List of Tables

S No. Table Page No.

1. Difference between STATCOM and SVC 25

2. System Parameter 27

3. Comparative Study 34-35

 List of Figures

S.No Figure Page No.

1 Voltage Signal with Long Interruption 14
2 Voltage Sag 15
3 Voltage Swell 16
4 Classification of FACTS device 20
5 Reactive power generation by voltage source switching 23
converter
6 Structure of SVC 24
7 Block Diagram of Model 29
8 Unregulated voltage sag 30
9 STATCOM action for voltage sag 31
10 Comparison between SVC and STATCOM 31
11 Voltage across STATCOM 32
12 Unregulated Swell 32
13 STATCOM action for voltage swell 33
14 Comparison between SVC and STATCOM 33
15 Voltage across STATCOM 34
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 9
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 10
1.2 Research motivation................................................................................... 10
1.3 Thesis Objectives ....................................................................................... 11
1.4 Organization of thesis ................................................................................ 11

CHAPTER 2
POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS.................................................................. 13
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 14
2.2 Power Quality........................................................................................... 14
2.3 Power Quality Problems........................................................................... 14
2.4 Voltage Swell & Sag Analysis................................................................. 19
2.5 Chapter Summary..................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER 3
STUDY OF STATCOM AND SVC FOR VOLTAGE SAG
MITIGATION 22
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 23
3.2 FACTS Devices........................................................................................ 24
3.3 STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator)...................................... 26
3.4 SVC (Static VAR Compensator).............................................................. 28
3.5 Difference between STATCOM and SVC............................................... 29

CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION RESULTSAND DISCUSSIONS 30
4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 31
4.2 Working of the model............................................................................... 33
4.3 Simulation Results.................................................................................... 34
4.4 Comparative Study................................................................................... 36
4.5 Summary.................................................................................................. 37

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS............................................................................... 38
5.1 Conclusions.............................................................................................. 39
5.2 Future Scope............................................................................................. 40
5.3 Reference.................................................................................................. 42
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 RESEARCH MOTIVATION

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1.4 ORGANISATION OF PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Electrical energy is the most useful, efficient and popular form of energy in which the modern society
is heavily dependent on the electric supply. We cannot imagine our life without Electrical energy.
And at the same time the quality of the electric power supplied is also very important for the efficient
functioning of the load equipment’s and it should be continuous and always available to the end users.
Most of the commercial and industrial loads demand high quality and continuous power. Thus
maintaining the quality of power very good is of most important.

The quality of the power is get affected by the change in the voltage and frequency of the supplied
power. This affects the life time and performance of the load side equipment. Whereas, when fault
occur affect the continuity of power flow in the system. To maintain the continuity of the power flow
the fault must be cleared at very faster rate, For this switchgear equipment’s were applied without any
time lag.

The power quality in transmission and distribution system is affected by many problems. Some of
them are eg.- harmonics, transients, voltage sag and swell, frequency variations, sudden switching of
equipment’s etc. These problems are also responsible for reducing the life of the consumer appliances.
In order to improve the power system performance, all these problems should be eliminated.

There are many possibilities developed by the recent advancement in the power electronics to remove
the problems in the power system. One of them is the use of Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS) devices. Employment of these devices in the power system helps in improving the power
quality and reliability of the system. In this project the mitigation of voltage swell using FACTS
devices is studied and analysed.

1.2 RESEARCH MOTIVATION

The operation of load equipment’s were mainly depend on the voltage level of the system. But in the
power system there may be disturbances in the voltage and frequency levels due to faults sudden
switching operation etc. In order to maintain the voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) at a
standard level there is a need to connect some device at the PCC. The FACTS devices suits best for
this purpose. In this project a study on different FACTS devices for the mitigation of voltage
unbalance is carried out.

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are: To investigate the techniques to mitigate voltage sag and swell. And
to study and analyse the behaviour of FACTS devices in reducing the voltage unbalance which will
help in selecting a device that best suits the application.

1.4 ORGANISATION OF PROJECT

The whole thesis is divided into five chapters including introduction and each chapter is organized in
the following way-

Chapter 2 deals with the Power Quality Problems and their effect on the consumer appliances. It
focuses on the causes of major power quality problems like voltage sag and swell. It also presents
mitigation techniques to overcome these problems.
Chapter 3 deals with the FACT devices that are helpful in mitigating the voltage sag. It presents the
basic working principle of these devices along with the control strategy. It also presents a comparison
between the devices available for this purpose.

Chapter 4 presents the MATLAB simulation results of the proposed devices. This chapter discusses
how the selected device works practically in mitigating the voltage unbalance.

Chapter 5 presents the conclusions of the work done along with the future scope followed by
references.
 CHAPTER 2

POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 POWER QUALITY

2.3 POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

2.4 VOLTAGE SAG & SWELLANALYSIS

2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Since the time of its inception, the electric power network had gone through many changes.
To supply quantitative power in a reliable manner, the modern electric power network has to
overcome many challenges. Many factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic of electric power
network, contribute to affect the quality and quantity of power that is being delivered by the
network. In this chapter, the causes and consequences of different power quality problems are
discussed. (ref 4)

2.2 POWER QUALITY

Two factors characterize the quality of electric power delivered. They are the “continuity” of
supply and the “quality” of voltage.

According to IEEE standard 1100, Power Quality is defined as

“The ability of a system or an equipment to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic

environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that
environment”(ref 8)

2.3 POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

The quality of power is affected because of many reasons. These problems in the power
system network are inherent and hence unavoidable. In order to resolve the consequences of
these unavoidable problems, suitable devices may be connected in the power system network
during its operation so as to ensure maintenance of quality of power. An overview of
different power quality problems with their causes and consequences is presented hereunder.

2.3.1 Interruptions:

The failure in the continuation of supply for a period of time is called an Interruption. In this
case, the supply signal (voltage or current) may be nearer to zero. The IEC (International
Electro technical Committee) defines an interruption as “lower than 1% of the declared
value” while the IEEE (IEEE Std. 1159:1995) defines it as “lower than 10%”. The
interruptions are classified into two types based on the time period of their persistence.

A) Short Interruption: If the interruption persists for a time period of a few milliseconds, then
it is called a Short Interruption.

Causes: The causes of these interruptions are-

 Opening of an automatic re-closure

 Lightening Stroke or Insulation Flash over

B) Long Interruption: If the interruption persists for a long time period ranging from a few
milliseconds to several seconds, then it is called a Long Interruption. Voltage Signal during
long interruption is shown in Fig 2.1.

Causes: These are caused by –

  Faults in power system network
 Human error
 Failure in functioning of protective equipment

Consequences: A long interruption, many times, may lead to the complete stoppage of power
supply for a period of time until the fault is nullified.

Fig 2.1 Voltage Signal with Long Interruption

2.3.2 Waveform Distortion:

Ideally the power system network generates and transmits sinusoidal voltage and current
signals. But in practical power systems, the voltage and current signals generated do not
follow perfect sinusoidal patterns and are subjected to various distortions. The causes for the
distortions in signal waveforms are-

 DC Offset: The generated voltage signal comprises of a DC voltage which is referred

as DC Offset. The signal shifts by a certain level from its actual reference level
because of the presence of the DC offset.
 Harmonics: The voltage and current signals generated are not all at fundamental
frequency. Some of these may be at integral multiples of fundamental frequency.
Such current and voltage signals are called Harmonics. Harmonics arises due to the
presence of non-linear loads in the power system network.
 Notching: When current transfers itself from one phase to another during the
commutation of a power electronic device, a periodic disturbance is created called as
Notching.
 Noise: When communication networks interfere with the voltage and current signals,
Noise is caused by the presence of these unwanted signals.

2.3.3 Frequency Variations:

There is a predetermined value of frequency (50 Hz) at which an electric power network is
desired to be operated. The rotational rate of generators in the system is coordinated with the
predetermined frequency. Frequency variations arise in the system when there is an
imbalance between supply and demand. In some cases, when there is a failure of generator or
sudden switching of large loads the frequency variations caused are very large.

2.3.4 Transients:
There occurs momentary changes in voltage and current signals in the power system during a
short period of time termed as Transients. These transients are of two types – impulsive and
oscillatory. The impulsive transients are unidirectional while the oscillatory transients have
swings with rapid change of polarity.

Causes: The main causes due to which transients occur are-

 Sudden switching of loads

 Lightening Strokes
 Loose connections in the network
 Arcing between the contacts of the switches

Consequences:

 The temperature of motors become high during their operation

 Electronic devices are affected and show wrong results
 Failure of ballasts in fluorescent lights
 Reduce the efficiency and lifetime of equipment

2.3.5 Voltage Sag:

The voltage sag is defined as the dip in the voltage level by 10% to 90% for a period of half
cycle or more. Voltage Signal with sag is shown in Fig 2.2.

Causes: The causes of voltage sag are-

 Starting of an electric motor, which draws more current

 Faults in the power system
 Sudden increase in the load connected to the power system

Consequences:

 Failure of contactors and switchgear

 Malfunction of Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs)

Fig 2.2 Voltage Sag

2.3.6 Voltage Swell:

Voltage Swell is defined as the rise in the voltage beyond the normal value by 10% to 80%
for a period of half cycle or more. The voltage signal with swell is shown in Fig 2.3.

Causes:

 Discharging of large load

 Charging of a capacitor bank, abrupt interruption of current
 Change in ground reference on ungrounded phases

Consequences:

 Over heating of machine parts

 Insulation breakdown
 Sometimes due to over voltage machine parts get damaged

Fig 2.3 Voltage Swell

2.3.7 Voltage Unbalance:

During the situation of voltage unbalance, the magnitudes and phase angles of voltage signals
of different phases are not equal.

Causes:

 Presence of large single phase loads

 Faults occurring in the power network

Consequences:

 Harmonics show up
 Efficiency of the system gets reduced
 Power losses are increased
  Life time of the equipment gets reduced

2.3.8 Voltage Fluctuation:

These are the series of a random voltage changes that exist within the specified voltage
ranges. Fig 2.4 depicts the voltage fluctuations that occur in a power system.

Causes:

 Oscillating Loads
 Electric arc furnaces
 Frequency start/ stop of electric ballasts

Consequences:

 Flickering of lights
 Unsteadiness in the visuals

Among the above mentioned power quality problems, voltage sag and voltage swell are most
recurring and largely affecting problems in the power system. Therefore, in this project the
main focus is on voltage sag, voltage swell and their mitigation techniques.

2.4 VOLTAGE SAG AND VOLTAGE SWELL:

2.4.1 Definitions:

Voltage Sag:

Voltage Sag is defined by the IEEE 1159 as the decrease in the RMS voltage level to 10% to
90% of nominal, at the power frequency for durations of ½ cycle to 1 minute.

According to IEEE 1159-1995, the recommended usage is “a sag to 65%”, which means that
the line voltage is reduced down to 65% of the normal value, not reduced by 65%.

Voltage Sag durations are subdivided into three categories:

1. Instantaneous (1/2 cycle to 30 cycles)

2. Momentary (30 cycles to 3 seconds)
3. Temporary (3 seconds to 1minute)

These above mentioned durations must correlate with typical operation times of protective
devices.

Voltage Swell:

Voltage Swell is defined by IEEE 1159 as the increase in the RMS voltage level to 110% to
180% of nominal, at the power frequency for durations of ½ cycle to 1 minute.
According to IEEE 1159-1995, Voltage Swell magnitude is to be described by its remaining
voltage, in this case, always greater than 1.0 pu. For example, “a swell to 150% means that
the line voltage is amplified to 150% of the normal value.

Voltage Swell durations are categorized into three types based on their duration.

1. Instantaneous (1/2 cycle to 30 cycles)

2. Momentary (30 cycles to 3 sec)
3. Temporary (3 sec to 1 min)

2.4.2 Causes:

 Weather conditions and utility equipment problems cause system faults on

transmission and distribution system which lead to voltage sags.
 Switching of large loads, starting of higher rating motors or abrupt increase in source
impedance can also cause voltage sag.
 Ungrounded or delta systems are usually more prone to voltage swells. Voltage raise
due to sudden change in ground reference is more pronounced here.
 Removal of large loads from a network with poor regulator leads to voltage swells.
 Other reasons might be- incompatibility between power equipment and power
distributors’ tolerance, long distance from distribution to consumption areas.

2.4.3 Effects:

 Breakdown of components leading to voltage swell on power supplies.

 Problems related to control system and designing of equipments due to over heating
resulting in system instability.
 Life span and efficiency of equipments is largely deteriorated and these problems can
effect to large areas in transmission or distribution system caused due to faults and
switching.

2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY:

This chapter presents the various problems that affect the quality of power in a power system.
It explained the causes and consequences of those problems. A focus is made on voltage sag
and voltage swell, as these are the most recurring problems. There are many mitigation
techniques available for voltage swell and voltage sag. Among them, the use of power
devices mainly consisting of FACTS devices is the most effective and economical solution.
 CHAPTER 3

STUDY OF STATCOM AND SVC FOR VOLTAGE SWELL

MITIGATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 FACTS DEVICES

3.3STATCOM (STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR)

3.4 SVC (STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR)

3.5 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATCOM AND SVC

 3.1 INTRODUCTION
The voltage sag is a major problem that the power system network is facing now-a-days. This
is a severe problem and affects the functioning of the equipment. Therefore, this problem
should be mitigated in order to maintain the efficiency of the power network. The use of
custom power devices solves this problem.
A voltage swell is a period of high voltage .Swells have serious impact on equipment
function on however, they are not as common as sags. Both minor and major swell affect
equipment performance.

FAC
TS

1st Generation 2nd Generation

Series Controller Series Controller

TCSC TCVL SSSC IPC

Shunt Controller Shunt Controller

SVC STATCOM

TSC TCR TCBR BESS SMES

Series-Shunt Controller Series-Shunt Controller

TCPS UPFC

Series-Series Controller

IPFC

Fig.3.1 Classification of FACTS device

Although voltage swell occur less frequently than sags, even relatively minor swells can
damage the equipment. Therefore, they require immediate attention. If the swell duration is
long, the damage will be more extensive. Voltage swells for short duration (10% above
nominal) are not usually harmful. If input voltage is high then, it can surge over the voltage
regulating ability of the system. This high input voltage can also puncture a power supply
rectifier and switching transistor junction, causing eventual breakdown.
This chapter presents the basic classification of FACTS DEVICES and working principle of
different devices like STATCOM, STATIC VAR COMPENSATORS (SVC) used to mitigate
the voltage sag and swell.

3.2 FACTS DEVICES

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is defined by IEEE as "a power electronic
based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission
system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability."

First Generation –

First generation FACTS devices are based on thyristor switch control and passive devices
including inductors and capacitors.

Second Generation-

With the advent of semiconductor devices and switches like MOSFET, IGBT etc. and voltage
source converter, second generation of FACTS devices came into existence.

The choice of FACTS device depends on the requirement of the power system network.
Usually, shunt compensating devices are used for voltage stability. On the other hand, series
compensating devices are used for the objective of reduction of power losses. If the
requirement of power system is to attain voltage stability and power loss reduction
simultaneously, then a combination of both of the techniques can be used.

3.2.1 Types of FACTS Controllers

Series Controllers: "The series controller could be a variable impedance, such as capacitor,
reactor, or a power electronics based variable source of main frequency, sub synchronous and
harmonic frequencies (or a combination) to serve the desired load."
Shunt Controllers: "In principle, all shunt controllers inject line voltage causes a variable
current flow and hence represents injection of current into the line. As long as the injected
current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt controller only supplies or
consumes reactive power."
Combined Series-Series Controllers: "This could be a combination of separate series
controllers, which are controlled in a coordinated manner, in a multiline transmission system.
Or it could be a unified controller in which series controllers provide independent series
reactive compensation for each line but also transfer real power among the lines via the
proper link."
Combined Series-Shunt Controllers: "This could be a combination of separate shunt and
series controllers, which are controlled in a coordinated manner, or a UPFC with series and
shunt elements.. Combined series-shunt controllers include UPFC, TCPST and TCPAR.[1]"
3.2.2 FACTS Controllers
STATCOM: "STATCOM is a static synchronous generator operated as a shunt-connected
Static VAR Compensator whose capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled
independent of the ac system voltage."
SVC: "SVC is a shunt-connected Static VAR Generator or absorber whose output is adjusted
to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of
the electrical power system (typically bus voltage). Ratings range from 60 to 600 MVAR.
SVC can be considered as a “first generation” FACTS controller and uses thyristor
controllers."
3.3 STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator)
3.3.1 Basic Structure

STATCOM consists of following components

 Voltage Source Converter (VSC)

 Charged capacitor
 Coupling Transformer

3.3.2 Control Strategy

STATCOM consist of a charged capacitor C (as shown in fig). By varying the firing angle of
the converter circuit the magnitude of 3 phase ac voltage is controlled. Each output voltage is
in phase with the system voltage and coupled with the corresponding ac system via small tie
reactance (0.1-0.15 PU). The reactive power exchange is controlled by varying the magnitude
of output voltages produced by the converter circuit. This leads to three conditions:-

1. If Voutput > Vsystem then, the ac system draws current from the converter circuit

2. If Voutput < Vsystem then, the converter circuit draws current from ac circuit.

3. If Voutput = Vsystem then, no current flows, hence exchange of reactive current is zero. [2]

Fig.3.2 Reactive power generation by voltage source switching converter

3.3.3 Applications of STATCOM:

The applications of the STATCOM are-

 Voltage of the power grid could be stabilized

 Harmonics can be reduced
 Transmission capacity of the line may be increased
 Compensation of the reactive power
 Power Factor correction

3.4 SVC (Static VAR Compensator)

3.4.1 Basic Structure
Typically, an SVC comprises one or more banks of fixed or switched
shunt capacitors or reactors, of which at least one bank is switched by thyristors. Elements
which may be used to make an SVC typically include:

 Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR), where the reactor may be air- or iron-cored
 Thyristor switched capacitor (TSC)
 Harmonic filter(s)
 Mechanically switched capacitors or reactors (switched by a circuit breaker)

Fig.3.3 Structure of SVC

3.4.2 Control Strategy

SVC is used for dynamic compensation of power transmission systems. The system
comprises of a controller to control the firing angle for anti-parallel thyristors .The controller
has two inputs ,one of which is the voltage of bus to which it is connected and the other is the
reference input which is the desired nominal voltage. The system can be operated in two
conditions:-

1. If Vbus < Vref then, TCR is switched to consume VARs from the system.

2. If Vbus > Vref then, The TSC is switched in, thus providing higher system voltage.

The variation of firing angle of TCR and TSC is done on the basis of the difference between
system voltage and reference voltage. TCR is usually used to get the exact amount of reactive
power needed i.e controlled VAR from TCR is used to adjust the switched VAR of TSC and
hence, get the required output.
3.5 Difference between STATCOM and SVC

BASIS STATCOM SVC

Response Faster Slower

Cost High Low

Capacitive current drops

Characteristics Constant current characteristics
linearly

Interfaced with power sources like Cannot be interfaced with

Interfacing
battery, fuel cell or SMES power sources.

Larger since there are reactors

Small in size since no bulky reactor
Size ,capacitors, valve, thyristors
is used
etc.

Operation like controllable voltage Operation like dynamically

Operation
source controlled reactance

Table 1 Difference between STATCOM and SVC

 CHAPTER 4

SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 WORKING OF MODEL

4.3 SIMULATION RESULTS

4.4 COMPARITIVE STUDY

4.5 SUMMARY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Many techniques are designed to mitigate the voltage sag & swell. The best among them is to
use a voltage regulating device at the point of interest. A description of devices used for this
purpose is given in the previous chapter. MATLAB SIMULINK is employed in the
simulation of control strategies for the mentioned devices. This chapter presents the
simulation results and makes a comparative study between these devices based on their
performance..

4.1.1 SIMULATION MODEL USING STATCOM AND SVC

MVA
ph-to-ph Base voltage Frequency
Three phase Rating
voltage (Vrms) - (Vrms ph-ph) – –
voltage source (VA)-
500e3*1.078 500e3 60 Hz
3000e6
Nominal ph- Nominal Active
to-ph voltage Configuration – frequency fn power P
100MW Load Vn (Vrms)- Y (grounded) - (W)-
500e3 60 Hz 100e6
Nominal ph- Nominal Active
to-ph voltage Configuration – frequency fn power P
Fault Impedance Vn (Vrms) – Y (grounded) - (W)-
500e3 60 Hz 300e6
Nominal ph- Nominal Active
300MW Load to-ph voltage Configuration – frequency fn power P
Vn (Vrms) – Y (grounded) - (W)-
500e3 60 Hz 300e6
Nominal ph- Configuration – Nominal Active
150 MW Load to-ph voltage Y (grounded) frequency fn power P
Vn (Vrms) – - (W)-
500e3 60 Hz 150e6
Nominal ph- Configuration – Nominal Active
800 MW Load to-ph voltage Y (grounded) frequency fn power P
Vn (Vrms) – - (W)-
500e3 60 Hz 800e6
Breaker Snubber
Switching
resistance Ron resistance Rs
Times(s)-
Fault Breaker (Ohm)- (Ohm)-
0.2+10/60
0.001 1e6
 DC link
Nominal voltage
total
and frequency DC link nominal Converter rating
equivalent
STATCOM [Vrms L-L, voltage (V)- (VA)-
capacitance
fn(Hz)]- 40000 100e6
(F)-
500e3, 60
750e-6/2
Table 2 System Parameter

The model consists of 3- Ø voltage source block with an internal R-L impedance. The phase
to phase & base voltages of the source can be specified by entering the required value. The
internal resistance of the source & inductance can be specified either by directly entering R &
L values or indirectly by specifying the X/R ratio and source inductive short-circuit level.

The voltage source is connected by a 3-Ø distributed transmission line parameter with
lumped losses. The values of R, L, C and length of the line could be specified accordingly.
The transmission line consists of 2, Three-Phase V-I Measurement blocks near the ends.
These blocks are used to measure instantaneous 3- Ø voltages & currents in a circuit.

A fault impedance (three phase series RL load) is connected to the transmission line through
a fault breaker. The active & reactive powers absorbed by this load are ∝ Vapplied2.

The 3-Ø breaker block implements a 3- Ø circuit breaker where the opening and closing
times can be controlled from an internal control timer. Since this block happens to be in
series with an inductive circuit snubbers are used. The fault impedance can be connected or
disconnected through the circuit breaker.

The STATCOM (Phasor Type) block represents a STATCOM, (with fixed DC voltage) built,
based on IGBT. The STATCOM is connected in series with the line at the midpoint. The line
has variable MVA rating, voltage and current regulator gains, equivalent capacitance and
equivalent impedance (on AC side), and nominal voltage for DC link. The impedance
mentioned above refers to the transformer leakage reactance and also the phase reactor of the
IGBT Bridge of actual STATCOM.

SVC is connected to a power grid similar to the power grid on which STATCOM is
connected. The SVC (Phasor Type) block, which is activated with the POWERGUI, is a
phasor model which is used with the phasor simulation method. The variables in this block
are Average time delay due to thyristor valves firing and voltage regulator gain.

The POWERGUI block is used to simulate any Simulink model containing Simscape Power
Systems Specialized Technology blocks. It stores the equivalent Simulink circuit that
represents the state-space equations of the model. The phasor POWERGUI block gives
phasor solution.
 4.1 Block Diagram of Model

4.2 WORKING OF THE LOAD

Consider a 3 phase voltage sources to be 500-kV equivalents (respectively 3000 MVA and
2500 MVA) connected by a transmission line. Program the fault breaker by selecting the
parameters "Switching of phase A, B and C" and verify that the breaker is programmed to
operate at t=0.2 s for a duration of 10 cycles. The fault impedance connected through the fault
breaker has been programmed to produce a 20% voltage sag at bus B1. The voltage generated
by SVC is labelled as V2 while the power system voltage that is to be controlled is V1.

If V1 is greater than V2, Q flows from V1 to V2 (device absorbs reactive power from the
system). Contrarily, if V1 is lesser than V2, Q flows from V2 to V1 (system absorbs reactive
power generated by the device).

Thus, during this time period the voltage at the load bus i.e., at the point of coupling (PCC)
drops. Here the voltages are taken in per unit values and the voltage sag can be observed in
Fig.11 (blue) as the voltage decreases from its reference (rated) value of 1 p.u. To
compensate this dip in voltage the compensator generates the reactive VARs to be injected to
the system. SVC responds slowly to the change in voltage as compared to STATCOM.

Similarly for swell, program the fault breaker by selecting the parameters "Switching of
phase A, B and C" and verify that the breaker is programmed to operate at t=0.2 s for a
duration of 10 cycles. The fault impedance connected through the fault breaker has been
programmed to produce a 20% voltage swell at bus B3. The voltage generated by SVC is
labelled as V2 while the power system voltage that is to be controlled is V1.

If V1 is greater than V2, Q is flows from V1 to V2 (device absorbs reactive power from the
system). Contrarily, if V1 is lesser than V2, Q flows from V2 to V1 (system absorbs reactive
power generated by the device).

4.3 SIMULATION RESULTS

4.3.1 Sag

Fig 4.2 Unregulated voltage sag (.76 PU).

Fig 4.3 As shown in the fig., STATCOM increases the line voltage to 0.8 PU during sag

Fig 4.4 Comparison between SVC and STATCOM

 Fig 4.5 Voltage across STATCOM

4.3.2 Swell

Fig 4.6 Unregulated voltage 1.0 PU

Fig 4.7 As shown in the figure, STATCOM enhances the steady state voltage

Fig 4.8 Comparison between SVC and STATCOM

Fig 4.9 Voltage regulation by STATCOM
4.4 Comparative Study
STATCOM
A STATCOM works as a controllable
voltage source.
A STATCOM offers the possibility of
feeding the grid with the maximum available
reactive current even at low voltage levels,
this is possible because in every equilibrium
condition the injected reactive power varies
linearly with the voltage at the Point of
Common Coupling (PCC).
The maximum capacitive current that can be
injected is limited by the maximum current
capacity of the semiconductors used and is
independent of the voltage level at the PCC.
The DC-link capacitor in STATCOM serves
as storage for active power. Therefore in
certain situations, depending on the capacitor
size, it is possible to regulate the interchange
of active power with the grid also.
The DC-link capacitor in STATCOM serves
as storage for active power. Therefore in
certain situations, depending on the capacitor
size, it is possible to regulate the interchange
of active power with the grid also.
Table 3- Comparative Study
SVC
An SVC works as a dynamically controllable
reactance connected in parallel
For an SVC there is a quadratic dependence
of the reactive power on the voltage at the
PCC which means that to inject the same
reactive power it is necessary to install an
SVC with a nominal capacity higher than that
of a STATCOM.
In an SVC the maximum transient capacitive
current is limited by the size of the capacitor
and by the magnitude of the AC voltage.
There is no storage for active power in an
SVC and hence no possible interchange of
active power with the grid is possible.
SVC have slower dynamic reaction than
STATCOM.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

5.3 REFERENCES
5.1 CONCLUSIONS:
The demand for electric power is increasing at an exponential rate and at the same time the
quality of power delivered became the most prominent issue in the power sector. Thus, to
maintain the quality of power the problems affecting the power quality should be treated
efficiently. Among the different power quality problems, voltage sag and swell are the
problems that affecting the performance of the end user appliances. In this project the
methods to mitigate the voltage sag and swell are presented. From this project, the following
conclusions are made-

 Among the different methods to mitigate the voltage sag and swell, the use of FACT
devices is the best method
 The FACT device like –STATCOM and SVC are helpful in overcoming the voltage
unbalance problems in power system
 SVC and STATCOM are shunt connected devices to compensate the voltage
imbalance
 According to the change in system voltage, the reactive Volt-Amperes are injected to
or absorbed by the devices
 These devices are connected to the power network at the point of interest to protect
the critical loads
 These devices also have other advantages like harmonic reduction, power factor
correction
 STATCOM is found to be better than SVC for removing the effect of voltage swell
due to following reasons

o Faster system dynamic response

o Lesser decrease in voltage at PCC during fault
o Larger reactive volt-amperes delivered or absorbed from the system to restore
the normal voltage level
o Smaller settling time after the clearance of fault
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE:
Research and development is a non-stopping process. For any research work carried out,
there is always a possibility for better chances of improvement and lot many avenues opened
for further work. As a result of the investigations carried out in the area of power system
stability improvement with FACTS controllers, following aspects are identified for further
scope of research work.

1. The present work can be extended to power system with generalized TCSC,UPFC and
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).

2. It would be desirable to extend the proposed approach for larger and more realistic
systems.

3. Stability issues for a distribution network with different types of distributed generation
sources and FACTS devices could be examined and FACTS-based controllers could be
designed for improving the stability in presence of different types of distributed generations.

4. Different strategies could be tested and implemented in an attempt to achieve a less time
consuming process and gain better understanding of optimization techniques applicability to
various power system phenomena.
5.3 REFERENCES
[1] Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS : concepts and technology
of flexible AC transmission systems”.
[2]http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/16455/7/07_chapter%202.
[3] Amit Garg, “Modeling and Simulation of Static VAR Compensator for Improvement of
Voltage Stability in Power System” ISSN: 2249-071X, Vol.2
[4] Chattopadhyay, Surajit; Mitra, Madhuchhanda; Sengupta, Samarjit (2011). Electric Power
Quality. Springer Science + Business. ISBN 978-94-007-0634-7.
[5] N.G. Hingorani, “FACTS- Flexible AC Transmission System”, Proceedings of 5th
International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission-IEEE Conference Publication
345, 1991, pp. 1-7.
[6] NavinkumarRao, “Steady-State and Dynamic Performance of the Static Var Compensator
(SVC) Phasor Model” NIET JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Winter
2011
[7]https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Electrical_Generation_and_Distribution.
[8]https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8227262/8244859/08244882.
[9] Power Quality: Problem and Mitigation Technique by Bhim Singh, Ambrish Chandra,
and Kamal Ad-Haddid.