Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc.

College of Maritime Education

MacArthur Highway, wakas, Bocaue, 3018 Bulacan

AUTO 1 ASSIGNMENT AND PROJECT

( PRELIM )
BATCH #1 BRAVO 3A

SUBMITTED TO:

3/E NEMESIO S. SORILLA

SUBMITTED BY:
Fernando Tagumpay H. Cruz Jr
TOPIC: Electronic Control Equipment (PRLIM)

- RELAY IRCUIT UNIT

What is a relay ?
A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current. The
current flowing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit. Relays are like
remote control switches and are used
in many applications because of their
relative simplicity, long life, and
proven high reliability. Relays are
used in a wide variety of applications
throughout industry, such as in
telephone exchanges, digital
computers and automation systems.
Highly sophisticated relays are utilized
to protect electric power systems against trouble and power blackouts as well as to regulate and
control the generation and distribution of power. In the home, relays are used in refrigerators,
washing machines and dishwashers, heating and air-conditioning controls. Although relays are
generally associated with electrical circuitry, there are many other types, such as pneumatic and
hydraulic. Input may be electrical and output directly mechanical, or vice versa.

-DIGITAL SQUENTIAL CONTROL DEVICES

Sequential Logic Representation

The word “Sequential” means that things happen in a “sequence”, one after another and in
Sequential Logic circuits, the actual clock signal determines when things will happen next.
Simple sequential logic circuits can be constructed from standard Bistable circuits such as: Flip-
flops, Latches and Counters and which themselves can be made by simply connecting together
universal NAND Gates and/or NOR Gates in a particular combinational way to produce the
required sequential circuit.
-PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER [PLC]

What is a PLC?

A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC) is an industrial computer control system

that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes decisions based upon a custom
program to control the state of output devices.

Almost any production line, machine function, or process can be greatly enhanced using this type
of control system. However, the biggest benefit in using a PLC is the ability to change and
replicate the operation or process while collecting and communicating vital information.

Another advantage of a PLC system is that it is modular. That is, you can mix and match the
types of Input and Output devices to best suit your application.

-INTEGRATED ALARM, MONITORING and CONTROL SYSTEM (IAMCS)

The Integrated Alarm, Monitoring and Control System offers a flexible solution for a wide range
of your vessel needs. IAMCS is a microprocessor-based system containing all necessary
functions for protection and control of the complete ship installation in unattended operations.

-ANALOGUE/DIGITAL/COMPUTER PID CONTROLLER

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller. or three-term controller) is a

control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems and a variety of other
applications requiring continuously modulated control. A PID controller continuously calculates
an error value {\displaystyle e(t)} e(t) as the difference between a desired setpoint (SP) and a
measured process variable (PV) and applies a correction based on proportional, integral, and
derivative terms (denoted P, I, and D respectively), hence the name.

In practical terms it automatically applies accurate and responsive correction to a control

function. An everyday example is the cruise control on a car, where ascending a hill would lower
speed if only constant engine power is applied. The controller's PID algorithm restores the
measured speed to the desired speed with minimal delay and overshoot, by increasing the power
output of the engine.

The first theoretical analysis and practical application was in the field of automatic steering
systems for ships, developed from the early 1920s onwards. It was then used for automatic
process control in the manufacturing industry, where it was widely implemented in pneumatic,
and then electronic, controllers. Today there is universal use of the PID concept in applications
requiring accurate and optimised automatic control.
TOPIC: Flowchart for Automatic and Control System

-explain symbol marks used in flow charts such as terminal , processing, determination,
input/output etc

Flowchart

What is a Flowchart?

A flowchart is a visual representation of the sequence of steps and decisions needed to perform a
process. Each step in the sequence is noted within a diagram shape. Steps are linked by
connecting lines and directional arrows. This allows anyone to view the flowchart and logically
follow the process from beginning to end.

A flowchart is a powerful business tool. With proper design and construction, it communicates
the steps in a process very effectively and efficiently.

-STATES WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD WITH FLOW CHART

A flowchart is a visual representation of a process that makes it easy to understand the process at
a glance. Flow charts depict the nature and flow of steps in a process. Steps and decision points
of a process are linked by connecting lines and directional arrows showing process flow
direction. This makes it easy for anyone to rationally follow the process from beginning to end. It
is important to note that each process step is represented by a different symbol showing different
types of actions in a process.
-EXPLAINS FLOW CHARTS INDICATING AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR
MAIN ENGINE, GENERATOR CONTROL SYSTEM AND OTHERS TAKING SOME
OF THE EXAMPLES
-DESCRIBES BRIEFLY THE MAJOR COMPONENTS IN RELATION TO TH
FUNCTION FOUND IN FLOW CHART

Flowcharts map or represent the ordered steps in a process. The major components of
a flowchart include start and end points (circles), decision points (diamonds), abstract
or detailed description of units of work (rectangles), and an ordering of the
components (arrows). Software flowcharts are generally used to describe a software
module. Possibly the first recorded systematic development of the technique were the
flow diagrams developed by Goldstine and Von Neumann in 1946.
Flowcharts are often derided for a number of reasons: they can be used to
selectively abstract out or hide code complexity, they can be sufficiently detailed to
be directly translated to code (thus inefficient), they are often mandated deliverables
in many legacy processes, flowcharting software is generally painful (time-
consuming) to use, and they do not well represent the complexity of modern
interfaces.
According to post-1960s computing science all of this can be attributed to the same
root cause: a lack of expressive power.

TOPIC: Fundamentals of Automatic Control

-DESCRIBES THE DEVICES/EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCT CONTROL

SYSTEMS AND THEIR ROLE/FUNTIONS
Bridge control of Main Engines:

Marine Control Systems: Integrated Systems for All Aspects of Ships Operations

Marine Machinery, Engines & Controls / By Chief Engineer Mohit Sanguri / Marine
Engineering

Introduction

Within the environment of a marine plant there are many parameters which need to be controlled
or monitored including: temperatures, pressure, level, viscosity, flow control, speed, torque
control, voltage, current, machinery status (on/ off), and equipment status (open/ closed).

In olden times it was the role of the watch keeping engineers to monitor and control the
machinery plant. This was achieved by periodically taking rounds around the engine room and
manually inspecting the condition of the running machinery. Often the engineer was totally
dependent on his natural senses, frequently supported by only the minimum of widely distributed
simple monitoring devices.

The demand to reduce manning level led to the development of automatic control arrangements
for the engine room plant which enabled unattended operation of machinery spaces. With vessels
capable of safe operation for any period of time in this mode, those ships were qualified as UMS
(Unattended Machinery Space) ships.

In these types of ships, all the control systems and monitoring facilities are grouped together in
an Engine Control Room and the ship machinery can also be controlled from this station.

Initially the control room was located in the engine room, with extended monitoring and alarm
systems to the bridge and in the accommodation while the ship is running in UMS. But as of
recent development, ships are built with the engine control room adjacent to the bridge.

In the latest trend, the control room uses the total integrated systems for all aspects of ship
operation which includes engine room operation, cargo operation, navigation, and general
administration.

Bridge Control of Main Engine

bridge control

Engine Control Room

Bridge control of Main Engines:

Automatic control of the starting of the main engine can be done from the bridge as well as in
Engine control room. The automatic controls employed in starting the engine is by the following
sequence:

Automatic control used in correctly positioning of the cam shaft.

Admitting starting air

Admitting fuel

Starting air shut off

Speed adjustment to the value required

Thus the engine is started and the various parameters like temperature, pressure, flow and tank
level have to measured at every watch to make sure that the engine is running safely.
Temperatures of lube oil, JCW, exhaust gas, etc. are measured.

Pressures of lube oil, JCW, fuel oil, and starting air etc. are measured.

-DESCRIBES VARIETY OF ONTROLLER SUCH AS ELETRONIC (PID, PLC

COMPUTER ) CONTROLLER AND PNEUMATI CONTROLLER

What is the function of a pid controller?

The function of a PID controller is to reduce steady errors and to improve response. It does this
first by adding an integrator to the loop - usually an I is used as minimum - to create a type 1
system (1 free integrator) that has the ability to trim error to zero. Trimming error to zero is one
of the primary reasons for closed loop control. Not many loops are worth making without that
requirement. The second thing that the PID does is compensate for the plant dynamics. If the
plant is simple, adding P only can usually cancel the plant and create a pure lag closed loop
where you can really crank the gain up to achieve very fast response with very little overshoot. If
the plant is more complex, adding the D in addition to P may cancel the complexities and let you
achieve the same pure lag closed loop structure. By adding a PID controller you will have
succeeded at driving error to zero and improving the response time.

How does a PLC work?

The PLC receives information from connected sensors or input devices, processes the data, and
triggers outputs based on pre-programmed parameters.

Depending on the inputs and outputs, a PLC can monitor and record run-time data such as
machine productivity or operating temperature, automatically start and stop processes, generate
alarms if a machine malfunctions, and more. Programmable Logic Controllers are a flexible and
robust control solution, adaptable to almost any application.

-DESCRIBE WHAT SORT OF DEVICES ARE INCLUDED AS MANIPULATORS

a manipulator is a device used to manipulate materials without direct contact. The applications
were originally for dealing with radioactive or biohazardous materials, using robotic arms, or
they were used in inaccessible places. In more recent developments they have been used in
diverse range of applications including welding automation,[1] robotically-assisted surgery and
in space. It is an arm-like mechanism that consists of a series of segments, usually sliding or
jointed called cross-slides,[2] which grasp and move objects with a number of degrees of
freedom
-DESCRIBES VARIETY OF CONTROLLED OBJECT

Control object

A control is a type of view in a user interface that sends a message to another object when a user
manipulates it in a certain way, such as tapping a button or dragging a slider. A control is the
agent in the target-action model. A control (or, in OS X, the control’s cell) stores the information
necessary for sending the message: a reference to the object to receive the message (the target)
and a selector that identifies the method to invoke on the target (the action). When a user
manipulates the control in a specific way, it sends a message to the application object, which
then forwards the action message to the target.