“HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY”

400BC Leucippus and democritos – proposed the idea of atom.

ATOMISM THEORY

1. All matter is composed of atom .

2. Solid, homogenous and unchangeable
3. The size, weight and characteristics depends on the matter where it belong
4. Atom are unchangeable
5. Moving and collecting course change

Now ATOMISM

1. Anaxagoras – there was as infinite number of elements natured substance

(Particle)
2. Empedocles – everything is made up of form eternal and unchangeable
kind of matter
3. Plato – expanded Empedocles theory
-Four kind of matter is composed of geometrical solid (platonic solid)
4. Aristotle – four elements could be balance in subtace in a infinite number
of way ( Essential way )

NUCLEOSYNTHESIS is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing
nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons. The first nuclei were formed about three minutes after
the Big Bang, through the process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis.

“TYPES OF NUCLEOSYNTHESIS”

Big bang nucleosynthesis – produce no elements heavier than Li

Relative abundance elements

74% H

24% HE

2% Li others elements

D – Deutarium – an isotopes of hydrogen

T – Tritium

ISOTOPES – some elements w/ the some atomc number difficult atomic was no=1 and
properties .
EX : atomic ways positive (P+n) newton

(P) (X) symbols

ATOMIC no.

Proton = (+) (add)

Newton = (-) (minus )

1pt 2

1H

+ H No

1no

1pt 2 H gomma decay

1No :

2 3

1H Pt 2 2 HE + Y
Pt + No 2 D+Y
1

GOMMA DECAY It cause heat and great impact

2 stella Nucleosynthesis – formation of the heavy elements up to iron, nickel, and ardon

-takes palces in the core of atom

Proton – atom procesis

Trip alpha ladatan

12 4 16

+ He O
6 2 8
3 supeneous ncucleosynthis

r- process

-rapid capture of No (U)

5 Process

-Slowly captured of No (thosium)

4 cosmic way spallation

Plane + 7(year) 12(A.U)

Mercury 0.24 0.39

Earth 0.62 0.72

Mars 1 1

Jupiter 1.88 1.52

Saturn 29.5 9.54

Hohomann transfer orbit

𝑻𝟓√𝟏𝟎.𝟓 (𝐑𝐀+𝐑𝐁)𝟑
─ 𝟐

Where, T5 period of this spaceacisfy (yr)

RA- distance of the planet A to the sun (A.U)

RB = is the distance of the planet to + B to the sun (A.U)

Convesion factor :

A.U= 150,000 km

Year = 12 months, 1month = 30 days

 KEPLERS PLANITARY LAW OF MOTION

Johannes kepler – a german mathematecians and actronomer that was observe w/ the
distance of mars.

-His three laws gave a decription of the motion of planets around the sun brave to
study the planetary motion of mars

3 LAWS

Law of ellipse) law of elliptical orbit geometrical shape: thas is a stretch out circle.

-All planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun at the wall of ellipse

Aphelion -0—0--- perihelion

Law of equal area – a line from the sun to planet sweeps out equal area in equal time.
𝟑𝟔𝟎
<18-( )TS)
𝑻𝑩

Where : TB- is period of planet (days)

TS = is the period of the spacecraft travel time (days)

PROBLE:

How would of take for a spacecraft from earth to reach the mars ?

Y(YR) R(AU)

Given: Earth 1 1

Mars 1.88 1.52

Reg. travel time of spacecraft

Solution.
NEWTONS law of motion

Motion- change in position w/ resepect

1st law of motion: law of Intertia

Intertia – proprety of object to resist

Body at rest will remain at rest. Body in motion will continue to move, will the constant
velocity external force is exerct on it.