Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PHY103A: Lecture # 3
(Text Book: Intro to Electrodynamics by Griffiths, 3rd Ed.)
Summary of Lecture # 2: 2
𝛁𝛁𝑇𝑇 ≡ �+
𝒙𝒙 �+
𝒚𝒚 𝒛𝒛�
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2
3
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
Divergence of a vector 𝛁𝛁 ⋅ 𝐕𝐕 2
𝛁𝛁 ⋅ 𝐕𝐕 = + +
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 0
1
Curl of a vector 𝛁𝛁 × 𝐕𝐕 2
2
�
𝒙𝒙 �
𝒚𝒚 𝒛𝒛� 2 1 0 1 2
1
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝛁𝛁 × 𝐕𝐕 =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 0
2 1 0 1
32
Integral Calculus:
𝑏𝑏
The ordinary integral that we know of is of the form: ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
In vector calculus we encounter many other types of integrals.
Line Integral:
𝑏𝑏
� 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐥𝐥
𝑎𝑎
Q: 𝐕𝐕 = 𝑦𝑦 2 𝒙𝒙
� + 2𝑥𝑥(𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝒚𝒚
� ? What is the line integral
from A to B along path (1) and (2)?
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒚𝒚
Along path (1) We have 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙 �.
�;
(i) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙 𝑦𝑦=1; ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅=∫ 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1
2
�; 𝑥𝑥=2;∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅=∫1 4(𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑=10
(ii) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒚𝒚
∮ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅=11-10=1
This means that if 𝐕𝐕 represented the force vector,
it would be a non-conservative force
5
Surface Integral:
� 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 or � 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚
• For open surfaces, the direction of the area vector is decided based on a given
problem.
(ii) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=0
(iii) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=12
(iv) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=-12
(v) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=4
(vi) ∫ 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚=-12
� 𝐕𝐕 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 = 16 + 0 + 12 − 12 + 4 − 12 = 8
7
Volume Integral:
� 𝑇𝑇(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1−𝑦𝑦 1 3
3
� � � 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑧𝑧 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
0 0 0 8 8
The fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
Example
𝑥𝑥 2
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏
2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑏𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑎2
� 𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑎𝑎
2
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
9
The fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
𝑏𝑏 The integral of a derivative over a
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) region is given by the value of the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 function at the boundaries
𝑎𝑎
11
Spherical Polar Coordinates:
13
Cylindrical Coordinates:
𝑥𝑥 = s cos𝜙𝜙, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠 sin𝜙𝜙, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧
� + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛�
dl= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔� + 𝑠𝑠𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓
The infinitesimal volume element:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛 = 𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝜙𝜙𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The infinitesimal area element (it depends):
𝑑𝑑𝐚𝐚 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝝓𝝓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒛𝒛 𝒔𝒔� = 𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔�
(over the surface of a cylinder)
14
Gradient, Divergence and Curl in Cartesian, Spherical-polar
and Cylindrical Coordinate systems:
15