Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Entero, Ailen B.
Ocampo, Rachel V.
Talavera, Liezel D.
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Teenage pregnancy is the backwash of engaging in premarital sex that, indeed, start
different problems either, financial, physical, or most especially on the emotional state of a
teenage woman who undergone the said pregnancy that may lead to an unavoidable behavioral
turmoil.
One of the post behaviors that is commonly affected after experiencing teenage
pregnancy is the Self-esteem. Self-esteem is the self-evaluative part of the self-concept, the
judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth (Papalia,Olds, & Feldman, 2010). This is a
relevant demeanor in every individual which is necessary in building a firm foundation of trust,
hope and love on the person's abilities, and developing a positive impression towards life.
In this manner, teenagers who involved themselves in premarital sex that, in the end,
responsibilities, and financial instability, indeed, have a widely effect on the mother's self-
esteem.
Theoretical Background
This research relies on Maslow’s study of Holistic: Dynamic Theory, pointedly on the
person’s self-esteem that goes under the Fourth level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
According to him, esteem needs extent that people satisfied their love and belongingness needs,
they are free to pursue esteem needs, which includes respect, confidence, competence, and the
knowledge that others hold them in high esteem. He also identified two level of esteem needs –
reputation and self-esteem. Reputation is the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a
person has achieved in the eyes of others, whereas self-esteem is a person’s own feelings of
worth and confidence. It is based on more than reputation or prestige; it reflects for a “desire or
strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for confidence in the face
A person’s self-esteem might be based on what others say about him or what he says
about himself. Having positive feelings about yourself is necessary for the overall emotional
health and well-being. Without properly meeting esteem needs, we are field with feeling of
inferiority and negativity regarding our lives, which is depicted in the fourth stage of Maslow’s
Esteem needs refer to the need for respect, self-esteem, and self-confidence. Esteem
needs are the basis for human desire. We all have to be accepted and valued by others.
Throughout our lives, we participate in activities either professionally or as hobbies that give us a
sense of accomplishment. If you are not able to accomplish your esteem need, it can cause issues
regarding self-esteem and inferiority. As a result of low self-esteem, you might look for respect
from others in order to improve your view of yourself; however, it is important to remember that
until you feel good about yourself, it is difficult to truly appreciate others view you.
Also, there are lower levels and higher levels of esteem needs. Maslow consider lower
level esteem needs as the need for respect of others through status, recognition, fame, prestige,
and attention while he described higher level esteem needs as the need for self-esteem, strength,
The Relevance of this study is to flaunt the further knowledge on how early pregnancy,
age raging from thirteen to seventeen years old, may resulted to a sudden change on the mother's
self-esteem if she happens to get pregnant at the stage of adolescence. This may also serves as a
precaution for young people after knowing how their self-esteem will be affected once they
The scope of the research focuses only on how undergoing teenage pregnant may come
up with sudden changes on the level of the Self-esteem of the mother. In this case the discussion
only revolves on the Levels of the Self-esteem, if it will ascend or goes the other way around
Maslow's theory of Hierarchy of needs helps people to rationalize and understand the
way a person behave and to make themselves satisfied. Humans need never stops. According to
Maslow (1949), humans are perpetually wanting creatures. After they have satisfied themselves
they tend to desire for another thing. Teenagers acclimate what is readily available for them.
Those adolescents who have experienced extreme hardships physiologically learned to adapt,
adjust and move to the ensuing need which is the love and belongingness (Ware,2017). The need
that is freely available found comfort through sexual gratification (Maslow, 1949) which may
social, emotional and economic status (Ware,2017). But the success in transforming teenage
mother's into exceptional parents need self-confidence and self-efficacy. Self-esteem is one of
the fundamental topics of psychological studies which was categorized by Maslow through his
Hierarchy of needs theory. Self- esteem was defined by Maslow as "person's desire for respect,
recognition and attention" (Keshky et. al, 2017). When a teenage mother receives respect,
recognition, and attention from the society by promoting and supporting them in completing their
developmental stage will remove society's myth of doom and it can transform a great leader
(Ware,2017).
Chapter 2
Methodology
Research design
The researchers utilized the Quasi-Experimental Design in gathering information. Quasi-
cause-effect relationship between two or more variables (Kistonis, 2009). The researchers did not
assign groups and did not manipulate the independent variable. Control groups are identified and
exposed to the variable. Results are compared with results from groups not exposed to the
variable. The participants of this study are the teenage mothers in the selected Barangays in City
of San Fernando, Pampanga in a particular period of time. Each participant will be given a test
questionnaire wherein the participants will put a check on every question the best way to
describe their experience. The method of collecting and analyzing data will be discussed on the
Population
In this study, the researchers decided to have Five (5) samples that will represent the
whole population of this study. The samples are all females age ranging from 13-17 years old
who undergone teenage pregnancy at the said age range in some Barangays of San Fernando
Pampanga. The chosen samples are said to have the same characteristics and criteria.
Sampling method
The researchers used Judgment(Purposive) Sampling Technique in gathering participants.
This sampling method is said to be the most appropriate one to use in this study because the
researchers will be the one to select specific people that, based on their knowledge, would
contribute reliable and precise data needed for the study. This sampling technique is the most
effective one for this research because it focuses on particular characteristics of a population that
are of interest (Bhat, 2019). It also enables to hold an accurate result necessary for data analysis.
Researchers believe that this sampling technique fits best for their data gathering process,
because the participants will be chosen in a subjective manner. They set standards to follow, so
that the information they would gather will not fall out of the categories they aim for.
survey and interview questionnaire, validated by the validator of the study are distributed. The
researchers conducted the study in some Barangays in San Fernando, Pampanga through survey
and interview. The researchers will be asking for the participant’s willingness to be part of the
study and their rights and considerations throughout the whole process. Therefore, the
importance of the study and some clarifications of terminologies will be explained by the
researchers to the participants because it will be helpful for them to answer the given
questionnaire. The researchers came up with Judgement (Purposive) Sampling because the Five
(5) are selected based on the researchers’ knowledge and judgement (Bhat, 2019). The main goal
of the researchers is to recognize the level of the self-esteem of teenagers who undergone
teenage pregnancy therefore the said sampling method is what the researchers believed to be the
most appropriate one to be used in the said study. The survey questionnaire, as for the
quantitative data, will be the first one to distribute to the participants and after they answered the
questionnaire, the researchers will proceed to the interview, as for the qualitative part of the
research. After then, the data will be collected and tallied for the interpretation. The researchers
are now to decide on what will be the most appropriate statistical tool to be used in the
interpretation of data, but it will be also done with the help of a statistician. After then, based on
the gathered data, tallied, and interpretation, the researchers will come up with the conclusion
Ethical considerations
The purpose the study is to determine the level of the self-esteem of a teenager who
undergone early pregnancy. The researchers will ask the participants to answer some of the
question that will be given to them. The researchers ensure to protect the participant’s
confidentiality and respect for their dignity will be prioritized. Informed consent will be issued to
the participants providing sufficient information and assurances in taking part of the study. The
participants will not be subjected to any harm in any ways throughout the whole process and the
uncomfortableness or other factors that may contribute for their withdrawal will be highly
Data analysis
Data Analysis right after the data gathering process, the researchers used different
method to analyse and organize the information that they acquired throughout the process.
Following the arrangement of raw data, they decided to use One-Way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) for statistical treatment. This statistical tool will compare the mean of each group and
determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the two. This is the
prime option for the researchers since analysis of variance provides the formal tools to justify
Qualitative questions:
1. What do you feel when you found out that you were pregnant?
2. Do you still interact with other people like your friends during and after your pregnancy?
3. Do you still see yourself same as you see yourself before your pregnancy?
4. How is your self-confidence/esteem right now? Do you still believe in your capabilities?
Dear Respondents,
We are the students of Don Honorio Ventura State University, under the College of
Social Sciences and Philosophy, department of Psychology, and we are here to conduct our
study, On Post Self-esteem: The Psychology Construction of Teenage Pregnancy. The result
of this study hopefully contribute in understanding the self-esteem of a mother who undergone
teenage pregnancy. In line with this, we would like to ask for your willingness to be one of our
participants. So we have enclosed here a questionnaire which asks you to respond to a series of
statement and questions. We want to inform you that this is purely voluntary participation
therefore you are allowed to withdraw anytime. We would like to assure you that your identity
and information will be kept confidentially.
If you choose to participate, please have your signature below. Your participation will be
greatly appreciated.
_______________________________
Researchers:
Deguiñon, Myan Mar O.
Entero, Ailen B.
Go, Eunice Kezia M.
Mallari,Almira May L.
Manalo, Kristine Joy G.
Ocampo, Rachel V.
Talavera, Liezel
Introduction
This study tackles about women who undergone teenage pregnancy and what the said
situation brought changes in the level of their self-esteem. The aim of this study is to grasp the
further knowledge of how early pregnancy developed a sudden change on the mother’s self-
esteem and this may also serve as an advance knowledge for the young generation now by
knowing that their self-esteem might be affected once they engaged in teenage pregnancy.
Direction: Please respond to the following question/statement by placing a check mark in the
answer box that correspond to your answer.
Qualitative Questions:
1. After your pregnancy, how was your self-esteem? Is there any changes that had occurred
on you?
2. What are the factors that affect your self-esteem after you had given birth?
3. How do you see yourself as of now? What are the changes on your self-esteem?