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TORTS AND DAMAGES
Atty. Erdelyne Go

I. INTRODUCTION
A. SOURCES OF OBLIGATIONS

Civil Code - Afticles 1156 to LL62,2176

B. CoNcEpr: Cuwl AqUILTANA, Qulsr-Delrcr, ToRTS

Padilla v. CA, L-39999, 129 SCRA 558 (1984)

Syquia v. CA, GR98695 (January 27, L993).
Gashem Shookat Baksh v. CA, GR 97336, 217 SCRA (1993).
LRTA v. Navidad, GR 145804, 397 SCRA 75 (2003)

C. Drsrucrrous
1. Culpa Aquiliana
2. Culpa Contractual
3. Culpa Criminal

Revised Penal Code - Afticles 100 and 365

Calalas v. CA, G.R. No. L22039 (May 31, 2000)
Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Pht 607
Cangco v. MR& 38 Phil 769

rr. QUASr-DELTCT

A. ELEMENTS (Article 2176, CC)

1. Culpable Act or Negligence

2, Damage to another
3. Causal relation between the culpable act or negligence
and the damage to another

Picart v. Smith, 37 Phil. 809

Daywalt v. Corporacion de PP Agustino Recoletos, 39 Phil. 587
Air France v. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155.
Gilchrist v. Cuddy, 29 Pht.542

Damnum Absque Iniuria

Board of Liquidators v. Kalaw, GR 18805 (August 14, L967)

Farolan v. Solmac Marketing Corp., GR 83589 (March 13, 1991)

B. No DoUBLE REcovERy RULE (Afticles 1161, 2L76 and 2177, CC)

7
Joseph v. Bautista, 170 SCRA 540
Bermudez, Sr. v. Herrera, 158 SCRA 168
Singson v. Bank of P.I., 23 SCRA 1117
Air France v. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155
Rafael Reyes Trucklng v. People, GR 129029 (April 3, 2000).

III. NEGLIGENCE

A. Corucepr (Afticles 2178, L172, L173, LL74 and 1733)

Jarco Marketing v. CA, GR 129792 (December 2L, 1999).

ApplicabiliW of Articles 1172- 1 174.

Sarmiento v. Sun-C.abrido, GR L41258 (April 9, 2003).

B. As pRoxrMArE cAUsE (Afticle 2L79)

I
Taylor v. Manila Electric, 16 Phil
Bataclan v. Medina, 109 Phil 185
Fernando v. G, 208 SCRA 714
Urbano v. IAC, 157 SCRA 1
Bernal v. House and Tacloban Electric, 54 Phil 327
Gabeto v. Araneta, 42Pht 252.
McKee v. IAC, 211 SCRA 517.

C. PnOOT oF NEGLIGENcE

Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, 104 Phil. 397

D. PRESUMPTIoN oF NEGLIGENCE

1. respondeat superior (Afticles 1755-1756)

PAL v. CA, 106 SCRA 391

National Development v. CA, 164 SCRA 593.
International Flavors v. Argos, GR 130362 (September 10, 2001).
Castilex Industrial v. Vasquez, GR 132266 (December 27, 1999).

2. Violation of rules and statutes

a. traffic rules (Articles 2184-85)

Manuel v. CA,227 SCR 29.

Mallari v. G, G.R. No. 128607 (January 31, 2000).
 RA No. 10586
RA No. 10913
t
b. statutes and ordinances / administrative rules

Marinduquolron v. Workmen's Compensation, 99 Phil. 480

Cipriano V. G, 263 SCRA 711
F.F. Cruz & Co. v. CA, 164 SCRA 731
Sanitary Steam Laundry v. G, 300 SCRA 20

3. Dangerous weapons and substances (Article 2188)

Araneta v. Arreglado, 104 Phil. 529

4. res ipsa loquitur

Africa v. Caltex, 15 SCRA 448.

Cebu Shipyard v. William Lines, G.R. L32607,5 May 1999.
D.M. Consunji, Inc. V. G, G.R. No. 137873,20 April 2001.
NPC v. CA, G.R. No. 124378, 8 March 2005
Perla Compania v. Sps. Sarangaya, G.R. No.147746, 25 Oct. 2005

DEFENSES

1. Plaintiff's negligence is proximate cause of injury

PLDT v. CA, G.R. 57079 (September 29, 1989).

Kim v. Phil. AerialTaxi, 58 Phil. 838.
American Express v. Cordero, G.R. No. 138550, 14 Oct 2005

2. Comparative v. Contributory Negligence (Afticle 2L79)

Comparative Neqliqence
Umaliv. Bacani, 69 SCRA 263
Phoenix Construction v. IAC, 148 SCRA 353.
PCI Bankv. CA, G.R. No. LZL4L3,29)an200L.
Estacion v. Bernardo, G.R. No. 144723,27 Feb 2006

Contri butorv Neoligence

Rakes v. Atlantic Gulf ,7 Phil 359
I
Taylor v. Manila Electric Railroad & Light Co., 16 Phil.
PBCom v. CA, 269 SCRA 695
Lambet v. Heirs of Castillon, GR 160709, 23 Feb 2006
Estacion v. Bernardo, GR. 744723,27 Feb 2006.
PNRv. Brunty, G.R. No, 169891,2 Nov.2006

3. Assumption of Risk (Article lL74)

7 Afialda v. Hisole, 85 Phil. 67
I Transporto v. Mijaresl
Ilocos Nofte Electric v. CA, 179 SCRA 5
Co v. CA, 291 SCRA 111.

4, Doctrine of mst Clear Chance

Picaft v. Smith, 37 Phil. 809
Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, 104 Phil. 398.
PLDTv. CA, 178 SCRA 94
Raynera v. Hiceta, G.R. No. 120027 (April 21, 1999)
Phoenix Construction v. IAC, 148 SCRA 353.

5. Prescription (Afticle 1146)

Kramerv. CA, 178 SCRA 518

Spouses Santos v.Pizardo, G.R. No. L5L452,29 Jul 2005
De Guzman v. Toyota Cubao, G.R. No. L4t480,29 Nov. 2006

6. Force Majeur / Fortuitous Event (Afticte Lt74)

Gotesco Investment Corp. v. Chatto, 210 SCRA 18.

Servando v. Phil. Steam, 117 SCRA 832
Yobido v. CA, 281 SCRA 1.

7. Diligence (Afticle 2180, Iast paragraph)

Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, 104 Phil. 398.

Dulay v. CA, G.R. No. 108017 (April 3, 1995).
Go v. IAC, 197 SCRA 22.

8. Mistake & Waiver (Afticles 6 and 1170)

Gatchalian v. Delim, 203 SCRA 126

Theis v. CA, 268 SCRA 167.
YHT Realty v. G, G.R. No. L26780 (17 Feb 2005)

9, Emergency or sudden peril doctrine

F. Cnrprrtrnr Necueence

Gula v. Dianala, 132 SCRA 245

San Ildefonso Lines v. CA, 289 SCRA 568

1 See Aeunro, ToRrs Rruo Dnvncrs 242 (2001).

rv. \ECARrouS/PRTMARY/SOLTDARY LrABrLrTy
A. VrcARrous LrABrLrry (Anrrcus 2180-2182, CC)

1. Parents & guardians (Articles 216 to 219,221,236, Family

Code)

2. Owners & managers of enterprises

Pestano v. Sumayang, G.R. No. 139875,4 Dec 2000.

Real v. Belo, G.R. No. 146224,26 Jan2007
Castilex Industrialv. Vasquez, G.R. No. 132266,21Dec. 1999.

3. Employers
Cafticiano v. Nuval, G.R. No. 138054, 28 Sept 2000.
L.G. Foods v. Pagapong-Agraviador, G.R. No. 158995, 26 Sept. 2006

Medical negligence/mal practice

Ramos v. CA, G.R. No. 124354

1. 29 Dec 1999
2. RESoLUTIoN 11 Apr 2002.
Nogales v. Capitol Medical, G.R. No. 142625,19 Dec 2006
Professional Seruices v. Natividad, G.R. Nos. 126297, L26467 and
L27s90
1. 3LJan2007
2. 11 Feb 2008
3. 2 Feb 2010
4, State

5. Teachers/heads of establishments (Afticles 2LB and 219,

Family Code)

See liability of drivers and owners/employers under Section 13 of Republic Act

No. 10586 or An Act Penalizing Persons Driving under the Influence of
Alcohol, Dangerous Drugs and other Similar Substances

B. Pnrunny Lraerlrw (Anrrcus 2183-2193, L723)

1. Possessors/Users of animals (Afticle 2183)

2. Owners of motor vehicles (Article 2184)

 6
t

V
Mallari v. CA, G.R. No. 1286A7 (January 31, 2000).
t
3. Manufacturers & Processors (Article 2187)

Coca-Cola Bottlers il. G, G.R. No. 110295 (October 18, 1993).

4. Municipalcorporations(Article2189)
City of Manila v. Teotico, 22 SCRA267
Jimenez v. City of Manila, 150 SCRA 510
Guilatco v. City of Dagupan, 171 SCRA 382.
Q.C. Gov't v. Dacara, GR 150304 (June 15, 2005).
See Section 24 ofthe Local Government Code (RA 7t60)

5. Buildingproprietors(Article2L9O-2L9L,2L93)
Deroyv. CA, 157 SCRA 757

6. Engineers/Architects/Contractors (Afticles 2192&

1723)

c. Souoanv Lraarury (Annclr 2194)

Lanuzo v. Ping, 100 SCRA 205

Gelisan v. Alday, 154 SCRA 388
But see Philippine Rabbit v. IAC, 189 SCRA 158
PNCCv. CA, G.R. 159270,22Au12005.
Chan v. Iglesia ni Cristo, G.R. No. 160283, 14 Oct 2005

D. srnrcr LreeruTY ToRTs

Exceptionally, liability is created even where there may have been no
fault or negligence.

1. Possessors/Users of animals (Article 2183)

Vestil v. IAC, 179 SCRA 47

2. Manufacturers & Processors (Art. 2L87)

3. Head of Family (Aft. 2193)

v. sPEcrAL TORTS (HUMAN RELATTONS)

A. ABUSE oF RrcHr (Anucl-e 19)

 See:
/ Velayo v. Shell, 100 Phil. 168

B. Cournenyro LAwAND MoRALS (Anrrcles 2O auo 21)

See: ,
Hermosissima v. CA, 109 Phil. 628
Ponce v. Legaspi, 208 SCRA 377

D. UNJUST ENRTcHMENT (Anrrcus 22 & 23)

See:
Pecson v. CA, 244 SCRA407
Security Bank v. CA,249 SCRA 206

E. JuDrcrAL VTGTLANCE (ARTTCLE 24)

See:
Cruz v. NLRC, 203 SCRA 286

F. Tuoucnrless ExrRAVAGnrcr (Anrrcle 25)

G. Dlsnespecr FoR PERSoN (Anrrcle 26)

See:
Tenchavez v. Escaffo, 15 SCRA 355

H. DERELrcrroN oF DurY (Anucu 27)

See:
Javellana v. Tayo, 6 SCRA 1042

UNrarn CoMPErrrroN (Anrrcu 28)

See:
Manila Orientalv. NLU, 91 Phil. 28
Spinner v. Hesslein, 54 Phil.224

J. Vrouarron or Crvrl/PoLrrrcAL Rrerm (Anrrcle 32)

See:
Leon,66 SCRA 299
Lim v. Ponce de
MHP Garments v. CA, 236 SCRA 227

ABS-CBN v. CA, 301 SCRA 572

BricKown v. CA, 239 SCRA 126
7 Newsweek v. IAC, 142 SCRA 141
MVRS Publication v. Islamic Da'wah, 396 SCRA 210
Silahis Intl Hotel v. Soluta, G.R. No. 163087 (February 20,2006)
RCPI v. Verchez, G.R. No. L64349 (January 31,2006)
PEAv. Ganac-Chu, G.R. No. t4529L,21 Sept.2005

vr. TNTERFERENCE rN CONTiACTUAL RELATTON (ARTTCLE 1314)

Yu v. CA, GR 86683 (January 2L, L993).

So Ping Bun v. CA, GR 120554 (September 21, L999),314 SCRA 751.
Lagon V. G, GR 119107 (March 18, 2005).

See
Gilchrist v. Cuddy, 29 Pht.542
Daywalt vs. Corporacion de PP. Agustinos Recoletos, 39 phil. 587 19191
Tayag v. Lacson, GR 134971 (March 25,2004).

vrr. crwl LrABrLrTy ARrsrNG FROM CRrME (RULES OF COURT)

A. REMEDIES

1, Civilaction with criminalaction (Rule 111[1], ROC)

2. Separate civil action (Rule 111 [2a])
3. Independent civil action (Afts. 29 to 31, CC; R111[3], ROC)

DMPI Employees v. Velez, GR 129282 (November 29,2001).

Casupanan v. Laroya, GR 145391 (August 26,2002).
Cerezo v. Tuazon, GR 141538 (March 23,2004).
Rodriguez v. Ponferrada, GR 155531-34 (July 29,2005).
Hyatt Industrial v. Asia Dynamic, GR 163597 (July 29,2005)
Safeguard Security v. Tangco, G.R. No. L65732,14 Dec. 2006

See
Phil. Rabbit Bus Lines v. People, GR 147703 (April 14, 2004).

Errrcts

1. Acquittal/dismissal (Aft. 29, CCi R111 [2b] & LzO l2l,

ROC)
2. Extinction of civil liability (Rule 111[2b], ROC)

Manantan v. CA, GR 107125 (January 29,200L),350 SCRA 387.

Sanchez v. FEBTC, GR 155309 (November 15, 2005).
Manliclic v. Calaunah, G.R. No. 150157, 25 Jan 2007
 C, PRruuorcrlr QuEsrroN (Art. 36, CC; R111, Sec. 6, ROC)
7
Quiambao v. Osorio, GR L-48157 (March 16, 1988)
Yap v. Paras, GR 101236 (January 30, 1992).
Tamin v. CA, GRg7477 (May B, lggl).
See
Spouses Lee-Yu v. PCIB, GR 14790 (17 March 2006)
Marbella-Bobis v. Bobis, GR 138509 (July 31, 2000).

D. SuesrorrRy LrABrLrry (Afts. 102-103, RpC; Art. 106-109 Labor

Code)

1. Concept and requisites

2. diligence not a defense
Carpio v. Doroja, 180 SCRA 1

See
Bantoto v. Bobis, 18 SCRA 690
Yonaha v. CA, 255 SCRA 397

VIII. DAMAGES

A. CoNcEpr/KTNDSoFDAMAGES(Anrrcu2tgt)
Spouses Ong v. CA, G.R. No. 117103, 301 SCRA 387 (1999).

B. GexeRru Pnrnclples oF RECoVERY

See:
Air France V. G, 171 SCRA 399
Dichoso v. G, 192 SCRA 169
PAL v. Miano, 242 SCRA 235
DBP v. CA,284 SCRA 14

c. Acrum DAMAGES (Anrrcus 2199-22A9; 22O7, Z2O9)

1. damnum emergens/lucrum cessans
2. disability
3. indemnity for death
4. interest
5. Attorney's Fees (Afticle 22Og)
PNOC Shipping v. G, 358 Phil. 38 (1998).
 10

Bangko Sentral ng Piliiinas Resolution No. 799 dated July t,2AL3

Francisco v. Co, GR. 151339 (January 31, 2006)
7 Marikina Autoline v. People, GR. 152040 (March 31, 2006).
Magbanua v. Junsay, G.R. No. 132659, LZFeb.2007

BSP Circular No. 799 series of 2013

NACAR v. Gallery Frames, GR No. L8g87L, August L3, ZOL3
People v. Jugueta, GR No. 202L24, April 5, 2016

See
City Trust v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 141011 (July 19, 2001).
Spouses Ong v. CA, G.R. No. 117103 (January ZL, Iggg).
Ramos V. G, G.R, No. 124354 (December 29, Lggg).
Industrial Insurance Co. v. Bondad, G.R. No. L36722 (April 12, 2000).
Pestano v. Spouses Sumayang, G.R. No. 139875 (Dec 4, 2000).

D. MoRrl DrMnees (ARrrcLEs 22Lt -Z2ZO)

Villanueva v. Salvador, GR. 139436 (January 25,2A06).

Morris vs. Court of Appeals, 352 SCRA 428 (200t).
Francisco vs. Ferrer, Jr., 353 SCRA 261 (2001).
Filipinas Broadcasting v. Ago Medical, G.R. No. L4L994,17 Jan 2005.

5ee
Expeftravel &Tours v. CA, G.R. No. 130030 (June 25, 1999).
Franciscov. Ferrer, G.R. No. 142029 (February ZB,200t).
Ramos v. S, G.R. No. 124354 (December Zg, tggg).
Industrial Insurance Co. v. Bondad, G.R. No. L36722 (April lZ,2O0O).
Calalas v. G, G.R. No. 122039 (May 31, 2000).
Cocoland Dev't v. NLRC, GR 98458 ()uly L7, 1996), 328 phil. 351.

E. N ourrum DAMAGES (Anrrcus 2221-2229)

China Airlines v. CA, cR 129988 (14 July 2003),406 SCRA 113.
Mercury Drug v. Serrano, GR 160509 (March 10, 2006).

See
Cojuangco v. CA. GR 119398 (July 2, 1999)
IndustrialTimber v. Ababon, GR 164518 (January ZS, 2006).

F. Tru peRrrr DAMAGES (Anrrcus 2224-2225)

Victory Liner v. Gammad, GR 159636 (November 25, ZOO4).

Premiere Dev't Bank v. CA, GR 159352 (April 14, 2004).

G. Lrqurorrr o Daulces (Anrrcus 2226-2229)

 11

Azcuna v. G, GR 116665 (March 20, 1996)

See
7 Radiowealth Finance v. Del Rosario, GR 138739 (July 6, 2000).

H. ExrMpLAny DAMAGES (ARrrcLEs 2229-2234)

I Makabali v. CA, GR L-46877 (January 22, L988).
People v. Catubig, GR 137842 (August 23,200I).
Trans-Asia v. CA, GR 118126 (March 4, L996).

See
Q.C. Gov't v. Dacara, GR 150304 (June 15, 2005).
Ramos v. CA, G.R. No. 124354 (December 29, L999).

I. M ITIGATIoN oF DAMAGES (ARTrcLEs L192, 2203-2204 | 2214-

22Ls)

Malaysian Airlines v. C& 156 SCRA 321

Bricktown v. Amor Tierra, 239 SCRA 126
Lim v. CA, GR L25817 (January L6,2002).

See
Sanitary Laundry v. CA, GR 119092 (December 10, 1998)
IS v. CA, GR 131109 (June 13, 1999)

IX. PROCEDURAL RULES ON DAMAGES

A, SpecrrrclrroN oF Ar{ouNr oF DAMAGES

B. FILING FTes TonCLAIMS FoR DAMAGES

Sun Insurancev. Asuncion, GR79937-38 (February 13, 1989).

Iniego v. Guillermo, GR 166876 (March 24,2006).
Intercontinental Broadcasting v. Legasto, GR 169108 (April 18, 2006)

5ee
SC Circular No. 7 (March 24, 1983)
SC Circular No. 57-97 (September L7, L997)
SC Circular No. 70-97 (October 21, L997)
Ng Soon v. Alday, 178 SCRA 221
Manantan V. G, G.R. No. rc7l25 (January 29,200L).