PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY It is a facility that performs chemical and microscopic

PRACTICE 1 examinations of various body fluids (e.g. blood

tissues).
OVERVIEW OF THE MEDICAL Inside the Clinical Laboratory
TECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL LABORATORY - Pathologist
SCIENCE PROFESSION - Medical Technologist
- Medical Technician
OUTLINE
 Historical Perspective
 Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science Practices Medical Technologist acts as…
 Medical Technology Education MEDICAL DETECTIVES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Trace the history of Medical Technology Globally and in the Philippines.
 Enumerate the scope of Medical Technology Practices.
Roles of Medical Technologist
 Discuss the scope of medical technology curriculum and different job  Observe, identify, and analyze organisms
opportunities.
and cells causing infection and disease.
 Perform blood tests.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
is also known as:  Measure substance in blood and other body
Clinical Laboratory Science fluids.
Medical Laboratory Science  Operate complex apparatus, instruments and
machines.
What is Medical Technology (according to) ?  Use standards and controls to improve
reliability of results.
Ruth Heinemann  Work under pressure with accuracy and
-is the application of natural, physical and biological precision.
sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures  Adhere to high ethical standards of
which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. performance.

Anne Fagelson HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

-is the branch of medicine concerned with the GLOBAL AND LOCAL
performance of laboratory determinations and analyses
used in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and EARLY BEGINNINGS
maintenance of health.
400 B.C.
Walters - Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) described
-is the health profession concerned with performing the “four humors” in man; BLOOD,
laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information PHLEGM, YELLOW BILE and BLACK
necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as BILE
well as in the maintenance of good health. - Urine was regarded as composite of these
humors.
RA 5527 (The Philippine Medical Technology Act
of 1969) 600 B.C.
-is an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which - Hindu physicians recorded the sweet taste of
deals with the examination of tissues, secretion and diabetic urine as well as polyuria in diabetes.
excretion of human body and body fluids by various
chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic and other medical 1500 B.C.
laboratory procedures of technic which will aid the - Vivian Herrick identified Taenia and
physician in the diagnosis strictly and treatment of Ascaris.
disease and in the promotion of health in general. - “Ebers Papyrus” was discovered.
- “Ebers Papyrus” – the oldest preserved
What is common among them? Egyptian compilation of medical texts.
- Performing laboratory procedures
(samples) 1632
- Analysis (results) - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the
- Diagnosis and treatment (disease) compound microscope.
- He was the first to describe the red blood cells,
CLINICAL LABORATORY protozoa, and to classify bacteria according
to shape.
1628-1694
- Marcelo Malphigi (Founder of Pathology)
- Greatest of the early microscopists.
- Contributed to Embryology and Anatomy.
1847
- Rudolph Virchow
- Founder of the “Archives of Pathology” in
Berlin.
1848
- Herman Fehling
- Performed the first quantitative test for urine
sugar.
th
15 Century
- Discovery of dyes (aniline dyes) made
possible the staining and study of
microorganisms such as bacteria.
IN THE UNITED STATES
1878
- Dr. William H. Welch
- Established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital
Medical College.
- Became the first professor of Pathology at
John Hopkins University (1885).
1896
- Dr. William Osler opened the first clinical
laboratory at John Hopkins Hospital.
- William Pepper Laboratory was also opened
at the University of Pennsylvania.
1908
- Dr. James C. Todd wrote “A Manual of
Clinical Diagnosis” which became the
standard reference for laboratories.
1921
- Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was
organized.
- American Board of Pathology was organized
in 1936.
World War I
- Produced a great demand for technicians.
- University of Minessota is one of the first
schools to establish trainings for workers in
1922 and first to offer degree program in 1923.
World War II
- “Closed system” of blood collection was
adopted.
- Advanced instrumentation.
- Automated equipment.
- Quality control programs.
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Jan. 9, 1945
- First Clinical Laboratory in Phil. at
Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila ws established
and is known as Public Health Laboratory.
Oct. 1, 1945
- Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Mariano Icasiano
reopened Manila Public Health Laboratory.
1947
- Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana
offered a training for highschool and
paramedical graduates.
1954
- 6-month laboratory training was offered.
- Formal education of Medical Technology
began.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
MRS. WILLA HILGERT HEDRICK
Founder of Medical Technology Education in the
Philippines
1954
- Philippine Union College of Baesa
- First to offer BS Medtech.
- Dr. Jesse Umali was its first graduate after 2
years.
1957-1959
- Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes
of UST offered MT as an elective to pharmacy
students. Due to its popularity, it was decided
to be offered as a course.
1960
- CEU offered MT course
- First batch graduated in 1962.
1662-1662
- Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin Juliano
applied for the offering of BSMT courses in
FEU which was approved in 1662.
- First batch graduated in 1663.
U.P – offers the same course but the degree is conferred
to as B.S. Public Health.
Professional Organizations of Medical Technology Program Curriculum
in the Philippines: The Course shall be at least four years, including a 12-
-The Philippine Association of Schools of Medical month long internship in accredited laboratories and
-Technology and Public Health, Inc. (PASMETH) shall include the following subjects:
The Philippine Association of Medical Technologists GENERAL EDUCATION
(PAMET) CORE COURSES
PROFESSIONAL COURSES
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES Scope of Licensure Examination
The given examination covers the following subjects
Nature of the Field of Study with its specific percentage:
Program course shall be called as: Clinical Chemistry 20%
-Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or Microbiology and Parasitology 20%
-Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science Hematology 20%
- It is a four year program consisting of a one Blood Banking and Serology 20%
year internship with rotational duties in Clinical Microscopy 10%
different sections during the 4th level in a Histopathologic Techniques and MT Laws10%
CHED-accredited training laboratory.
- A licensure examination is given to all
applicants for registration as Medical Employment Opportunities of Medical Technology
Technologist.
Graduates
Program Goals  Medical technologist (generalist/specialist)
The program aims for the graduates to:  Clinical laboratory supervisors
- Develop knowledge, skills, professional  Chief medical technologist
attitude and values in the performance of  Laboratory owners
laboratory procedures.  Sales and public relations representative
- Acquire critical thinking skills.  Educational representatives (company/health
- Engage in research and community-related program)
activities.  Researcher (industrial/medical)
- Participate in activities promoting the
 Teachers/Instructors (secondary/tertiary
profession and engage in the life-long learning
levels)
undertakings.
 Employment abroad
- Develop collaborative and leadership qualities.
(Medical Technologist Specialist, Phlebotomist,
Expected Performance Outcomes of Graduates
The graduates must be able to: Industrial/Medical Researcher, Medical Doctors,
Medical Sales Representatives)
- Demonstrate technical competence in the
performance of clinical laboratory tests.
- Demonstrate analytical and critical thinking
skills in the workplace.
- Engage in the proper collection, analysis and
projection of health information.
- Demonstrate inter-personal skills, leadership
qualities and ethical practice of the
profession.
- Apply research skills in relevance to areas to
areas of Medical Technology/Laboratory
Science practice.
- Participate in community oriented activities.
- Engage in life-ling learning activities.
- Demonstrate effective teaching and
communication skills.
 UNIT 2 D. Based on Service Capability
CLINICAL LABORATORY 1. General Clinic Laboratory
2. Special Laboratory
OUTLINE
 General overview
General Clinical Laboratory
 Classification of medical laboratories a. Primary Category
 Organization of the laboratory 1. Routine hematology (CBC)
 Laboratory Sections
 Information flow in the clinical laboratory 2. Qualitative platelet determination
 Three phases of the laboratory testing 3. Routine urinalysis and fecalysis
 Laboratory policies
4. Blood typing – for hospital-based
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Identify and differentiate the classification of clinical laboratory settings.
b. Secondary Category
 Construct an organizational chart/architectural plan. 1. Routine clinical chemistry
 Explain the roles, functions and services offered by the different sections 2. Quantitative platelet determination
of the laboratories.
 Justify and explain various information on a laboratory requisition. 3. Cross matching
 Identify the different phases of laboratory testing. 4. Gram staining
5. KOH staining for fungal disease
CLINICAL LABORATORY c. Tertiary Category
 Facility 1. All secondary lab services
 Specimens (whole blood, serum, plasma, 2. Special chemistry (Cardiac markers)
urine, stool, etc.) from the human body 3. Special hematology (coagulation tests)
 Collected, processed, examined or analyzed 4. Immunology/Serology (HIV, hepa profile,
 Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment tumor markers)
5. Microbiology – culture of sensitivity
CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL d. Limited Service Capability
LABORATORY Special Clinical Laboratory
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH a. Assisted reproduction technology laboratory
Administrative Order no. 20017-0027
b. Molecular and cellular technology
c. Molecular pathology, Forensic pathology, and
A. Based on ownership
Anatomic laboratory
1. Government
2. Private
E. National Reference Laboratory
1. Confirmatory testing
B. Based on Function
2. Surveillance
1. Clinical Pathology
3. Resolution of conflicting results
2. Anatomical Pathology
4. Training and research
Clinical Pathology:
5. Evaluation of diagnostic kits and reagents
1. Clinical Chemistry
2. Hematology
F. Satellite Testing Sites
3. Microbiology
4. Clinical Microscopy  Testing site owned by a licensed laboratory but
5. Immunology situated in a location some distance from the
6. Molecular Biology main laboratory.
7. Immunohematology
8. Cytogenetics G. Mobile Clinical Laboratories
9. Endocrinology  Laboratory testing unit
10. Toxicology  Moves form one testing site to another testing
11. Therapeutic drug monitoring site
Anatomical Pathology:  Has a temporary testing location
1. Surgical Pathology  Shall have a base laboratory
2. Immunohistopathology  Permitted to collect specimen only
3. Cytology  Operate within a 100-km radius from its main
4. Autopsy lab
5. Forensic Pathology
6. Molecular Pathology ORGANIZATION OF THE LABORATORY
…….
C. Based on Institutional Character
1. Institution-based
2. Freestanding
LABORATORY SECTIONS  Name, address of the laboratory
 Name and identification number of patient
A. SPECIMEN PROCESSING  Source of specimen
B. HEMATOLOGY SECTION  Date and time the report was generated
C. COAGULATION SECTION
D. CLINICAL MICROSCOPY THREE PHASES OF LABORATORY TESTING
E. PARASITOLOGY
F. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY A. PREANALYTICAL PHASE
G. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY  occurs first in the laboratory process
H. IMMUNOLOGY/SEROLOGY SECTION  Patient preparation
SEROLOGY TESTS  Paper work and data entry
 Pregnancy test – detects B-HCG  Specimen collection, processing, storage, and
 Dengue Test transportation
 HbsAg – for hepatits  Responsible Personnel
 Bacterial Agglutination test ***Phlebotomist, laboratory technician
a. Widal test –typhoid fever
b. Weil-Felix – nonspecific test for B. PREANALYTICAL PHASE
typhus fever  Considered the “actual” laboratory testing or
I. IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY/BLOOD the diagnostic procedures, processes and
BANK products
J. HISTOPATHOLOGY/  Proper instrument maintenance
CYTOPATHOLOGY  Reagent supplies
 Quality control
Why is Laboratory Testing Performed?  Responsible Personnel
1. To assign a diagnosis ***Medical Technologist or Medical Lab
**confirm clinical diagnosis Scientist
**to establish an appropriate plan of action  Ensure accuracy, precision, reliability of
2. Prevention by early detection of diseases the test procedure
through screening tests.  Validates the following:
3. Ongoing assessment of the patient’s progress  Test reagents/kits
and treatment.  Testing process
 Training of the lab personnel
INFORMATION FLOW IN THE CLINICAL performing the test
LABORATORY
C. POST-ANALYTIC PHASE
 Laboratory requisition  Includes the following:
 A form used by physician to document the tests  Review and analysis of results
that are to be performed on patients.  Recording and reporting of test results
 Contains the following  Storage and disposal of specimen
 Patient’s demographic data, name data,  Releasing of results
address, birth data  Responsible Personnel
 Test selection – should be marked clearly ***Medical Technologist, Section
 Date and time of collection Supervisor, Chief Medical Technologist,
 Identification of the person who performed office clerk or staff
the collection, name of ordering physician
 Additional comments LABORATORY POLICIES
 Laboratory Directory
 Stability of the specimen A. Laboratory hour and emergency work
 Minimum volume  Definite working hours
 Test schedule  Outside regular working hours organize a
 Specimen processing system for testing urgent specimens.
 Method
B. Range of tests to be performed and those to be
LABORATORY REPORTS referred to higher level
 to transmit test results  Range of tests to be performed
 Reference rangers 1. The number of staff available
 Date and time of the specimen collection 2. The availability of material resources
 3. The types of health institutions
(hospital or health center)
 Referral of specimens (when necessary)
Example specimens for HIV detection
and water samples for bacteriological
analysis.

C. Collection of laboratory specimen

1. The specimen containers should be clearly
labeled with the patient’s name, identification
number, date of collection and time of
collection
2. A fully completed, request form should
accompany each specimen with the detail
mentioned above.

D. Workload capacity of a laboratory

- Should match to the number of staff
- Their level of training
- Size of the laboratory
- The availability of laboratory facilities