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Mapping

•  GPS
•  Topographic map
•  Own topographic map
•  Sketch of the area
•  Deciding for rock and colors
•  How do I differen>ate?
•  How detailed?
•  Scale?
•  Full mapping versus partly mapping
•  LiDAR
•  Other mapping techniques
Ejemplo: LiDaR

Light Detec>on and Ranging


LIDAR

•  Laser scanning
system
•  Surveying
technology
•  Measures distance
by illumina>ng a
target with a laser
light
LiDAR - Measurement Principle

•  Laser beam (near infrared) is deflected by a rota>ng mul>-facet mirror

•  Time of flight (laser pulse) = t


•  Velocity of laser beam = c = [3 * 108 m/s]= speed of light
•  Distance between sensor and target = d
•  d = ½ ct
Beam divergence / footprint
(a) (b)

footprint diameter increases by distance


(a) high resolu>on: overlapping footprints/oversampled
pointcloud
(b) low resolu>on: data loss 9
Echo digi>za>on
•  Mul>ple return capability: Several echoes are recorded at
different distances (1st pulse, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th = last
pulse)
•  Full-waveform digi>za>on: All reflec>ons along the laser
beam path are digi>zed which results in a full waveform

Echo width
Amplitude
Summary
Time-of-flight measurement

Distance (d)

Time of flight (laser beam) (t)

Emission of the laser pulse


Sensor Object
BackscaGer
Data
acquisiJon

Ø  3D - coordinates (x, y, z) Multiple return


Ø  Intensity (i) capability
Ø  Echo informa>on (echo width / amplitude) Full-waveform
Range Performance
Riegl VZ-4000
Use of Lidar

Hodge_s, 2013
3D Modelling

Hodge_s, 2013
3D MODELLING

Hodge_s, 2013
Approaching sedimentary rocks in the
field: Basic data
(more in the laboratory)
•  When we discover sedimentary rocks:
•  Why are they sedimentary?
•  Type
•  How we approach?: from large to small:
•  Structures
•  Bedding
•  Layering
•  Lamina>on
•  Grains
•  Fossils
•  Contacts: concordant ? – a KEY issue
•  Organic ma_er?
•  Porosity-permeability?
•  Others (color, weathering color outside – color inside)
Typical features of sedimentary rocks
•  Bedding
•  Contacts
•  Structures
•  Traces
•  Grains
•  Fossils

Contacts to other rocks
•  Intrusive
•  Concordant
•  Erosive
•  unconformi>es
Ejemplo

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