PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

What is PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION?

Purposive Communication is made for the compliance of the K-12

learning system. This is a newly established subject to be timely with the 21st

century learning. Since more and more connections in other countries are

being made in the Philippines, the strive for growth in the educational course

system is a must. Changing the pace for the K-12 students to keep up with the

rising global known qualifications. Purposive Communication is used for the

students to improve in all skills of communication:

 Verbal Communication

 Non-Verbal Communication

 Visual Communication

Explanation:

 In Verbal Communication there is speaking, presenting verbally or by

exchange of words. Example: News Anchors, are reporting about the latest

news.

 In Non-verbal Communication there is writing, using a material to

communicate. Example: You decided to inform your classmate by texting him,

that you cannot come to his house today.

 In Visual Communication you use pictures or anything that can visually

explain what you want to convey. Example: Your topic is about gender

differences, so you use the rainbow to represent the varieties of gender

present.
 There are many skills to improve in communication, and honestly most of

the types of communication we already practice in plain interaction with each

other. And so, the Purposive Communication will be there to polish what we

have or for other cases introduce new skills to have proper education towards

the English language.

HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Early History -The Negritos are believed to have migrated to the Philippines

some 30,000 years ago from Borneo, Sumatra, and Malaya. The Malayans

followed in successive waves. These people belonged to a primitive epoch of

Malayan culture, which has apparently survived to this day among certain

groups such as the Igorots. The Malayan tribes that came later had more

highly developed material cultures.

In the 14th cent. Arab traders from Malay and Borneo introduced Islam into the

southern islands and extended their influence as far north as Luzon. The first

Europeans to visit (1521) the Philippines were those in the Spanish expedition

around the world led by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. Other

Spanish expeditions followed, including one from New Spain (Mexico) under

López de Villalobos, who in 1542 named the islands for the infante Philip, later

Philip II.

Spanish Control - The conquest of the Filipinos by Spain did not begin in

earnest until 1564, when another expedition from New Spain, commanded by

Miguel López de Legaspi, arrived. Spanish leadership was soon established

over many small independent communities that previously had known no

central rule. By 1571, when López de Legaspi established the Spanish city of

Manila on the site of a Moro town he had conquered the year before, the

Spanish foothold in the Philippines was secure, despite the opposition of the

Portuguese, who were eager to maintain their monopoly on the trade of East

Asia.

Manila repulsed the attack of the Chinese pirate Limahong in 1574. For

centuries before the Spanish arrived the Chinese had traded with the Filipinos,

but evidently none had settled permanently in the islands until after the

conquest. Chinese trade and labor were of great importance in the early

development of the Spanish colony, but the Chinese came to be feared and

hated because of their increasing numbers, and in 1603 the Spanish murdered

thousands of them (later, there were lesser massacres of the Chinese).

The Spanish governor, made a viceroy in 1589, ruled with the advice of the

powerful royal audiencia. There were frequent uprisings by the Filipinos, who

resented the encomienda system. By the end of the 16th cent. Manila had

become a leading commercial center of East Asia, carrying on a flourishing

trade with China, India, and the East Indies. The Philippines supplied some

wealth (including gold) to Spain, and the richly laden galleons plying between

the islands and New Spain were often attacked by English freebooters. There

was also trouble from other quarters, and the period from 1600 to 1663 was

marked by continual wars with the Dutch, who were laying the foundations of

their rich empire in the East Indies, and with Moro pirates. One of the most

difficult problems the Spanish faced was the subjugation of the Moros.

Intermittent campaigns were conducted against them but without conclusive

results until the middle of the 19th cent. As the power of the Spanish Empire

waned, the Jesuit orders became more influential in the Philippines and

acquired great amounts of property.

Revolution, War, and U.S. Control - It was the opposition to the power of the

clergy that in large measure brought about the rising sentiment for

independence. Spanish injustices, bigotry, and economic oppressions fed the

movement, which was greatly inspired by the brilliant writings of José Rizal. In

1896 revolution began in the province of Cavite, and after the execution of

Rizal that December, it spread throughout the major islands. The Filipino

leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, achieved considerable success before a peace was

patched up with Spain. The peace was short-lived, however, for neither side

honored its agreements, and a new revolution was brewing when the

Spanish-American War broke out in 1898.

After the U.S. naval victory in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, Commodore George

Dewey supplied Aguinaldo with arms and urged him to rally the Filipinos

against the Spanish. By the time U.S. land forces had arrived, the Filipinos had

taken the entire island of Luzon, except for the old walled city of Manila, which

they were besieging. The Filipinos had also declared their independence and

established a republic under the first democratic constitution ever known in

Asia. Their dreams of independence were crushed when the Philippines were

transferred from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1898), which

closed the Spanish-American War.

In Feb., 1899, Aguinaldo led a new revolt, this time against U.S. rule. Defeated

on the battlefield, the Filipinos turned to guerrilla warfare, and their subjugation

became a mammoth project for the United States—one that cost far more

money and took far more lives than the Spanish-American War. The

insurrection was effectively ended with the capture (1901) of Aguinaldo by Gen.

Frederick Funston, but the question of Philippine independence remained a

burning issue in the politics of both the United States and the islands. The

matter was complicated by the growing economic ties between the two

countries. Although comparatively little American capital was invested in island

industries, U.S. trade bulked larger and larger until the Philippines became

almost entirely dependent upon the American market. Free trade, established

by an act of 1909, was expanded in 1913.

When the Democrats came into power in 1913, measures were taken to effect

a smooth transition to self-rule. The Philippine assembly already had a

popularly elected lower house, and the Jones Act, passed by the U.S.

Congress in 1916, provided for a popularly elected upper house as well, with

power to approve all appointments made by the governor-general. It also gave

the islands their first definite pledge of independence, although no specific

date was set.

When the Republicans regained power in 1921, the trend toward bringing

Filipinos into the government was reversed. Gen. Leonard Wood, who was

appointed governor-general, largely supplanted Filipino activities with a

semimilitary rule. However, the advent of the Great Depression in the United

States in the 1930s and the first aggressive moves by Japan in Asia (1931)
shifted U.S. sentiment sharply toward the granting of immediate independence

to the Philippines.

The Commonwealth - The Hare-Hawes Cutting Act, passed by Congress in

1932, provided for complete independence of the islands in 1945 after 10

years of self-government under U.S. supervision. The bill had been drawn up

with the aid of a commission from the Philippines, but Manuel L. Quezon, the

leader of the dominant Nationalist party, opposed it, partially because of its

threat of American tariffs against Philippine products but principally because of

the provisions leaving naval bases in U.S. hands. Under his influence, the

Philippine legislature rejected the bill. The Tydings-McDuffie Independence

Act (1934) closely resembled the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act, but struck the

provisions for American bases and carried a promise of further study to correct

“imperfections or inequalities.”

The Philippine legislature ratified the bill; a constitution, approved by President

Roosevelt (Mar., 1935) was accepted by the Philippine people in a plebiscite

(May); and Quezon was elected the first president (Sept.). When Quezon was

inaugurated on Nov. 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was

formally established. Quezon was reelected in Nov., 1941. To develop

defensive forces against possible aggression, Gen. Douglas MacArthur was

brought to the islands as military adviser in 1935, and the following year he

became field marshal of the Commonwealth army.

World War II - War came suddenly to the Philippines on Dec. 8 (Dec. 7, U.S.

time), 1941, when Japan attacked without warning. Japanese troops invaded

the islands in many places and launched a pincer drive on Manila. MacArthur’s

scattered defending forces (about 80,000 troops, four fifths of them Filipinos)

were forced to withdraw to Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor Island, where

they entrenched and tried to hold until the arrival of reinforcements, meanwhile

guarding the entrance to Manila Bay and denying that important harbor to the

Japanese. But no reinforcements were forthcoming. The Japanese occupied

Manila on Jan. 2, 1942. MacArthur was ordered out by President Roosevelt

and left for Australia on Mar. 11; Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright assumed

command.

The besieged U.S.-Filipino army on Bataan finally crumbled on Apr. 9, 1942.

Wainwright fought on from Corregidor with a garrison of about 11,000 men; he

was overwhelmed on May 6, 1942. After his capitulation, the Japanese forced

the surrender of all remaining defending units in the islands by threatening to

use the captured Bataan and Corregidor troops as hostages. Many individual

soldiers refused to surrender, however, and guerrilla resistance, organized and

coordinated by U.S. and Philippine army officers, continued throughout the

Japanese occupation.

Japan’s efforts to win Filipino loyalty found expression in the establishment

(Oct. 14, 1943) of a “Philippine Republic,” with José P. Laurel, former supreme

court justice, as president. But the people suffered greatly from Japanese

brutality, and the puppet government gained little support. Meanwhile,

President Quezon, who had escaped with other high officials before the

country fell, set up a government-in-exile in Washington. When he died (Aug.,

1944), Vice President Sergio Osmeña became president. Osmeña returned

to the Philippines with the first liberation forces, which surprised the Japanese

by landing (Oct. 20, 1944) at Leyte, in the heart of the islands, after months of

U.S. air strikes against Mindanao. The Philippine government was established

at Tacloban, Leyte, on Oct. 23.

The landing was followed (Oct. 23–26) by the greatest naval engagement in

history, called variously the battle of Leyte Gulf and the second battle of the

Philippine Sea. A great U.S. victory, it effectively destroyed the Japanese fleet

and opened the way for the recovery of all the islands. Luzon was invaded

(Jan., 1945), and Manila was taken in February. On July 5, 1945, MacArthur

announced “All the Philippines are now liberated.” The Japanese had suffered

over 425,000 dead in the Philippines.

The Philippine congress met on June 9, 1945, for the first time since its

election in 1941. It faced enormous problems. The land was devastated by war,

the economy destroyed, the country torn by political warfare and guerrilla

violence. Osmeña’s leadership was challenged (Jan., 1946) when one wing

(now the Liberal party) of the Nationalist party nominated for president Manuel

Roxas, who defeated Osmeña in April.

The Republic of the Philippines - Manuel Roxas became the first president

of the Republic of the Philippines when independence was granted, as

scheduled, on July 4, 1946. In Mar., 1947, the Philippines and the United

States signed a military assistance pact (since renewed) and the Philippines

gave the United States a 99-year lease on designated military, naval, and air

bases (a later agreement reduced the period to 25 years beginning 1967). The

sudden death of President Roxas in Apr., 1948, elevated the vice president,

Elpidio Quirino, to the presidency, and in a bitterly contested election in Nov.,

1949, Quirino defeated José Laurel to win a four-year term of his own.

The enormous task of reconstructing the war-torn country was complicated by

the activities in central Luzon of the Communist-dominated Hukbalahap

guerrillas (Huks), who resorted to terror and violence in their efforts to achieve

land reform and gain political power. They were finally brought under control

(1954) after a vigorous attack launched by the minister of national defense,

Ramón Magsaysay. By that time Magsaysay was president of the country,

having defeated Quirino in Nov., 1953. He had promised sweeping economic

changes, and he did make progress in land reform, opening new settlements

outside crowded Luzon island. His death in an airplane crash in Mar., 1957,

was a serious blow to national morale. Vice President Carlos P. García

succeeded him and won a full term as president in the elections of Nov., 1957.

In foreign affairs, the Philippines maintained a firm anti-Communist policy and

joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954. There were difficulties

with the United States over American military installations in the islands, and,

despite formal recognition (1956) of full Philippine sovereignty over these

bases, tensions increased until some of the bases were dismantled (1959) and

the 99-year lease period was reduced. The United States rejected Philippine

financial claims and proposed trade revisions.

Philippine opposition to García on issues of government corruption and

anti-Americanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and

Progressive parties, led by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, the Liberal

party leader, who succeeded García as president in the 1961 elections.

Macapagal’s administration was marked by efforts to combat the mounting

inflation that had plagued the republic since its birth; by attempted alliances

with neighboring countries; and by a territorial dispute with Britain over North

Borneo (later Sabah), which Macapagal claimed had been leased and not sold

to the British North Borneo Company in 1878.

Marcos and After - Ferdinand E. Marcos, who succeeded to the presidency

after defeating Macapagal in the 1965 elections, inherited the territorial dispute

over Sabah; in 1968 he approved a congressional bill annexing Sabah to the

Philippines. Malaysia suspended diplomatic relations (Sabah had joined the

Federation of Malaysia in 1963), and the matter was referred to the United

Nations. (The Philippines dropped its claim to Sabah in 1978.) The Philippines

became one of the founding countries of the Association of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN) in 1967. The continuing need for land reform fostered a new

Huk uprising in central Luzon, accompanied by mounting assassinations and

acts of terror, and in 1969, Marcos began a major military campaign to subdue

them. Civil war also threatened on Mindanao, where groups of Moros opposed

Christian settlement. In Nov., 1969, Marcos won an unprecedented reelection,

easily defeating Sergio Osmeña, Jr., but the election was accompanied by
violence and charges of fraud, and Marcos’s second term began with

increasing civil disorder.

In Jan., 1970, some 2,000 demonstrators tried to storm Malacañang Palace,

the presidential residence; riots erupted against the U.S. embassy. When

Pope Paul VI visited Manila in Nov., 1970, an attempt was made on his life. In

1971, at a Liberal party rally, hand grenades were thrown at the speakers’

platform, and several people were killed. President Marcos declared martial

law in Sept., 1972,charging that a Communist rebellion threatened. The 1935

constitution was replaced (1973) by a new one that provided the president with

direct powers. A plebiscite (July, 1973) gave Marcos the right to remain in

office beyond the expiration (Dec., 1973) of his term. Meanwhile the fighting on

Mindanao had spread to the Sulu Archipelago. By 1973 some 3,000 people

had been killed and hundreds of villages burned. Throughout the 1970s

poverty and governmental corruption increased, and Imelda Marcos,

Ferdinand’s wife, became more influential.

Martial law remained in force until 1981, when Marcos was reelected, amid

accusations of electoral fraud. On Aug. 21, 1983, opposition leader Benigno

Aquino was assassinated at Manila airport, which incited a new, more powerful

wave of anti-Marcos dissent. After the Feb., 1986, presidential election, both

Marcos and his opponent, Corazon Aquino (the widow of Benigno), declared

themselves the winner, and charges of massive fraud and violence were

leveled against the Marcos faction. Marcos’s domestic and international

support eroded, and he fled the country on Feb. 25, 1986, eventually obtaining

asylum in the United States.

Aquino’s government faced mounting problems, including coup attempts,

significant economic difficulties, and pressure to rid the Philippines of the U.S.

military presence (the last U.S. bases were evacuated in 1992). In 1990, in

response to the demands of the Moros, a partially autonomous Muslim region

was created in the far south. In 1992, Aquino declined to run for reelection and

was succeeded by her former army chief of staff Fidel Ramos. He immediately

launched an economic revitalization plan premised on three policies:

government deregulation, increased private investment, and political solutions

to the continuing insurgencies within the country. His political program was

somewhat successful, opening dialogues with the Marxist and Muslim guerillas.

However, Muslim discontent with partial rule persisted, and unrest and

violence continued throughout the 1990s. In 1999, Marxist rebels and Muslim

separatists formed an alliance to fight the government.

Several natural disasters, including the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo on

Luzon and a succession of severe typhoons, slowed the country’s economic

progress. However, the Philippines escaped much of the economic turmoil

seen in other East Asian nations in 1997 and 1998, in part by following a

slower pace of development imposed by the International Monetary Fund.

Joseph Marcelo Estrada, a former movie actor, was elected president in 1998,

pledging to help the poor and develop the country’s agricultural sector. In 1999

he announced plans to amend the constitution in order to remove protectionist

provisions and attract more foreign investment.

Late in 2000, Estrada’s presidency was buffeted by charges that he accepted

millions of dollars in payoffs from illegal gambling operations. Although his

support among the poor Filipino majority remained strong, many political,
business, and church leaders called for him to resign. In Nov., 2000, Estrada

was impeached by the house of representatives on charges of graft, but the

senate, controlled by Estrada’s allies, provoked a crisis (Jan., 2001) when it

rejected examining the president’s bank records. As demonstrations against

Estrada mounted and members of his cabinet resigned, the supreme court

stripped him of the presidency, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

was sworn in as Estrada’s successor.

Macapagal-Arroyo was elected president in her own right in May, 2004, but the

balloting was marred by violence and irregularities as well as a tedious

vote-counting process that was completed six weeks after the election.

SYNOPSIS OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Pre-Spanish Times

There are two theories on the origins of the first Filipinos, the inhabitants of

what will later be called the Philippine Islands and eventually the Republic of

the Philippines. See the Early Inhabitants of the Philippine Islands.

In the beginning of the 3rd century, the inhabitants of Luzon island were in

contact and trading with East Asian sea-farers and merchants including

the Chinese. In the 1400's the Japanese also established a

trading post at Aparri in Northern Luzon.

In 1380, Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago and established

settlements which became mini-states ruled by a Datu. They introduced Islam

in the southern parts of the archipelago including some parts of Luzon and

were under the control of the Muslim sultans of Borneo. They had a significant

influence over the region for a couple of hundreds years. The Malay Muslims

remained dominant in these parts until the 16th century.

Philippine History During the Spanish Colonial Times

In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer who was serving the

Spanish crown, landed in Samar Island on his voyage to circumvent the globe.

He explored the islands and named it Archipelago of San Lazaro. Magellan

was killed during a rebellion led by a Datu named Lapu Lapu in Mactan Island

(adjacent to Cebu Island). Spain continued to send expeditions to the island

for financial gain and on the fourth expedition, Commander Ruy Lopez de

Villalobos, named the islands: Philippines, after Prince Philip (later King Philip

II), heir to the Spanish throne. Spain ruled the Philippines for 356 years.

In 1565, King Philip II appointed Miguel Lopez de Legazpi as the first

Governor-General of the Philippines. Legazpi chose Manila to be it's capital

because of it's natural harbor. Spain's legacy was the conversion of the people

to Catholicism and the creation of the privileged landed class. Because of

abuses and suppression of the Spaniards, a Propaganda Movement emerged

with the aims for equality between Filipinos and Spaniards. The arrest of
propagandist Dr. Jose Rizal and execution in 1896 gave fresh momentum to

Filipino rebels to fight against Spain.

The secret society of the Katipunan, founded by Andres Bonifacio attacked the

Spanish Garrison in San Juan with little success, while Katipuneros in Cavite

Province headed by Emilio Aguinaldo defeated the Guardia Civil in Cavite.

Aguinaldo's victories lead him to be elected as head of the Katipunan. The

factions of Bonifacio & Aguinaldo fought and lead to the trial and execution of

Bonifacio on Aguinaldo's orders. Aguinaldo later drafted a constitution and

established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan province. In 1897, an

impasse between the Spanish government and Aguinaldo arose. After

negotiations between the two sides, Aguinaldo accepted an amnesty from the

Spaniards and US$ 800,000.00 in exchange for his exile to Hong Kong with his

government.

Philippine History During the American Era

The Spanish-American war which started in Cuba, changed the history of

the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, the Americans led by U.S. Navy Admiral

George Dewey, in participation of Emilio Aguinaldo, attacked the Spanish

Navy in Manila Bay. Faced with defeat, the Philippines was ceded to

the United States by Spain in 1898 after a payment of US$ 20 million to Spain

in accordance with the "Treaty of Paris" ending the Spanish-American War. On

June 12, 1898, Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence. This

declaration was opposed by the U.S. who had plans of taking over the colony.
And this led to a guerrilla war against the Americans. In 1901, Aguinaldo was

captured and declared allegiance to the United States. On the same

year, William Howard Taft was appointed as the first U.S. governor of

the Philippines. The U.S. passed the Jones Law in 1916 establishing an

elected Filipino legislature with a House of representatives & Senate. In 1934,

the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed by the U.S. Congress, established the

Commonwealth of the Philippines and promised Philippine independence by

1946. The law also provided for the position of President of the

Commonwealth of the Philippines. On the May 14, 1935 elections, Manuel L.

Quezon won the position of President of the Philippine Commonwealth.

In accordance with the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, The Philippines was

given independence on July 4, 1946 and the Republic of the Philippines was

born.

Philippine History During the Japanese Occupation

On December 8, 1941, the Japanese invades the Philippines hours after

bombing Pear Harbor in Hawaii. While the forces of Gen. Douglas

MacArthur retreated to Bataan, the Commonwealth government of President

Quezon moved to Corregidor Island. Manila was declared an open city to

prevent further destruction. After the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942 and

Corregidor, In March 1942, MacArthur & Quezon fled the country and by

invitation of President Roosevelt, the Commonwealth government went into

exile to Washington D.C. American and Filipino forces surrendered in May 6,

1942. Soon a guerrilla war against the Japanese was fought by the Philippine

& American Armies while Filipinos were enduring the cruelty of

the Japanese military against civilians.

Prior to Quezon's exile, he advised Dr. Jose P. Laurel to head and cooperate

with the Japanese civilian government in the hope that the collaboration will

lead to a less brutality of the Japanese towards the Filipinos. Rightly or

wrongly, President Laurel and his war time government was largely detested

by the Filipinos.

In October 1944, Gen. MacArthur with President Sergio Osmeña (who

assumed the presidency after Quezon died on August 1, 1944 in exile in

Saranac Lake, New York) returned and liberated the Philippines from

the Japanese.

The Philippine Republic

On July 4, 1946, Manuel Roxas of the Nationalista Party was inaugurated as

the first President of the Republic of the Philippines. Roxas died in April 1948.

He was succeeded by Elpidio Quirino. Both Roxas & Quirino had to deal with

the Hukbalahap, a large anti-Japanese guerrilla organization which became a

militant group that discredited the ruling elite. The group was eventually put

down by Pres. Quirino's Secretary of Defense, Ramon Magsaysay.

Magsaysay defeated Quirino in the 1953 elections. He was a popular president

and largely loved by the people. Magsaysay died in an airplane crash on

March 17, 1957 and was succeeded by Carlos Garcia.

Diosdado Macapagal won the 1961 presidential elections and soon after he

changed history by declaring June 12 as independence day - the day Emilio

Aguinaldo declared independence in Cavite from Spain in 1898. Aguinaldo

was the guest of honour during the fist Independence Day celebrations in

1962.

Philippine History During the Martial Law Regime

Ferdinand E. Marcos won the presidency in 1965 and was the first president to

be re-elected for a second term in office. Marcos He embarked on an

ambitious public works program and maintained his popularity through his first

term. His popularity started to decline after his re-election due to perceived

dishonesty in the 1969 campaign, the decline in economic growth, government

corruption and the worsening peace & order. He declared Martial Law in 1972

near the end of his second & final term in office. Staunch

oppositionist, Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino (later went on self exile to the

U.S.) & Senator Jose Diokno were one of the first to be arrested. During the

Martial Law years, Marcos held an iron grip on the nation with the support of

the military. Opposition leaders we imprisoned and the legislature

was abolished. Marcos ruled by presidential decrees.

Post Martial Law up to the Present Time

The 21-year dictatorial rule of Marcos with wife Imelda ended in 1986 following

a popular uprising that forced them to exile to Hawaii. Corazon "Cory" Aquino,

the wife of exiled and murdered opposition leader Benigno Aquino who was

perceived to have won a just concluded snap election was installed as

president. Aquino restored civil liberties, initiated the formation of a new

constitution and the restoration of Congress.

On September 16, 1991, despite the lobbying of Aquino, the Senate rejected a

new treaty that would allow a 10-year extension of the US military bases in the

country.

In the1992 elections, Pres. Aquino endorsed Secretary of Defense Fidel

Ramos as her successor, which Ramos won with a slight margin over his rival,

Miriam Defensor-Santiago. During the Ramos presidency, he advocated

"National Reconciliation" and laid the ground work for the resolution of the

secessionist Muslim rebels in the southern Philippine Island of Mindanao. The

Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) led by Nur Misuari, signed a peace

agreement with the government. However a splinter group, The Moro Islamic

Liberation Front (MILF) led by Hashim Salamat continued to fight for an Islamic

state. Ramos worked for the economic stability of the country and the

improvement of the infrastructure facilities like telecommunications, energy

and transportation.
Joseph Ejercito Estrada, a popular actor, succeeded Ramos in 1998

with Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (daughter of former President Diosdado

Macapagal) as his Vice-President. Estrada's lack of economic & management

skills plunged the economy deeper as unemployment increased and the

budget deficit ballooned. In October 2000, Estrada's close friend Luis "Chavit"

Singson accused Estrada of receiving millions of pesos from "Jueteng", an

illegal numbers game. Soon after, Congress impeached Estrada on grounds of

bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust and culpable violation of

the constitution. His impeachment trial at the Senate was however blocked by

his political allies in the Senate. Shortly after the evidence against Estrada was

blocked at the Senate, thousands of people rallied up at the EDSA Shrine, site

of the People Power Revolution which ousted Marcos in 1986.

In January 2001, the Supreme Court declared Joseph Estrada unable to rule

in view of mass resignations from his government and declared Vice-President

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as his constitutional successor. To this date, Estrada

remains detained facing graft charges before the Sandigan Bayan, the

Anti-graft court.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, completed the remaining term of Estrada and run for

re-election against Fernando Poe, Jr., another popular actor and a friend of

Estrada in May 2004. Arroyo with her running mate Noli de Castro was

eventually proclaimed the winners of the Presidential & Vice-Presidential

elections. She has been advocating a change from a Presidential form of

government to a Parliamentary form of government.

Arroyo's husband & son has been rumored to be receiving money from

gambling lords and this has tainted her reputation. A tape recording of Arroyo

talking with a commissioner on elections surfaced establishing impropriety by

Arroyo and suggesting that she might have influenced the outcome of the last

elections. Demonstrations followed in June 2005 calling for Arroyo to resign.

On the eve of the anniversary of the "People Power Revolution" on February

24, 2006, the government took pre-emptive measures to quash alleged plots to

unseat Arroyo through massive rallies and a coup. Arroyo declared a "State of

Emergency" the next day mobilizing the police and the military averting any

destabilization moves. Note: Arroyo is has been under hospital arrest since

2011 for charges of electoral sabotage and misuse of public funds. She is

detained at the Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon City, Metro Manila.

May 14, 2007 - National Elections for Senators, Congressmen, Governors,

Mayors and local officials. Although there are instances of violence and

allegations of cheating specially in Mindanao, this elections is considered by

many as one of the most peaceful elections conducted in Philippines.

September 12, 2007 - Former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada is convicted

of plunder by the Sandiganbayan, the anti-graft court and is sentenced to 40

years imprisonment. He is the first former president ever convicted of any

crime in Philippine history. Six weeks later, on October 26, Estrada was
pardoned by President Arroyo. Because of the pardon, Estrada was able to

run for Mayor of Manila and won. He is presently the city mayor of Manila.

Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, affectionately called "Noynoy" and

"Pnoy", a former senator is the son of former President Corazon C. Aquino and

the late Senator Benigno Aquino. He won the May 10, 2010 presidential

elections and was proclaimed president on June 30, 2010 at Rizal Park in

Manila. Former President Gloria Arroyo, was elected congresswoman for the

second district of Pampanga. This was the first computerized national

elections in Philippine history. Aquino is generally perceived as honest with

high public satisfaction ratings. Under his presidency, the Chief Justice of the

Supreme Court, Renato Corona was impeached in 2011 for non-declaration of

assets and prominent politicians like Senators and Congressmen is being

charged of corruption. Aquino continues his anti-corruption crusade. Under the

present constitution, Aquino cannot run for a second term. Presidential

elections were held in May 9, 2016. Strong candidates were Mary Grace

Sonora Poe-Llamanzares, Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Manuel "Mar" Araneta Roxas

II and Jejomar Cabauatan Binay.

On June 30, 2016, Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte (a.k.a. Digong), the former

mayor of Davao City in Mindanao who is known for his strong stance against

illegal drugs and crime, assumed the presidency succeeding Benigno Aquino

III after receiving an overwhelming win in the May 9 elections. On the same

day but separately, former congresswoman Maria Leonor "Leni" Santo Tomas

Gerona-Robredo (Leni Robredo for short) who belongs to a different party,

takes oath as vice-president succeeding Jejomar Binay. Both Duterte &

Robredo serves a single term limit of six-years (till 2022). Duterte is advocating

a change of government from presidential to a federal form of government.

Unlike previous presidents, the tough-talking Duterte is antagonistic towards

the United States, which has been a long time ally of the Philippines.

Remarkably, he is more friendly with China, a country which the previous

administration filed a case against at The Permanent Court of Arbitration in

The Hague for occupying several islands within the Philippine 200 mile

exclusive economic zone. The court decided overwhelmingly in favor of the

Philippines in July 2016, China refuses to accept the verdict. Duterte has been

criticized by human rights groups and some in the international community for

his hard handed tactics against illegal drugs which has lead to the killings of

thousands (including innocent bystanders) allegedly involved in the drug trade.

http://www.philippine-history.org/

Miguel López de Legazpi’s (b. 1502–d. 1572) conquest of Manila in 1571 ushered in a

327-year epoch of Castilian rule in the Philippine Islands, but his actions also created

unintended historical by-products that made the undertaking dissimilar to any other

colony in the Spanish empire. Most notable were that the archipelago was located in

Asia, it consisted of many islands inhabited by a variety of Malay and Austronesian

peoples, and Chinese cultural and economic influences, which had been developing

since at least the Tang dynasty, competed with Castilian/Mexican. Manila became
both a battleground and mixing pot for Asian, Malay/Austronesian, and

Iberian/Mexican peoples, religious beliefs, political institutions, technologies, and

cultivated crops and domesticated animals, to name but a few of the exchanges that

occurred over the three centuries of Spanish dominion. Before the word

“globalization” became a ubiquitous catchphrase in the late 20th century, the Manila

Galleon, Amoy, Malay, and Portuguese trade routes converged on Manila, uniting

Europe, the Americas, East/South/Southeast Asia, and Africa through maritime

commerce across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans in the late 16th century.

From that time, traditional scholarship on the Philippines tended to be

Iberian-centered narratives flowing unidirectionally from Madrid/Cadíz to Mexico

City/Acapulco to Manila and presenting nationally biased and commodity-centered

analyses, penned by academics in Spain and Mexico. Beginning in the early 20th

century, scholars from the United States in various disciplines began writing their own

interpretations of the colonial period that preceded the half-century of American

occupation. Filipino social scientists have entered the fray since the 1920s, but

exponentially more so following independence in 1946, contributing an important

indigenous perspective that had been absent from previous erudition. Despite this

centuries-old body of literature, the era of Spanish colonialism is, relatively speaking,

an understudied field of academic inquiry. This bibliography is an attempt to frame the

1571–1898 era on a more globally comparative canvas, highlighting the cultural

exchanges systematically linking the greater Manila region, China, and New

Spain/Mexico, and to accentuate recent trends in scholarship while simultaneously

acknowledging classic works from earlier periods.

Since the islands of the archipelago were never unified before the Spanish arrived,

and even after three centuries many of them still displayed autonomous tendencies

(especially the Muslim islands of Mindanao and the Sulus), the geographical scope of
broad surveys on this era is essentially limited to the island of Luzon and the Visayas.

Centered on Manila, Castilian power in the Philippines can be explained as a series of

concentric circles of weakening influence. A common thread running through the

books in this section are gratuitous examinations of the initial conquest, various civil

and religious administrative practices, the process of Hispanization, indigenous

reactions against exploitative policies, the co-optation of local elites into the power

structure, financial and economic matters, security concerns (both foreign and

domestic), and Chinese immigration and trade. Early works, epitomized in Zúñiga

1966, are simply chronological storytelling from the Spanish point of view. The second

phase of general histories is more analytical (benefiting from ethnographic and

anthropological approaches), and the overviews are penned by American-educated

Filipino intelligentsia. Benitez 1929 and Zaide 1949 exemplify the attempt to add

pre-Hispanic indigenous and Asian influences to the discussion, coinciding with a

more objectively critical evaluation of Castilian colonialism. The third and present

phase builds upon this foundation and re-centers the focus on Filipino experiences

and cultural practices that either resisted or blended with Hispanic, Chinese, and

American cultural assimilation strategies. Cushner 1977, with its synoptic style,

reveals an empathetic understanding of Philippine culture and its history. The

multivolume works in Roces 1977 and Punongboyan, et al. 1998 present multifaceted

snapshots of Filipino history, with its people on center stage. Abinales and Amoroso

2005, a welcome addition to the genre, contextualizes more recent events into

the longue durée of the archipelago’s history.

Summary of the American Colonial Period

The rule of the United States over the Philippines had two phases.

The first phase was from 1898 to 1935, during which time Washington defined

its colonial mission as one of tutelage and preparing the Philippines for
eventual independence. Political organizations developed quickly, and the

popularly elected Philippine Assembly (lower house) and the U.S.-appointed

Philippine Commission (upper house) served as a bicameral legislature. The

ilustrados formed the Federalista Party, but their statehood platform had

limited appeal. In 1905 the party was renamed the National Progressive Party

and took up a platform of independence. The Nacionalista Party was formed in

1907 and dominated Filipino politics until after World War II. Its leaders were

not ilustrados. Despite their “immediate independence” platform, the party

leaders participated in a collaborative leadership with the United States. A

major development emerging in the post-World War I period was resistance to

elite control of the land by tenant farmers, who were supported by the Socialist

Party and the Communist Party of the Philippines. Tenant strikes and

occasional violence occurred as the Great Depression wore on and cash-crop

prices collapsed.

The second period of United States rule—from 1936 to 1946—was

characterized by the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

and occupation by Japan during World War II. Legislation passed by the U.S.

Congress in 1934 provided for a 10-year period of transition to independence.

The country’s first constitution was framed in 1934 and overwhelmingly

approved by plebiscite in 1935, and Manuel Quezon was elected president of

the commonwealth. Quezon later died in exile in 1944 and was succeeded by

Vice President Sergio Osmeña.

Japan attacked the Philippines on December 8, 1941, and occupied Manila on

January 2, 1942. Tokyo set up an ostensibly independent republic, which was

opposed by underground and guerrilla activity that eventually reached

large-scale proportions. A major element of the resistance in the Central Luzon

area was furnished by the Huks (short for Hukbalahap, or People’s

Anti-Japanese Army). Allied forces invaded the Philippines in October 1944,

and the Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945.

World War II was demoralizing for the Philippines, and the islands suffered

from rampant inflation and shortages of food and other goods. Various trade

and security issues with the United States also remained to be settled before

Independence Day. The Allied leaders wanted to purge officials who

collaborated with the Japanese during the war and to deny them the right to

vote in the first postwar elections. Commonwealth President Osmeña,

however, countered that each case should be tried on its own merits. The

successful Liberal Party presidential candidate, Manuel Roxas, was among

those collaborationists. Independence from the United States came on July 4,

1946, and Roxas was sworn in as the first president. The economy remained

highly dependent on U.S. markets, and the United States also continued to

maintain control of 23 military installations. A bilateral treaty was signed in

March 1947 by which the United States continued to provide military aid,

training, and matériel.

https://www.tagaloglang.com/summary-of-the-american-colonial-period/