three methods which are used to predetermine the voltage
regulation of smooth cylindrical type Alternators
• Synchronous impedance / EMF method
• Ampere-turn / MMF method
• Potier / ZPF method
Q-151 How synchronous impedance is calculated from OCC and SCC?
Ans Synchronous impedance is calculated from OCC and SCC as |Zs| = E0/Isc(for
same If)
A compromised value of Zs is normally estimated by taking the ratio of (E0/Isc)
at normal field current Ifn. A normal field current Ifn is one which gives rated
voltage Ur on open circuit. |Zs| = Ur/Iscn
Q-152 What are the advantages and disadvantages of estimating the voltage
regulation of an Alternator by EMF method?
Ans Advantages:
• Simple no load tests (for obtaining OCC and SCC) are to be conducted
• Calculation procedure is much simpler
Disadvantages:
• The value of voltage regulation obtained by this method is always higher than
the actual value
Q-153 Why is the synchronous impedance method of estimating voltage regulation
considered as pessimistic method?
Ans Compared to other methods, the value of voltage regulation obtained by the
synchronous impedance method is always higher than the actual value and
therefore this method is called the pessimistic method.
Q-154 In what way does the ampere-turn method differ from synchronous
impedance method?
Ans The ampere-turn /MMF method is the converse of the EMF method in the sense
that instead of having the phasor addition of various voltage drops/EMFs, here the
phasor addition of MMF required for the voltage drops are carried out. Further the
effect of saturation is also taken care of.
Q-155 What are the test data required for predetermining the voltage regulation of
an Alternator by MMF method?

Ans Data required for MMF method are :

• Effective resistance per phase of the 3-phase winding R
• Open circuit characteristic (OCC) at rated speed/frequency
• Short circuit characteristic (SCC) at rated speed/frequency
Q-156 Why is the MMF method of estimating the voltage regulation considered as
the optimistic method?
Ans Compared to the EMF method, MMF method, involves more number of complex
calculation steps. Further the OCC is referred twice and SCC is referred once
while predetermining the voltage regulation for each load condition. Reference of
OCC takes care of saturation effect. As this method require more effort, the final
result is very close to the actual value. Hence this method is called optimistic
method.
Q-157 State the condition to be satisfied before connecting two alternators in
parallel
Ans The following are the three conditions to be satisfied by synchronizing the
additional Alternator with the existing one or the common bus-bars.
• The terminal voltage magnitude of the incoming Alternator must be made equal
to the existing Alternator or the bus-bar voltage magnitude.
• The phase sequence of the incoming Alternator voltage must be similar to the
bus-bar voltage.
• The frequency of the incoming Alternator voltage must be the same as the bus-
bar voltage.
Q-158 How do the synchronizing lamps indicate the correctness of phase sequence
between existing and incoming Alternators?
Ans The correctness of the phase sequence can be checked by looking at the three sets
of lamps connected across the 3-pole of the synchronizing switch. If the lamps
grow bright and dark in unison it is an indication of the correctness of the phase
sequence. If on the other hand, they become bright and dark one after the other,
connections to any two machine terminals have to be interchanged after shutting
down the machine.
Q-159 What are the advantages and disadvantages of three dark lamps method of
synchronizing?
Ans Advantages:
• The synchronous switch using lamps is inexpensive
• Checking for correctness of the phase sequence can be obtained in a simple
manner which is essential especially when the Alternator is connected for the first
time or for fresh operation after disconnection
Disadvantages:
• The rate of flickering of the lamps only indicates the frequency difference
between the bus-bar and the incoming Alternator. The frequency of the incoming
Alternator in relation to the bus-bar frequency is not available.
Q-160 How synchronoscope is used for synchronizing Alternators?
Ans Synchronoscope can be used for permanently connected Alternators where the
correctness of phase sequence is already checked by other means. Synchronoscope
is capable of rotating in both directions. The rate of rotation of the pointer indicates
the amount of frequency difference between the Alternators. The direction of
rotation indicates whether incoming Alternator frequency is higher or lower than
the existing Alternator. The TPST switch is closed to synchronise the incoming
Alternator when the pointer faces the top thick line marking.
Q-161 Why synchronous generators are to be constructed with more synchronous

reactance and negligible resistance?
Ans The presence of more resistance in the Synchronous generators will resist or
oppose their synchronous operation. More reactance in the generators can cause
good reaction between the two and help the generators to remain in synchronism
in spite of any disturbance occurring in any one of the generators.
Q-162 List the factors that affect the load sharing in parallel operating generators?
Ans The total active and reactive power delivered to the load, connected across the
common bus-bars, are shared among Synchronous generators, operating in
parallel, based on the following three factors
• Prime-mover characteristic/input
• Excitation level and
• Percentage synchronous impedance and its R/X ratio
Q-163 How does the change in prime mover input affect the load sharing?
Ans An increase in prime-mover input to a particular generator causes the active power
shared by it to increase and a corresponding decrease in active-power shared by
other generators. The change in reactive power sharing is less appreciable. The
frequency of the bus-bar voltage will also subjected to slight increase in value.
Q-164 How does change in excitation affects the load sharing?
Ans The decrease in excitation in one generator causes the reactive power shared by it
to decrease and a corresponding increase in reactive-power shared by other
generators. The change in active-power sharing is less appreciable. There will be
a slight decrease in terminal voltage magnitude also.
Q-165 What steps are to be taken before disconnecting one Alternator from parallel
operation?
Ans The following steps are to be taken before disconnecting one Alternator from
parallel operation
• The prime-mover input of the outgoing generator has to be decreased and that
of other generators has to be increased and by this the entire active-power
delivered by the outgoing generator is transferred to other generators.
• The excitation of the outgoing generator has to be decreased and that of other
generators have to be increased and by this the entire reactive-power delivered by
the outgoing generator is transferred to other generators.
• After ensuring the current delivered by the outgoing generator is zero, it has to
be disconnected from parallel operation.
Q-166 What is meant by infinite bus-bars?
Ans The source or supply lines with non-variable voltage and frequency are called
infinite bus-bars. The source lines are said to have zero source impedance and
infinite rotational inertia.
Q-167 How does increase in excitation of the Alternator connected to infinite bus-
bars affect this operation?
Ans Increase in excitation level of the synchronous generator will effectively increase
the reactive component of the current supplied by the generator and hence the
active power delivered.
Q-168 In what respect does a 1-phase Induction motor differ from a 3-phase
Induction motor?
Ans Construction wise a plain 1-phase Induction motor is more or less similar to a 3-
phase squirrel-cage Induction motor except that its stator is provided with only 1-
phase winding.

Q-169 What are the inherent characteristics of plain 1-phase Induction motor ?
Ans A plain 1-phase Induction motor is not used in practice due to the following
inherent characteristics
• A plain 1-phase Induction motor does not have any starting torque
• However, if the rotor is initially given a starting torque, by some means, the
motor can pick up its speed in a direction at which the initial torque is given and
deliver the required output.
Q-170 Name the two different theories with which principle of 1-phase induction
motors are explained.
Ans The two different theories are
• Double revolving field theory
• Cross field theory
Q-171 State double revolving field theory.
Ans Double resolving theory, formulated by feraari , states that a single pulsating
magnetic field Φm as its maximum value can be resolved into two rotating
magnetics fields of (Φm/2) as their magnitude rotating in opposite direction at
synchronous speed proportional to the frequency of the pulsating field.
Q-172 Name any four types of 1-phase induction motors.
Ans Based on the method of starting arrangement provided, the 1-phase Induction
motors are classified as follows
(i) Split-phase motor
(ii) Capacitor start motor
(iii) Capacitor start and run motor
(iv) Shaded pole motor
(v) Repulsion start Induction run motor
Q-173 Why are centrifugal switches provided on many 1-phase Induction motors?
Ans Centrifugal switches are provided on many 1-phase Induction motors to
disconnect the starting / auxiliary winding from the supply when the motor reaches
about 70percent of its synchronous speed.
Q-174 How is the direction of a capacitor start Induction motor be reversed?
Ans The direction of rotation can be reversed by interchanging the terminals of either
the main winding or the starting winding.
Q-175 State the principle of 3 phase IM?
Ans While starting, rotor conductors are stationary and they cut the revolving magnetic
field and so an emf is induced in them by electromagnetic induction. This induced
emf produces a current if the circuit is closed. This current opposes the cause by
Lenz’s law and hence the rotor starts revolving in the same direction as that of the
magnetic field.
Q-176 Induction motor can run at synchronous speed ? True or false? Explain .
Ans No, if the speed of induction motor is Ns then the relative speed between the
rotating flux and the rotor will be zero and so no torque is produced.
Q-177 An induction motor is generally analogous to ?
Ans It is analogous to a winding rotating transformer with its secondary circuit closed’
Q-178 Can the starting torque of a slip ring induction motor being increased?
Ans Yes. It can be increased by adding resistances to the rotor.
Q-179 What would happen if a 3 phase induction motor is switched on with one
phase disconnected?
Ans The motor is likely to burn .

Q-180 What happens if the air gap flux density in an induction motor increases?
Ans The increase in air gap flux increases iron loss and hence efficiency decreases.
Q-181 State the advantages of skewing?
Ans It reduces humming and hence quite running of motor is achieved.
It reduces magnetic locking of the stator and rotor.
State the condition at which the starting torque developed in a slip-ring
Q-182 induction motor is maximum.
Ans When R2=X2
Q-183 What are the effects of increasing rotor resistance on starting current and
starting torque?
Ans The additional external resistance reduces the rotor current and hence the current
drawn from the supply. It improves the starting torque developed by improving
the power factor in high proportion to the decrease in rotor current.
Q-184 What is slip of an induction motor?
Ans The slip speed expressed as the ratio of synchronous speed is defined as slip.
Percentage slip S=Ns-N/Ns*100
Q-185 How the magnitude of rotor emf is related to the slip in an I M?
Ans Rotor circuit emf per phase E2r=SE2
Q-186 How the frequency of rotor emf is related to the slip in an I M?
Ans Frequency of rotor emf/current fr=Sfs
Q-187 What is the normal value of slip of an I M operating at full load?
Ans 3 to 5 percent
Q-188 Why is not possible for the rotor speed of an I M to be equal to the speed of
its rotating magnetic field?
Ans The machine will not be able to develop any mechanical torque to run as a motor.
Q-189 What are the advantages of slip-ring I M over cage I M?
Ans (i) Rotor circuit is accessible for external connection.
(ii) By adding external resistance to the rotor circuit the starting current is reduced
with the added advantage of improving starting torque.
(iii) Additional speed control methods can be employed with the accessibility in
the rotor circuit.
Q-190 What are the losses occurring in an I M and on what factors do they depend?
Ans Magnetic losses Wi
Electrical losses Wcu
Mechanical losses Wm
For I M operating in normal condition (with constant voltage and frequency)
magnetic and mechanical losses remain constant whereas electrical losses vary in
square proportion to the current.
Q-191 What care should be taken at the time of construction to reduce eddy current
losses in I M?
Ans Make the resistance of the core body as large as possible. This is achieved by
laminating the stator core, stacked and revetted at right angles to the path of eddy
current. The laminations are insulated from each other by thin coat of varnish.
Q-192 Why is there not appreciable magnetic losses in the rotor core of Induction
motors?

Ans Although the rotor core is also subjected to magnetic flux reversals and since the
frequency of flux reversals in the rotor, fr = Sfs, is very small, the iron loss incurred
in the rotor core is negligibly small.
Q-193 What is meant by synchronous watt?
Ans With the power input to the motor Pi, after the losses in the stator winding. Wcu1
and stator core, Wi, are met with, the remaining power is transferred to the rotor
by the rotating magnetic field as power input to the rotor Pir
Pir = Pi –wau1 - Wi
The power input to the rotor Pir is transferred from the stator to the rotor by
rotating magnetic field which rotates at synchronous speed Ns. Torque Td is
developed in the rotor as a result of Pir and the equation for Pir can alternatively
be expressed as
Pir = (2πNs/60). Td W
Or Td = Pir Syn. W
Q-194 Name the tests to be conducted for predetermining the performance of 3-
phase induction machine.
Ans (a) No load test
(b) Blocked rotor test
Q-195 What are the informations obtained from no-load test in a 3-phase I M?
Ans (i) No –load input current per phase,Io
(ii) No load power factor and hence no load phase angle
(iii) Iron and mechanical losses together
(iv) elements of equivalent circuit shunt branch
Q-196 What are the informations obtained from blocked rotor test in a 3-phase I
M?
Ans (i)Blocked rotor input current per phase at normal voltage
(ii) Blocked rotor power factor and hence phase angle
(iii) Total resistance and leakage reactance per phase of the motor as referred to
the stator
Q-197 What is circle diagram of an I M?
Ans When an I M operates on constant voltage and constant frequency source, the loci
of stator current phasor is found to fall on a circle. This circle diagram is used to
predict the performance of the machine at different loading conditions as well as
mode of operation.
Q-198 What are the advantages and disadvantages of circle diagram method of
predetermining the performance of 3 –phase I M?
Ans The prediction can be carried out when any of the following information is
available The input line current., the input power factor, The active power input,
The reactive power input, The apparent power input, The output power , The slip
of operation, The torque developed, The equivalent rotor current per phase,
Maximum output power, Maximum torque developed. The only disadvantage is,
being a geometrical solution, errors made during measurements will affect the
accuracy of the result.
Q-199 What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct load test for 3 –phase I
M?
Ans Advantages
Direct measurement of input and output parameters yield accurate results Aside
from the usual performance other performances like mechanical vibration, noise

etc can be studied. By operating the motor at full load for a continuous period, the
final steady temperature can be measured.
Disadvantages Testing involves large amount of power and the input energy and
the entire energy delivered is wasted Loading arrangement cannot be provided for
motors of large power rating
Q-200 State the characteristic features of synchronous motor.
Ans a. the motor is not inherently self starting
b. The speed of operation is always in synchronous with the supply frequency
irrespective of load conditions
c. The motor is capable of operating at any power factor.
Q-201 In what way synchronous motor is different from other motors?
Ans All dc and ac motors work on the same principle. Synchronous motor operates due
to magnetic locking taking place between stator and rotor magnetic fields.
Q-202 Name any two methods of starting a synchronous motors
Ans • By an extra 3 phase cage induction motor
• By providing damper winding in pole phases
• By operating the pilot exciter as a dc motor
Q-203 What is the effect on speed if the load is increased on a 3 phase synchronous
motor?
Ans The speed of operation remains constant from no load to maximum load in the
motor operating at constant frequency bus bars.
Q-204 Why a synchronous motor is a constant speed motor?
Ans Synchronous motor work on the principle of force developed due to the magnetic
attraction established between the rotating magnetic field and the main pole feed.
Since the speed of rotating magnetic field is directly proportional to frequency the
motor operates at constant speed.
Q-205 What is the phasor relation between induced emf and terminal voltage of a 3
phase synchronous motor?
Ans The rotating magnetic field is initially established by the prime source of supply
V. The main field then causes an emf e to get induced in the 3 phase winding.
Hence when the machine operates as a synchronous motor the emf phasor always
lags the terminal voltage phasor by the load/torque δ
Q-206 At what load angle is power developed in a synchronous motor becomes its
maximum value ?
Ans when its load angle δ is equal to the impedance angle θ
Q-207 What are V and inverted V curves of synchronous motor ?
Ans The variation of magnitude of line current with respect to the field current is called
V curve . The variation of power factor with respect to the field current is called
inverted V curve.
Q-208 What happens when the field current of a synchronous motor is increased
beyond the normal value at constant input?
Ans Increase in emf causes the motor to have reactive current in the leading direction.
The additional leading reactive current causes the magnitude of line current,
accompanied by the decrease in power factor.
Q-209 Distinguish between synchronous phase modifier and synchronous condenser
Ans A synchronous motor used to change the power factor or power factor in the
supply lines is called synchronous phase modifier. A synchronous motor operated
at no load with over excitation condition to draw large leading reactive current and
power is called a synchronous condenser.
Q-210 How the synchronous motor can be used as s synchronous condenser?

Ans Synchronous motor is operated on over excitation so as to draw leading reactive
current and power from the supply lines. This compensates the lagging current and
power requirement of the load making the system power factor to become unity.
The motor does the job of capacitors and hence called as synchronous condenser.
Q-211 What type of single phase induction motor would you use for the following
applications?
Ans (i) Ceiling fan (ii) Wet grinder
Ceiling fan – capacitor start and run motor
Wet grinder – capacitor start motor
Q-212 After servicing a single phase fan it was found to run in reverse direction.
What could be the reason?
Ans The connection to the starting/ auxiliary winding would have reversed.
Q-213 What will be the direction of rotation of a shaded pole single phase induction
motor?
Ans The motor rotates in the direction specified by the unshaded to shaded region in
the pole phase
Q-214 What is the property of a single phase single winding induction motor?
Ans It has zero starting torque
Q-215 Which winding in a double cage induction motor has high resistance and low
inductance?
Ans Outer cage winding
Q-216 What is magnetic circuit?
Ans The closed path followed by magnetic flux is called magnetic circuit
Q-217 Define magnetic flux?
Ans The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet is called magnetic flux it is
denoted as Ф and its unit is Weber
Q-218 Define magnetic flux density?
Ans It is the flux per unit area at right angles to the flux it is denoted by B and unit is
Weber/m²
Q-219 Define magneto motive force?
Ans MMF is the cause for producing flux in a magnetic circuit. the amount of flux
setup in the core decent upon current(I)and number of turns(N).the product of NI
is called MMF and it determine the amount of flux setup in the magnetic circuit
MMF=NI ampere turns (AT)
Q-220 Define reluctance?
Ans The opposition that the magnetic circuit offers to flux is called reluctance. It is
defined as the ratio of MMF to flux. It is denoted by S and its unit is AT/m
Q-221 What is retentivity?
Ans The property of magnetic material by which it can retain the magnetism even after
the removal of inducing source is called retentivity
Q-222 Define permeance?
Ans It is the reciprocal of reluctance and is a measure of the cause the ease with which
flux can pass through the material its unit is wb/AT
Q-223 Define magnetic flux intensity?
Ans It is defined as the mmf per unit length of the magnetic flux path. it is denoted as
H and its unit is AT/m
H=NI/L
Q-224 Define permeability?

Ans Permeability of a material means its conductivity for magnetic flux. Greater the
permeability of material, the greaters its conductivity for magnetic flux and vice
versa
Q-225 What is mean by leakage flux?
Ans The flux does not follow desired path in a magnetic circuit is called leakage flux\
Q-226 What is leakage coefficient?
Ans Leakage coefficient=total flux/useful flux
Q-227 State faradays law of electromagnetic induction
Ans Whenever a flux linking in the coil changes emf always induced in the conductor
the magnitude of induced emf is proportional to rate of change flux linkage
e = NdФ/dt
Q-228 State Lenz law?
Ans The law states that induced emf always opposite to applied voltage source
Q-229 Define self-inductance?
Ans The property of a coil that opposes any change in the amount of current flowing
through it is called self inductance
Q-230 Define mutual inductance?
Ans The property of a coil to produce emf in a coil due to change in the value of current
or flux in it is called mutual inductance
Q-231 Define coefficient coupling?
Ans It is defined as the fraction of magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil
that links the other coil
Q-232 Give the expression for hysteresis loss and eddy current loss?
Ans Hysteresis loss=kh bm^1.62 fv watts
Eddy current loss=ke bm²f²t²v watts/unit volume
Q-233 What is dynamically induced emf?
Ans An induced emf is produced by the movement of the conductor in a magnetic field.
this emf is called dynamically induced emf. The dynamically induced emf e
=BlvsinΦ
Q-234 What is fringing effect?
Ans It is seen that the useful flux passing across the air gap tends to buldge outwords,
there by increasing the effective area of the air gap and reducing the flux density
in the gap is called fringing effect
Q-235 State two types of IM?
Ans 1. Squirrel cage IM
2. Slip ring IM
Q-236 State ohms law for magnetic circuits?
Ans Ohms law for magnetic circuits mmf=flux X reluctance
Q-237 What is statically induced emf?
Ans Conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is moving or changing the induced
emf is called stationary induced emf
Q-238 How eddy current losses are minimized?
Ans By laminating the core’
Q-239 State types of electrical machines?
Ans 1.DC machines

2.AC machines
3.Special machines
Q-240 What is mean by stacking factor?
Ans Magnetic cores are made up of thin, lightly insulated laminations to reduce the
eddy current loss. As a result, the net cross sectional area of the core occupied by
the magnetic material is less than its gross cross section; their ratio being is called
the stacking factor. The stacking value is normally less than one .its value vary
from 0.5 to 0.95 .the stacking factor value is also reaches to one as the lamination
thickness increases
Q-241 What are the magnetic losses?
Ans 1. Eddy current loss
2. Hysterisis loss
Q-242 Types of induced emf?
Ans 1. Dynamically induced emf
2. Statically induced emf
Q-243 Define relative permeability?
Ans It is equal to the ratio of flux density produced in that material to the flux density
produced in air by the same magnetizing force
μr=μ/μ0
Q-244 Define a transformer?
Ans A transformer is a static device which changes the alternating voltage from one
level to another.
Q-245 What is the turns ratio and transformer ratio of transformer?
Ans Turns ratio = N2/ N1
Transformer = E2/E1 = I1/ I2 =K
Q-246 Mention the difference between core and shell type transformers?
Ans In core type, the windings surround the core considerably and in shell type the
core surrounds the windings i.e. winding is placed inside the core
Q-247 What is the purpose of laminating the core in a transformer?
Ans In order to minimise eddy current loss.
Q-248 Give the emf equation of a transformer and define each term?
Ans Emf induced in primary coil E1= 4.44fФmN1 volt
Emf induced in secondary Coil E2 =4.44 fФmN2.
f-----------freq of AC input
Ф---------maximum value of flux in the core
N1, N2----Number of primary & secondary turns.
Q-249 Does transformer draw any current when secondary is open? Why?
Ans Yes, it (primary) will draw the current from the main supply in order to magnetize
the core and to supply for iron and copper losses on no load. There will not be any
current in the secondary since secondary is open.
Q-250 Define voltage regulation of a transformer?
Ans When a transformer is loaded with a constant primary voltage, the secondary
voltage decreases for lagging PF load, and increases for leading PF load because
of its internal resistance and leakage reactance. The change in secondary terminal
voltage from no load to full load expressed as a percentage of no load or full load
voltage is termed as regulation.
%regulation =E2-V2/E2 *100
V2 greater than E2, for leading p.f load

V2 less than E2, for lagging p.f load

Q-251 Define all day efficiency of a transformer?
Ans It is computed on the basis of energy consumed during a certain period, usually a
day of 24 hrs. All day efficiency=output in kWh/input in kWh for 24 hrs.
Q-252 Why transformers are rated in kVA?
Ans Copper loss of a transformer depends on current & iron loss on voltage. Hence
total losses depend on Volt-Ampere and not on PF. That is why the rating of
transformers is in kVA and not in kW.
Q-253 What determines the thickness of the lamination or stampings?
Ans 1.Frequency
2.Iron loss
Q-254 What are the typical uses of auto transformer?
Ans 1.To give small boost to a distribution cable to correct for the voltage drop.
2. as induction motor starter.
Q-255 What are the applications of step-up & step-down transformer?
Ans Step-down transformers are used in receiving stations. The voltage are stepped
down to 11kV or 22kV are stepped down to 3phase 400V by means of a
distribution transformer and made available at consumer premises. The
transformers used at generating stations are called power transformers.
Q-256 How transformers are classified according to their construction?
Ans 1. Core type 2.shell type.
In core type, the winding (primary and secondary) surround the core and in shell
type, the core surround the winding.
Q-257 Explain on the material used for core construction?
Ans The core is constructed by sheet steel laminations assembled to provide a
continuous magnetic path with minimum of air gap included. The steel used is of
high silicon content sometimes heat treated to produce a high permeability and a
low hysteresis loss at the usual operating flux densities. The eddy current loss is
minimized by laminating the core, the laminations being used from each other by
light coat of coreplate vanish or by oxide layer on the surface. The thickness of
lamination varies from 0.35mm for a frequency of 50Hz and 0.5mm for a
frequency of 25Hz.
Q-258 How does change in frequency affect the operation of a given transformer?
Ans With a change in frequency, iron and copper loss, regulation, efficiency & heating
varies so the operation of transformer is highly affected.
Q-259 What is the angle by which no-load current will lag the ideal applied voltage?
Ans In an ideal transformer, there are no copper & core loss i.e. loss free core. The no
load current is only magnetizing current therefore the no load current lags behind
by angle 90°. However the winding possess resistance and leakage reactance and
therefore the no load current lags the applied voltage slightly less than 90°.
Q-260 List the arrangement of stepped core arrangement in a transformer?
Ans 1. To reduce the space effectively
2. To obtain reduced length of mean turn of the winding
3. To reduce I²R loss.
Q-261 Why are breathers used in transformers?
Ans Breathers are used to entrap the atmospheric moisture and thereby not allowing it
to pass on to the transformer oil. Also to permit the oil inside the tank to expand
and contract as its temperature increases and decreases.

Q-262 What is the function of transformer oil in a transformer?

Ans 1. It provides good insulation
2. Cooling.
Q-263 Can the voltage regulation goes –ive? If so under what condition?
Ans Yes, if the load has leading PF.
Q-264 Distinguish power transformers & distribution transformers?
Ans Power transformers have very high rating in the order of MVA. They are used in
generating and receiving stations. Sophisticated controls are required. Voltage
ranges will be very high. Distribution transformers are used in receiving side.
Voltage levels will be medium. Power ranging will be small in order of kVA.
Complicated controls are not needed.
Q-265 Name the factors on which hysteresis loss depends?
Ans 1. Frequency
2. Volume of the core
3. Maximum flux density
Q-266 Why the open circuit test on a transformer is conducted at rated voltage?
Ans The open circuit on a transformer is conducted at a rated voltage because core loss
depends upon the voltage. This open circuit test gives only core loss or iron loss
of the transformer.
Q-267 What is the purpose of providing Taps in transformer and where these are
provided?
Ans In order to attain the required voltage, taps are provided, normally at high voltages
side(low current).
Q-268 What are the necessary tests to determine the equivalent circuit of the
transformer?
Ans 1. Open circuit test
2. Short circuit test
Q-269 Define efficiency of the transformer?
Ans Transformer efficiency ƞ= (output power/input power) x 100
Q-270 Mention the difference between core and shell type transformers?
Ans In core type, the windings surrounded the core considerably and in shell type the
core surround the windings i.e. winding is placed inside the core
Q-271 Full load copper loss in a transformer is 1600W. What will be the loss at half
load?
Ans If n is the ratio of actual load to full load then copper loss = n² (F.L copper loss)
Pc = (0.5)2 – 1600=400W.
Q-272 Define all day efficiency of a transformer?
Ans It is computed on the basis of energy consumed during a certain period, usually a
day of 24 hrs. All day efficiency=output in kWh/input in kWh tor 24 hrs.
Q-273 List the advantage of stepped core arrangement in a transformer?
Ans 1.To reduce the space effectively
2.To obtain reduce length of mean turn of the winding
3.To reduce I²R loss.
Q-274 State the principle of electromechanical energy conversion?
Ans The mechanical energy is converted in to electrical energy which takes place
through either by magnetic field or electric field
Q-275 Distinguish between statically induced emf and dynamically induced emf?

Ans When emf induced in a conductor is stationary in a magnetic field then we call it
statically induced emf.
If emf is induced in a conductor due to relative motion between conductor and
the field then it call it as dynamically induced emf.
Q-276 What does speed voltage mean?
Ans It is that voltage generated in that coil, when there exists a relative motion between
coil and magnetic field
Q-277 Give example for single and multiple excited systems?
Ans Single excited system-reluctance motor, single phase transformer, relay coil
Multiply excited system-alternator, electro mechanical transducer
Q-278 Why do all practical energy conversion devices make use of the magnetic field
as a coupling medium rather than electric field?
Ans When compared to electric field energy can be easily stored and retrieved form a
magnetic system with reduced losses comparatively. Hence most all practical
energy conversion devices make use of magnetic medium as coupling
Q-279 State necessary condition for production of steady torque by the interaction
of stator and rotor field in electric machines?
Ans 1.The stator and rotor fields should not have any relative velocity or speed between
each other
2.Airgap between stator and rotor should be minimum
3.Reluctance of iron path should be negligible
4.Mutual flux linkages should exist between stator and rotor windings
Q-280 Write the application of single and doubly fed magnetic systems?
Ans Singly excited systems are employed for motion through a limited distance or
rotation through a prescribed angle
Whereas multiply excited systems are used where continues energy conversion
take place and in ease of transducer where one coil when energized the care of
setting up of flux and the other coil when energized produces a proportional signal
either electrical or mechanical
Q-281 Explain the following with respect to rotating electrical machines
Ans 1. Pole pitch
2. Charding angle
1. Pole pitch is that centre to centre distance between any two consecutive poles
in a rotating machine, measured in slots per poles
2. Chording angle is that angle by which the coil span is short of full pitched in
electrical degrees
Q-282 Why energy stored in a magnetic material always occur in air gap
Ans In iron core or steel core the saturation and aging effects form hindrance to storage
Built in air gap as reluctance as well permeability is constant, the energy storage
takes place linearly without any complexity
Hence energy is stored in air gap in a magnetic medium
Q-283 What is the significance of co energy?
Ans When electrical energy is fed to coil not the whole energy is stored as magnetic
energy .the co energy gives a measure of other energy conversion which takes
place in coil then magnetic energy storage
1. Field energy
2. Coenergy
Q-284 Write the equation which relates rotor speed in electrical and mechanical
radians per second?

Ans ὠe=ὠm(p/2)
ὠe=speed in electrical radians per sec
ὠm=speed in mechanical radians per sec
p=no of poles
Q-285 Relate co energy density and magnetic flux density?
Ans Co energy density = wf=∫λ (I, x) di
wf=1/2BH
Q-286 Short advantages of short pitched coil?
Ans 1. Hormonics are reduced in induced voltage
2. Saving of copper
3. End connections are shorter
Q-287 What is the significance of winding factor?
Ans Winding factor gives the net reduction in emf induced due to short pitched coil
wound in distributed type
Winding factor kw=kpkd
kp= pitch factor
kd= distribution factor
kp= cos(α/2)
kd= sin(mγ/2)/msin(γ/2)
Q-288 What is the necessity to determine the energy density in the design of rotating
machines?
Ans Energy density wf=B²/2μ
Q-289 Derive the relation between co energy and the phase angle between the rotor
and stator fluxes of the rotating machines?
Ans F1, f2 are the rotor and stator flux peak values respectively
Fr²=f1²+f2²+2f1f2cosα
Co energy = πμDl/4g {f1²+f2²+2f1f2cosα}
Q-290 Write the energy balance equation for motor?
Ans Mechanical energy o/p-=electrical energy i/p-increase in field energy
Ffdx=idλ-dWf
Q-291 Write the expression for the mechanical energy output when the armature
moves from one position to other with constant coil current?
Ans Let us assume armature moves from position xa to xb for a constant coil current
The mechanical energy is
ΔWm = ∫Ffdx = ΔWf
Q-292 What is prime mover?
Ans The basic source of mechanical power which drives the armature of the generator
is called prime mover.
Q-293 Give the materials used in machine manufacturing?
Ans There are three main materials used in m/c manufacturing they are steel to conduct
magnetic flux copper to conduct electric current insulation.
Q-294 What are factors on which hysteresis loss?
Ans It depends on magnetic flux density, frequency & volume of the material.
Q-295 What is core loss? What is its significance in electric machines?
Ans When a magnetic material undergoes cyclic magnetization, two kinds of power
losses occur on it. Hysteresis and eddy current losses are called as core loss. It is
important in determining heating, temperature rise, rating & efficiency of
transformers, machines & other A.C run magnetic devices.

Q-296 What is eddy current loss?

Ans When a magnetic core carries a time varying flux, voltages are induced in all
possible path enclosing flux. Resulting is the production of circulating flux in core.
These circulating current do no useful work are known as eddy current and have
power loss known as eddy current loss.
Q-297 How hysteresis and eddy current losses are minimized?
Ans Hysteresis loss can be minimized by selecting materials for core such as silicon
steel & steel alloys with low hysteresis co-efficient and electrical resistivity. Eddy
current losses are minimized by laminating the core.
Q-298 How will you find the direction of emf using Fleming’s right hand rule?
Ans The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of right hand are held so that these fingers
are mutually perpendicular to each other, then forefinger-field thumb-motion
middle current.
Q-299 How will you find the direction of force produced using Fleming’s left hand
rule?
Ans The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of left hand are held so that these fingers
are mutually perpendicular to each other, then forefinger-field thumb-motion
middle-current.
Q-300 Write down the emf equation for d.c.generator?
Ans E= (ФNZ/60) (P/A) V.
p--->no of poles
Z--->Total noof conductor
Ф--->flux per pole,
N--->speed in rpm.
Q-301 Why the armature core in d.c machines is constructed with laminated steel
sheets instead of solid steel sheets?
Ans Lamination highly reduces the eddy current loss and steel sheets provide low
reluctance path to magnetic field.
Q-302 Why commutator is employed in d.c.machines?
Ans Conduct electricity between rotating armature and fixed brushes, convert
alternating emf into unidirectional emf (mechanical rectifier).
Q-303 Distinguish between shunt and series field coil construction?
Ans Shunt field coils are wound with wires of small section and have more no of turns.
Series field coils are wound with wires of larger cross section and have less no of
turns.
Q-304 How does D.C. motor differ from D.C. generator in construction?
Ans Generators are normally placed in closed room and accessed by skilled operators
only. Therefore on ventilation point of view they may be constructed with large
opening in the frame. Motors have to be installed right in the place of use which
may have dust, dampness, inflammable gases, chemicals….etc. to protect the
motors against these elements, the motor frames are made either partially closed
or totally closed or flame proof.
Q-305 How will you change the direction of rotation of d.c.motor?
Ans Either the field direction or direction of current through armature conductor is
reversed.
Q-306 What is back emf in D.C. motor?
Ans As the motor armature rotates, the system of conductor come across alternate north
and South Pole magnetic fields causing an emf induced in the conductors. The

direction of the emf induced in the conductor is in opposite to current. As this emf
always opposes the flow of current in motor operation it is called as back emf.
Q-307 What is the function of no-voltage release coil in D.C. motor starter?
Ans As long as the supply voltage is on healthy condition the current through the NVR
coil produce enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the starter handle in
ON position against spring force. When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower
than a prescribed value then electromagnet may not have enough force to retain
so handle will come back to OFF position due to spring force automatically.
Q-308 Enumerate the factors on which speed of a d.c.motor depends?
Ans N= (V-IaRa)/Ф so speed depends on air gap flux, resistance of armature, voltage
applied to armature.
Q-309 Under What circumstances does a dc shunt generator fails to generate?
Ans Absence of residual flux, initial flux setup by field may be opposite in direction to
residual flux, shunt field circuit resistance may be higher than its critical field
resistance; load circuit resistance may be less than its critical load resistance.
Q-310 Define critical field resistance of dc shunt generator?
Ans Critical field resistance is defined as the resistance of the field circuit which will
cause the shunt generator just to build up its emf at a specified field.
Q-311 Why is the emf not zero when the field current is reduced to zero in dc
generator?
Ans Even after the field current is reduced to zero, the machine is left out with some
flux as residue so emf is available due to residual flux.
Q-312 On what occasion dc generator may not have residual flux?
Ans The generator may be put for its operation after its construction, in previous
operation; the generator would have been fully demagnetized.
Q-313 What are the conditions to be fulfilled by for a dc shunt generator to build
back emf?
Ans The generator should have residual flux, the field winding should be connected in
such a manner that the flux setup by field in same direction as residual flux, the
field resistance should be less than critical field resistance, load circuit resistance
should be above critical resistance.
Q-314 Define armature reaction in dc machines?
Ans The interaction between the main flux and armature flux cause disturbance called
as armature reaction
Q-315 What are two unwanted effects of armature reactions?
Ans Cross magnetizing effect & demagnetizing effect.
Q-316 What is the function of carbon brush used in dc generators?
Ans The function of the carbon brush is to collect current from commutator and supply
to external load circuit and to load.
Q-317 What are the 2 types of 3phase induction motor?
Ans Squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor.
Q-318 Write two extra features of slip ring induction motor?
Ans Rotor has 3phase winding, Extra resistance can be added in rotor circuit for
improving PF with the help of three slip rings.
Q-319 Why an induction motor is called as rotating transformer?
Ans The rotor receives same electrical power in exactly the same way as the secondary
of a two winding transformer receiving its power from primary. That is why
induction motor is called as rotating transformer.
Q-320 Why an induction motor never runs at its synchronous speed?

Ans If it runs at sy.speed then there would be no relative speed between the two, hence
no rotor emf, so no rotor current, then no rotor torque to maintain rotation.
Q-321 What are slip rings?
Ans The slip rings are made of copper alloys and are fixed around the shaft insulating
it. Through these slip rings and brushes rotor winding can be connected to external
circuit.
Q-322 What is the advantage of cage motor?
Ans Since the rotor has low resistance, the copper loss is low and efficiency is very
high. On account of simple construction of rotor it is mechanically robust, initial
cost is less; maintenance cost is less, simple starting arrangement.
Q-323 What are different methods of speed control in D.C shunt motor?
Ans 1.Armature control
2.Flux or field control
3.Applied voltage control
Q-324 When is a four point DC starter required in DC motors?
Ans A four point DC starter is required for dc motor under field control
Q-325 If speed is decreased in a dc motor, what happens to the back emf decreases
and armature current?
Ans If speed is decreased in a dc motor, the back emf decreases and armature current
increases
Q-326 How does a series motor develop high starting torque?
Ans A dc series motor is always started with some load. Therefore the motor armature
current increases. Due to this, series motor develops high starting torque.
Q-327 What is the necessity of starter in dc motors?
Ans When a dc motor is directly switched on, at the time of starting, the motor back
emf is zero. Due to this, the armature current is very high. Due to the very high
current, the motor gets damaged. To reduce the starting current of the motor a
starter is used.
Q-328 Mention the types of braking of dc motor?
Ans 1.Regenerative braking
2.Dynamic braking
3.Plugging
Q-329 What are the losses in dc motor?
Ans 1.Copper losses
2.Iron losses
3.Mechanical losses
Q-330 Name any 2 non-loading method of testing dc machines?
Ans 1.Swinburne’s test
2.Hopkinson test
as armature reaction.

Q-334 What are the essential parts of a d.c generator?
Ans 1. Magnetic frame or yoke 2. Poles 3. Armature 4. Commutator, pole shoes,
armature windings, interpoles 5. Brushes, bearings and shaft.
Q-335 Give the materials used in machine manufacturing?
Ans There are three main materials used in m/c manufacturing they are steel to conduct
magnetic flux copper to conduct electric current insulation.
Q-336 What are factors on which hysteresis loss?
Ans It depends on magnetic flux density, frequency & volume of the material.
Q-337 What is core loss? What is its significance in electric machines?
Ans When a magnetic material undergoes cyclic magnetization, two kinds of power
losses occur on it. Hysteresis and eddy current losses are called as core loss. It is
important in determining heating, temperature rise, rating & efficiency of
transformers, machines & other A.C run magnetic devices.
Q-338 What is eddy current loss?
Ans When a magnetic core carries a time varying flux, voltages are induced in all
possible path enclosing flux. Resulting is the production of circulating flux in core.
These circulating current do no useful work are known as eddy current and have
power loss known as eddy current loss.
Q-339 How hysteresis and eddy current losses are minimized?
Ans Hysteresis loss can be minimized by selecting materials for core such as silicon
steel & steel alloys with low hysteresis co-efficient and electrical resistivity. Eddy
current losses are minimized by laminating the core.
Q-340 How will you find the direction of emf using Fleming’s right hand rule?
Ans The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of right hand are held so that these fingers
are mutually perpendicular to each other, then forefinger gives the direction of the
lines of flux, thumb gives the direction of the relative motion of conductor and
middle finger gives the direction of the emf induced.
Q-341 How will you find the direction of force produced using Fleming’s left hand
rule?
Ans The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of left hand are held so that these fingers
are mutually perpendicular to each other, then forefinger gives the direction of
magnetic field, middle finger gives the direction of the current and thumb gives
the direction of the force experienced by the conductor.
Q-342 What is the purpose of yoke in d.c machine?
Ans 1.It acts as a protecting cover for the whole machine and provides mechanical
support for the poles.
2.It carries magnetic flux produced by the poles
Q-343 What are the types of armature winding?
Ans 1.Lap winding, A=P,
2.Wave winding, A=2.
Q-344 How are armatures windings are classified based on placement of coil inside
the armature slots?
Ans Single and double layer winding.
Q-345 Write down the emf equation for d.c.generator?
Ans E= (ФNZ/60)(P/A)V.
p---------no of poles

Z---------Total no of conductor
Ф---------flux per pole
N---------speed in rpm.
Q-346 Why the armature core in d.c machines is constructed with laminated steel
sheets instead of solid steel sheets?
Ans Lamination highly reduces the eddy current loss and steel sheets provide low
reluctance path to magnetic field.
Q-347 Why commutator is employed in d.c.machines?
Ans Conduct electricity between rotating armature and fixed brushes, convert
alternating emf into unidirectional emf (mechanical rectifier).
Q-348 Distinguish between shunt and series field coil construction?
Ans Shunt field coils are wound with wires of small section and have more no of turns.
Series field coils are wound with wires of larger cross section and have less no of
turns.
Q-349 How does d.c. motor differ from d.c. generator in construction?
Ans Generators are normally placed in closed room and accessed by skilled operators
only. Therefore on ventilation point of view they may be constructed with large
opening in the frame. Motors have to be installed right in the place of use which
may have dust, dampness, inflammable gases, chemical etc. to protect the motors
against these elements the motor frames are used partially closed or totally closed
or flame proof.
Q-350 How will you change the direction of rotation of d.c.motor?
Ans Either the field direction or direction of current through armature conductor is
reversed.
Q-351 What is back emf in d.c. motor?
Ans As the motor armature rotates, the system of conductor come across alternate north
and South Pole magnetic fields causing an emf induced in the conductors. The
direction of the emf induced in the conductor is in opposite to current. As this emf
always opposes the flow of current in motor operation it is called as back emf.
Q-352 What is the function of no-voltage release coil in d.c. motor starter?
Ans As long as the supply voltage is on healthy condition the current through the NVR
coil produce enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the starter handle in
ON position against spring force. When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower
than a prescribed value then electromagnet may not have enough force to retain
so handle will come back to OFF position due to spring force automatically.
Q-353 Enumerate the factors on which speed of a d.c.motor depends?
Ans N= (V-IaRa)/Ф so speed depends on voltage applied to armature, flux per pole,
resistance of armature.
Q-354 Under what circumstances does a dc shunt generator fails to generate?
Ans Absence of residual flux, initial flux setup by field may be opposite in direction to
residual flux, shunt field circuit resistance may be higher than its critical field
resistance, load circuit resistance may be less than its critical load resistance.
Q-355 Define critical field resistance of dc shunt generator?
Ans Critical field resistance is defined as the resistance of the field circuit which will
cause the shunt generator just to build up its emf at a specified field.
Q-356 Why is the emf not zero when the field current is reduced to zero in dc
generator?

Ans Even after the field current is reduced to zero, the machine is left out with some
flux as residue so emf is available due to residual flux.
Q-357 On what occasion dc generator may not have residual flux?
Ans The generator may be put for its operation after its construction, in previous
operation, the generator would have been fully demagnetized.
Q-358 What are the conditions to be fulfilled by for a dc shunt generator to build
back emf?
Ans The generator should have residual flux, the field winding should be connected in
such a manner that the flux setup by field in same direction as residual flux, the
field resistance should be less than critical field resistance, load circuit resistance
should be above critical resistance.
as armature reaction.
Q-362 What is the principle of generator?
Ans When the armature conductor cuts the magnetic flux emf is induced in the
conductor.
Q-363 What is the principle of motor?
Ans When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a
force tending to move it.
Q-364 What are the principal advantages of rotating field type construction?
Ans Relatively small amount of power required for field system can easily supplied to
rotating system using slip rings and brushes, more space is available in the stator
part of the machine to provide more insulation, it is easy to provide cooling
system, stationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent
deformation.
Q-365 What are the advantages of salient type pole construction used in sync.
Machines?
Ans They allow better ventilation, the pole faces are so shaped radial air gap length
increases from pole canter to pole tips so flux distortion in air gap is sinusoidal so
emf is also sinusoidal.
Q-366 Which type of sync. generators are used in hydroelectric plants and why?
Ans As the speed of operation is low, for hydro turbines used in hydroelectric plants,
salient pole type sync. generator is used because it allows better ventilation also
better than smooth cylindrical type rotor
Q-367 Why are alternators rated in KVA and not in KW?
Ans As load increases I²R loss also increases, as the current is directly related to
apparent power delivered by generator, the alternator has only their apparent
power in VA/KVA/MVA as their power rating.
Q-368 Why the sync. impedance method of estimating voltage regulation is
considered as pessimistic method?
Ans Compared to other method, the value of voltage regulation obtained by this
method is always higher than the actual value so it is called as pessimistic method.

Q-369 Why MMF method of estimating voltage regulation is considered as

optimistic method?
Ans Compared to EMF method, MMF method involves more no. of complex
calculation steps. Further the OCC is referred twice and SCC is referred once
while predetermining the voltage regulation for each load condition. Reference of
OCC takes core saturation effect. As
this method require more effort, final result is very close to actual value, hence
this method is called as optimistic method.
Q-370 Define voltage regulation of the alternator?
Ans It is defined as the increase in terminal voltage when full load is thrown off,
assuming field current and speed remaining the same.
% reg = [(E0 – V)/V]x100
Where E0 = no terminal voltage V = full load rated terminal voltage
Q-371 How is arm. winding in alternators is different from those used in dc
machines?
Ans The arm. winding of the alternator is placed in the stator, but in the case of dc
machines the arm winding is placed in the rotor.
Q-372 What is hunting how can it be prevented?
Ans When a sync motor is used for driving a fluctuating load, the rotor starts oscillating
about its new position of equilibrium corresponding to the new load. This is called
hunting or phase swinging. To prevent hunting dampers are damping grids are
employed.
Q-373 what are different torques of a sync motor?
Ans 1. Starting torque
2. Running torque
3. Pull-in torque
4. Pull-out torque
Q-374 Define step angle?
Ans It is defined as angle through which the stepper motor shaft rotates for each
command pulse. It is denoted as β, i)β=[(Ns-Nr)/ Ns.Nr]x360°
Where Ns = no. of stator poles or stator teeth
Nr = no. of rotor poles or rotor teeth
ii) β = 3600/mNr
Where m= no. of stator poles
Q-375 What are different types of stepper motor?
Ans 1. Variable reluctance (VR) motor
2. Permanent magnet (PM) stepper motor
3. Hybrid stepper motor
Q-376 What is the advantage in using stepper motor?
Ans 1. it can drive open loop without feedback
2. It requires little or no maintenance.
Q-377 Give the applications of stepper motor?
Ans 1. Robotics
2. Computer peripherals
3. Facsimile machine
4. Aerospace
Q-378 What are the advantage of reluctance machine?
Ans 1. Motor speed is constant
2. Simple construction
Q-379 What is synchronous reluctance motor?

Ans A reluctance motor is a type of synchronous electric motor which induces
nonpermanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. Torque is generated
through the phenomenon of magnetic reluctance.
- The stator consists of multiple salient (i.e. projecting) electromagnet poles,
similar to a wound field brushed DC motor. The rotor consists of soft magnetic
material, such as laminated silicon steel, which has multiple projections acting as
salient magnetic poles through magnetic reluctance.
- The number of rotor poles is typically less than the number of stator poles, which
minimizes torque ripple and prevents the poles from all aligning simultaneously -
- a position which cannot generate torque.
Q-380 Define the characteristics of synchronous reluctance motor(syrm).
Ans The synchronous reluctance motor is not self-starting without the squirrel cage.
During run up it behaves as an induction motor but as it approaches synchronous
speed, the reluctance torque takes over and the motor locks into synchronous
speed.
Q-381 Write the applications of synchronous reluctance motor(syrm).
Ans Used where regulated speed control is required in applications suc as metering
pumps and industrial process equipment.
Q-382 What are the classification of synchronous reluctance motor(syrm)?
Ans - Axially laminated
- Radially laminated
Q-383 What are the primary design consideration of synchronous reluctance
motor(syrm)?
Ans
High reliability
Q-384 Define power factor of synchronous reluctance motor(syrm).

Ans PF max=(Ld/Lq-1)/(Ld/Lq+1)
Higher Ld/Lq ratos yield higher power factors,which corresponds to reduced I²R
losses and reduce volt ampere ratings of the inverter driving the machine.
Q-385 What are the applications of the torque – speed characteristics of
synchronous reluctance motor(syrm)?
Ans - Comparable power density but better efficiency than induction motor
- Slightly lower power factor
- Sensorless control is much easier due to motor saliency.
Q-386 What are advantages of synchronous reluctance motor(syrm) over
permanent motor(pm) machine?
Ans
zeroths eleiminating
electromagnetic spinning losses.
Q-387 What are applications of synchronous reluctance motor?
Ans Synthetic fiber manufacturing equipment

Q-388 What is vernier motor?

Ans It is an unexcited reluctance type sync.motor.the peculiar feature of this motor is
that a small displacement of the rotor produces a large displacement of the axis of
maximum and minimum permeance.
Q-389 What are the advantages of synchronous reluctance motor(syrm)?
Ans a. Freedom from pm
b. Ability to maintain full load torque at zero speed
c. A wide speed range at constant power.
Q-390 What are the classifications of syrm?
Ans Rotor configuration
i)cage rotor for line start
ii)cageless-rotors for variable speed
- Stator windings
- Stator current controlled mode
Q-391 What are the rotor configurations of syrm?
Ans Rotor configuration
i)cage rotor for line start
ii)cageless-rotors for variable speed
Q-392 What is meant by Slow-speed synchronous timing motors
Ans Representative are low-torque synchronous motors with a multi-pole hollow
cylindrical magnet (internal poles) surrounding the stator structure. An aluminum
cup supports the magnet. The stator has one coil, coaxial with the shaft. At each
end of the coil are a pair of circular plates with rectangular teeth on their edges,
formed so they are parallel with the shaft. They are the stator poles. One of the
pair of discs distributes the coils flux directly, while the other receives flux that
has passed through a common shading coil. The poles are rather narrow, and
between the poles leading from one end of the coil are an identical set leading
from the other end. In all, this creates a repeating sequence of four poles, unshaded
alternating with shaded, that creates a circumferential traveling field to which the
rotors magnetic poles rapidly synchronize. Some stepping motors have a similar
structure.
Q-393 What is meant by Watthour-meter motors?
Ans These are essentially two-phase induction motors with permanent magnets that
retard rotor speed, so their speed is quite accurately proportional to wattage of the
power passing through the meter. The rotor is an aluminum-alloy disc, and
currents induced into it react with the field from the stator. One phase of the stator
is a coil with many turns and a high inductance, which causes its magnetic field to
lag almost 90 degrees with respect to the applied (line/mains) voltage. The other
phase of the stator is a pair of coils with very few turns of heavy-gauge wire, hence
quite-low inductance. These coils are in series with the load.
Q-394 How does the Watthour-meter motors look like?
Ans The core structure, seen face-on, is akin to a cartoon mouth with one tooth above
and two below. Surrounding the poles (teeth) is the common flux return path. The
upper pole (high-inductance winding) is centered, and the lower ones equidistant.
Because the lower coils are wound in opposition, the three poles cooperate to
create a sidewise traveling flux. The disc is between the upper and lower poles,
but with its shaft definitely in front of the field, so the tangential flux movement
makes it rotate.
Q-395 Electronically commutated motors?
Ans Such motors have an external rotor with a cup-shaped housing and a radially
magnetized permanent magnet connected in the cup-shaped housing. An interior
stator is positioned in the cup-shaped housing. The interior stator has a laminated
core having grooves. Windings are provided within the grooves. The windings
have first end turns proximal to a bottom of the cup-shaped housing and second
end turns positioned distal to the bottom. The first and second end turns
electrically connect the windings to one another. The permanent magnet has an
end face rom the bottom of the cup-shaped housing. At least one galvano-magnetic
rotor position sensor is arranged opposite the end face of the permanent magnet
so as to be located within a magnetic leakage of the permanent magnet and within
a magnetic leakage of the interior stator. The at least one rotor position sensor is
designed to control current within at least a portion of the windings. A magnetic
leakage flux concentrator is arranged at the interior stator at the second end turns
at a side of the second end turns facing away from the laminated core and
positioned at least within an angular area of the interior stator in which the at least
one rotor position sensor is located
Q-396 What is meant by repulsion motor?
Ans Repulsion motors are wound-rotor single-phase AC motors that are similar to
universal motors. In a repulsion motor, the armature brushes are shorted together
rather than connected in series with the field. By transformer action ,the stator
induces currents in the rotor, which create torque by repulsion instead of attraction
as in other motors. Several types of repulsion motors have been manufactured, but
the repulsion-start induction-run (RS-IR) motor has been used most frequently.
The RS-IR motor has a centrifugal switch that shorts all segments of the
commutator so that the motor operates as an induction motor once it has been
accelerated to full speed. Some of these motors also lift the brushes out of contact
with the commutator once the commutator is shorted. RS-IR motors have been
used to provide high starting torque per ampere under conditions of cold operating
temperatures and poor source voltage regulation
Q-397 Define Slip.
Ans If the rotor of a squirrel runs at high speed, the flux in the rotor at any given place
on the rotor would not change, and no current would be created in the squirrel
cage. For this reason, ordinary squirrel-cage motors run at some tens of rpm slower
than synchronous speed, even at no load. Because the rotating field (or equivalent
pulsating field) actually or effectively rotates faster than the rotor, it could be said
to slip past the surface of the rotor. The difference between synchronous speed
and actual speed is called slip, and loading the motor increases the amount of slip
as the motor slows down slightly.
Q-398 Write the formula for the speed of the AC motor.
Ans The speed of the AC motor is determined primarily by the frequency of the AC
supply and the number of poles in the stator winding, according to the relation:
Ns = 120F/p
Where
Ns = Synchronous speed, in revolutions per minute
F = AC power frequency
p = Number of poles per phase winding
Q-399 What is stepper motor?

Ans A stepper motor is a digital actuator whose input is in the form of programmed
energization of the stator windings and whose output is in the form of discrete
angular rotation.
Q-400 Define step angle.
Ans Step angle is definrd as the angle through which the motor rotates for each
command pulse.it is denoted as β.
β=(Ns-Nr/Ns.Nr)360 (or)360/(mNr)
Q-401 Define slewing
Ans The stepper motor operates at very high speed is called slew angle.i, e (25000 steps
per sec).
Q-402 Define resolution
Ans It is defined as the no.of steps needed to complete one revolution of the shaft.
Resolution = no . of steps /revolution
Q-403 Mention some applications of stepper motor
Ans I.floppy disc drives
ii. qurtz watch
iii. camera shutter operation
iv. dot matrix and line printers
v. small tool application
vi. robotics
Q-404 What are the advantages and disadvantages of stepper motor?
Ans Adv.:
1. it can be driven in open loop without feedback
2. it is mechanically simple
3. it requires little or no maintenance.
Disadv:
1.low efficiency
2.fixed step angle
3.limited power output
Q-405 Define holding torque.
Ans Holding torque is the maximum load torque which the energized stepper motor
can withstand without slipping from equilibrium position
Q-406 Define detent torque
Ans Detent torque is the maximum torque which the unenergised stepper motor can
withstand without slipping.it is also known as cogging torque.
Q-407 What is meant by full step operation?
Ans Full step operation or single phase on mode is the one in which at a time only one
phase winding is energized, due to which one stator winding is energized and
causes the rotor to rotate some angle.
Q-408 What is meant by two phase mode of operation?
Ans Two phase on mode is the one in which two phase windings are energized at a
time, due to which two stator windings are energized and causes the rotor to rotate
through some angle.
Q-409 Define pull in torque.
Ans It is the maximum torque the stepper motor can develop in start – stop mode at a
given stepping rate Fs (step/sec) without losing synchronism.
Q-410 Define pull out torque.

Ans It is the maximum torque the stepper motor can develop in slewing mode at a given
stepping rate Fs (step/sec) without losing synchronism.
Q-411 What is synchronism in stepper motor?
Ans It is the one to one correspondence between the number the number of pulses
applied to the stepper motor and the number of steps through which the motor has
actually moved.
Q-412 Define mid frequency resonance in stepper motor.
Ans The phenomenon at which the motor torque drops to a low value at certain input
pulse frequencies.
Q-413 Define static stiffness.
Ans It is a measure of ability of the actuator to resist disturbing torques and forces and
thereby to maintain position.it is defined as
S=torque / rad
Q-414 Give the types of driver circuits.
Ans - Resistance or L/R drive
- Dual voltage or bilevel drive
- Chopper drive
Q-415 What is multi stack VR motor
Ans Multi stack VR motor is the one in which the stepper motor has three separate
magnetically nisolated sections or stacks.here the rotor and stator teeths are equal.
Q-416 What is meant by micro stepping in stepper motor.
Ans The methods of modulating currents through stator windings so as to obtain
rotation of stator magnetic field through a small angle to obtain micro stepping
action is known as micro stepping.
Q-417 What are the advantages of micro stepping?
Ans - Improvement in resolution.
- Dc motor like performance
- Elimination of mid frequency resonance
- Rapid motion at micro stepping rate.
Q-418 Define bandwidth in stepper motor.
Ans It is a measure of the frequencies up to which the actuator or servo motor system
can respond.
Q-419 What is Switched reluctance motor(srm)?
Ans It is a doubly salient, single excited motor. This means that it has salient poles on
both rotor and the stator. But only one member carries winding. The rotor has no
windings, magnets or case windings.
Q-420 What are the advantages of Switched reluctance motor (srm)?
Ans - Construction is very simple
- Rotor carries no winding
- No brushes and requires less maintenance
Q-421 What are the disadvantages of Switched reluctance motor (srm)?
Ans - It requires a position sensor ,
- Stator phase winding shold be capable of carrying magnetizing currents
Q-422 Why rotor position sensor is essential for the operation of switched reluctance
motor?
Ans It is necessary to use a rotor position sensor for commutation and speed feedback.
The turning on and off operation of the various devices of power semiconductor
switching circuit are influenced by signals obtained from rotor position sensor.

Q-423 What are the different power controllers used for the control of Switched
reluctance motor(srm)?
Ans Using two power semiconductors and two diodes per phase
- Phase windings and bifilar wires
- Dump – C converter
- Split power supply converter
Q-424 What are the applications of Switched reluctance motor(srm)?
Ans - Washing machines
- Fans
- Robotic control applications
- Vacuum cleaner
- Future auto mobile applications
Q-425 What are the two types of current control techniques?
Ans - Hysteresis type control
- PWM type control
Q-426 What is meant by energy ratio?
Ans Energy ratio = Wm/(Wm+R)=0.45
Wm=mechanical energy transformed
This energy cannot be called as efficiency. As the stored energy R is not wasted
as a loss but it is feedback to the source through feedback diodes.
Q-427 Write the torque equation of Switched reluctance motor(srm)?
Ans T=1/2(i^2 dL/dθ)
Q-428 What is phase winding?
Ans Ststor poles carrying field coils.the field coils of opposite poles are connected in
series such that mmf „s are additive and they are called „‟phase winding‟‟ of
SRM.
Q-429 Write the characteristics of Switched reluctance motor (srm)?
Ans - Lowest construction complexity, many stamped metal elements
- Like a BLDC or stepper without the magnets
- High reliability (no brush wear), failsafe for Inverter but...acoustically noisy
- High efficiency
Q-430 Define the control system of Switched reluctance motor (srm)?
Ans The control system is responsible for giving the required sequential pulses to the
power circuitry in order to activate the phases as required. There are two options
for producing the sequence including a microcontroller to produce the signal or a
timer circuit which could also produce the desired signal
Q-431 Define the timer circuit of Switched reluctance motor (srm).
Ans The use of a timer circuit would be very effective in producing the necessary signal
in which to control the circuit. As the required signal is very simple it could easily
be implemented by digital timer, such as the 555 timer. A digital timer is more
precise than any other form of timer, such as a mechanical timer. With the
widespread use of digital logic within integrated circuits the cost of these timers
has reduced considerably. The latest controllers in use incorporate programmable
logic controllers (PLC‟s) rather than electromechanical components in its
implementation. Within PLC‟s, the timers are normally simulated by the software
incorporated in the controller; the timer is therefore controlled by the software.
There are obvious advantages to this system, although the control of a soft start
could be hard to implement in this way.

Q-432 Write the soft starters of Switched reluctance motor (srm).

Ans Mechanical – come in the form of torque limiters utilizing clutches and various
couplings,
Electrical – these soft starters alter the power supply to the motor to reducing the
torque and current demand. This is normally performed either by reducing the
supply voltage, or controlling the frequency of excitation. Since switched
reluctance motors are driven by a controlled pulsed supply, frequency control is
an obvious choice in this case.
Q-433 What are the goals to contro, soft starting?
Ans Fixed start-up time - the start-up will be controlled to achieve full speed within a
fixed time
Current limit - the motor current can be monitored and the start-up controlled to
keep it below a specified limit
Torque limit - an intelligent starter can calculate the motor torque based on the
current and voltage demand and control the start up to provide a constant starting
torque
Q-434 What are the major advantages of frequency control of Switched reluctance
motor (srm)?
Ans This has a major advantage of being easily controlled and changed at any point by
simply altering the programming. By using this method the development time is
reduced and the number of modules to implement is also reduced.
Q-435 Define the isolation of Switched reluctance motor (srm).
Ans The electrical isolation of the control and power circuitry modules is very
important and is used so that the control electronics are protected from any voltage
fluctuations in the power circuitry. The major method of isolation used today are
optoisolators, these isolators use short optical transmission paths to transfer a
signal from one part of a circuit to another. The isolator incorporates a transmitter
and a receiver, the signal therefore converts from electrical to optical before
converting back to electrical thereby breaking any electrical connection between
input and output.
Q-436 Define the power circuitry of Switched reluctance motor (srm).
Ans - The most common approach to the powering of a switched reluctance motor is
to use an asymmetric bridge converter.
- There are 3 phases in this in an asymmetric bridge converter corresponding to
the phases of the switched reluctance motor. If both of the power switches either
side of the phase are turned on, then that corresponding phase shall be actuated.
Once the current has risen above the set value, the switch shall turn off. The energy
now stored within the motor winding shall now maintain the current in the same
direction until that energy is depleted.
- N+1 Switch And Diode
- This basic circuitry may be altered so that fewer components are required
although the circuit shall perform the same action. This efficient circuit is known
as the (n+1) switch and diode configuration.
- A capacitor can be added to either configuration, and is used to address noise
issues by ensuring that the switching of the power switches shall not cause
fluctuations in the supply voltage.
Q-437 What are the current control schemes?
Ans - Hysteresis type current regulator

- PWM type current regulator

Q-438 What are the advantages of brushless dc motors drives?
Ans - Regenerative braking is possible
- Speed can be easily controllable
Q-439 What are the disadvantages of brushless dc motors drives?
Ans - It requires a rotor position sensor
- It requires a power semiconductor switching circuits.
Q-440 Define mechanical commutators?
Ans Its arrangement is located in the rotor
No of commutators segments are very high .
Q-441 Define electronic commutators?
Ans
six
Q-442 Mention some applications of PMBL DC motor?
Ans
Q-443 What are conventional Dc motor?

Ans
Q-444 What are PMBL DC motor?
Ans
Low maintanace
Q-445 Why is the PMBLDC motor called electronically commulated motor?
Ans The PMBL DC motor is also called electronically commutated motor because the
phase windings of PLMBL DC motor is energized by using power semiconductor
switching circuits.here the power semiconductor switching circuits act as a
commutator.
Q-446 What are the classification of BLPM DC motor?
Ans
Q-447 What are the two types of BLPM SQW DC motor?
Ans 180”polerarc BLPM SQW motor
Q-448 What are the two types of rotor position sensors?

Ans
sensor
Q-449 What are the materials used for making Hall IC pallet?
Ans -antinomy
-arsenide
Q-450 What are applications of stator?
Ans
Veticular electric drive motors
Q-451 What are the classification of BLPM dc motor?
Ans BLPM dc motor

pulse circuits
Q-452 What are the features of one phase winding and one pulse BLPM dc motor?
Ans
Q-453 What are the features of one phase winding and two pulse BLPM dc motor?
Ans better, however transistor utilization is less.
orque developed is more uniform
Q-454 What are the features of two phase winding and two pulse BLPM dc motor?
Ans 50percent which is less
provide better torque waveforms
Q-455 What are the features of three phase windings and 6 pluse circuits?
Ans
e frequency components are less
Q-456 What is meant by self control?
Ans Self control ensures that for all opearating points the armature and rotor fields
move exactly at the same speed.
Q-457 What is meant by vector control?
Ans PMSm are employed for variable speed applications. The process of controlling
voltage and frequency to get the desired speed and torque is known as vector
control of PMSM
Q-458 Define stator?
Ans Stator is made up of silicon steel stampings.stator slots carry a balanced 3phase
armature winding, wound for a specified even number of poles.The ends of the
armature windings are connected to the terminals of the motor.
Q-459 Define rotor?
Ans Rotor is made up of forged steel with outward projected poles.The number of rotor
poles must be same as that of stator.These rotor poles carry field coils.They aare
suitably connected to form a field winding. The ends of the field windings are
connected to the two slip rings which are also mounted on to the same shaft.
Q-460 What are merits of 3phase BLPM synchronous motor?
Ans
Q-461 What are the demerits of 3 phase BLMP synchronous motor?
Ans power factor of operation cannot be controlled as field current can’t be controlled.
Q-462 What are the rotor configurations?
Ans
-pole or Lundell
Q-463 What are the advantages of load commutation?
Ans
Q-464 What are the applications of load commutation?
Ans Some prominent applications of this drive are high speed and high power drives
for compressors,blowers,conveyers,steelrolling.
Q-465 What are advantages of synchronous motor?
Ans

speeds(6000rpm)
Q-466 What are the applications of synchronous drive?
Ans
compressors,blowers,fans,pumps,aircraft test facilities.
Q-467 What are the features of permanent magnet synchronous motor?
Ans Robust, compact and less weight
Q-468 What are the advantages of load commutation?

Ans
Q-469 What are the applications of PMSM?
Ans as a direct drive traction motor
Q-470 What are features of closed-loop speed control of load commutated inverter
fed synchronous motor drive?
Ans
our auadrant operation with regeneration braking is possible
Q-471 What are the merits of PMSM?
Ans
Q-472 What are the demerits of PMSM?
Ans Power factor of operation cannot be controlled as field winding cannot be
controlled It leads to losses and decreases efficiency
Q-473 What are assumptions made in derivation of emf equation for PMSM?
Ans
inding consists of full pitched,concentrated similarly located coils
of equal number of turns
Q-474 Why PMSM operating in self-controlled mode is known commutatorless dc
motor?
Ans Load side controller performs somewhat similar function as commutator in a dc
machine. The load side converter and synchronous motor combination function
similar to a dc machine.
First, it is fed from a dc supply and secondly like a dc machine. The stator and
rotor field remain stationary with respect to each other at all
speeds.Consequently,the drive consisting of load side converter and synchronous
motor is known as “Commutator less dc motor”.
Q-475 What is”pulsed mode”?
Ans For speeds below 10%of base speed, the commutation of load side converter
thyristors Is done by forcing the current through the conducting thyristors to zero
This is realized by making source side converter to work as inverter each time load
side converter thyristors are to be turned off Since the frequency of operating of
load side converter is very low compared to the source frequency. Such an
operation can be realized.The operation of inverter is termed as”Pulsed mode”
Q-476 What is load commutation?
Ans Commutation of thyristors by induced voltages of load is known as”Load
commutation”.Here,frequency of operation is higher and it does not require
commutation circuits.
Q-477 What is meant by synchronous reactance?

Ans It is the sum of armature leakage reactance and fictitious reactance.

Xs=Xt+Xa

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ELECTRICAL MACHINE VIVA

Q-1 Transformer works on which principle?

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Ans Impedance is the current limiting characteristic of a transformer and is expressed

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Q-43 What is BIL and How Does it Apply to our Transformers ?

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Q-62 What is the suitable dc motor for electric traction ?

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Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra ,where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will

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Ans 1. ONAN (oil natural, air natural)

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Ans 1. Under-voltage release to prevent automatic restarting after a stoppage due to a

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isolating switch may be incorporated in the starter. If reversing is required, two

Q-111 What are the connections for a star-delta starter?

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Q-115 What precautions should be observed when applying reduced voltage

Q-125 What is a slip resistance?

According to shape of field system

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Q-130 Name the types of Alternator based on their rotor construction.

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Ans Data required for MMF method are :

Q-161 Why synchronous generators are to be constructed with more synchronous

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Q-210 How the synchronous motor can be used as s synchronous condenser?

Q-224 Define permeability?

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V2 less than E2, for lagging p.f load

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Q-262 What is the function of transformer oil in a transformer?

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Q-296 What is eddy current loss?

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Q-320 Why an induction motor never runs at its synchronous speed?

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Q-369 Why MMF method of estimating voltage regulation is considered as

Q-379 What is synchronous reluctance motor?

Q-384 Define power factor of synchronous reluctance motor(syrm).

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Q-388 What is vernier motor?

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