Studying Matter

Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space

Pure Substance: matter that contains only one kind of particle
Pure Substances is one class of matter that contains only one type of particle. Example can be
water, helium, oxygen, etc. Pure substances have different properties because they are
composed of different kinds of particles. However, pure substances are then broken down into
more subgroups: elements and compounds.
Mixture: matter that contains more than one kind of particle
Mixtures is matter that is composed of different types of particles. They are found almost
everywhere in the world, tv’s laptops, books, snack bars, food, etc.; 2 or more particles in a
substance that aren’t chemically bonded
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Element a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler parts by chemical methods
Compound: a pure substance made of two or more different elements that are chemically
combined

In comparison, elements (pure substances) cannot be broken down (by heating, crushing
grinding) further however Compounds are pure substances that are made of 2 or more
elements, that can be broken down into smaller parts through physical or chemical means.
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Particle Theory of Matter (PISAM)

P All matter is made of particles
I Particles of a same substance are identical
S There are spaces between all particles
A All particles are attracted to each other
M All particles are always moving
Physical Properties
Physical properties a characteristic of a substance that can be observed and measured without
changing the identity of the substance. The properties of Elements/Compounds can play a key
role in describing/observing elements and compounds. Here are a few Properties they look for:
Qualitative: Qualitative physical properties can be observed without the need for a detailed
measurements. They are easy to observe. Examples are colour, odour, state, texture, lustre,
malleability. For example aluminum(element) is grey. Element gold, is the colour gold. Copper
is orange-brown. Smell for example in hydrogen sulfide comes as a rotten eggs odor. Oxygen, at
room temperature is a gas.
Quantitative: properties that can be measured as a particular value. (Melting/boiling point,
viscosity, etc.). These properties are often distinct/unique to a particular substance. Examples
are: viscosity, melting/boiling point, solubility, hardness, conductivity, and density.
States of Matter:

 Colour (what colour is the substance)

 Odour (how does the odor
 State
 Texture
 Lustre
 Malleability
 Viscosity
 Melting point
 Boiling point
  Solubility in water
 Conductivity
 Density

𝒎
Density: 𝒅 =
𝒗

𝒎
Volume: 𝒗 = 𝒅

Mass: 𝒅 × 𝒗

Chemical Properties
Chemical Property the ability of a substance to change or react, and to form new substances

 Stability the ability of a substance to remain unchanged. The more stable it is,
the longer it will take for it to break down. Scientists must have enough stability
in their chemical for it to exist long enough so that they can carry out their
experiment

 Toxicity: the ability of a substance to cause harmful effects in plants and animals.
Almost all chemicals are poisonous, for example too much oxygen. It is important
to know how toxic a chemical is. Example tetanus toxin is one of the most toxic
chemicals
 oxidation
 Combustibility is the ability of a substance to burn in air. The combustibility of
propane is high and that is important so that people can use this info to their
advantage. (Hot air balloons). Propane and oxygen creates a lot of heat which is
useful in hot air balloons.

Reactivity: cause (a substance) to undergo a change by interacting with another substance

Reaction with water: Potassium & Water (smoke, bubbles, catches fire, moves around, heats
up). Creates hydrogen gas & potassium hydroxide.
Reaction with oxygen: Open Banana oxidizes when exposed to oxygen, propane and oxygen
(burns, creates CO2 and water vapour)
Reaction with an acid: Calcium and HCI
Proof of Chemical Change: Production of energy (light, heat), formation of a precipitate, colour
change, odour change, formation of gas (bubbling)
The Atomic Model
Atomic Model Over the 200 Years:

Over the years, as science and tools advanced, more accurate and precise additions were made
to the model of the atom.

Contributions:

Dalton: Discovered that:

 Elements are made of small particles called atoms

 Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and other properties.
 Not all atoms are same size
 Atoms cannot be divided, created or destroyed
 Atoms of different elements combine in whole number ratios to form chemical
compounds
 In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
 Most Importantly: All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms

Thomson:

Concluded that atom had lots of empty space in it

Discovered negative electrons and positive electrons

Bohr Rutherford

Most alpha particles pass through atom undisturbed (a)

Some get scattered with small deflection (b)

And some undergo large deflection (c)

And others go right back from where they came from (d)

Discovered there is strong force surrounding Nucleus of atom

Large deflections caused by the large electric repulsive forces from the atom’s centre which he
called the nucleus
Nucleus has massive positive charges

Discovered nucleus had protons

Atom: the smallest particle of an element that retains the identity of the element

Nucleus: in chemistry, the positively charged centre of an atom

Orbital Shell: The shell of electrons that constantly move around the nucleus of an atom

Proton: the smallest particle of an element that retains the identity of the element

Neutron: an uncharged particle that is part of almost every atomic nucleus

The Periodic Table:

Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Atomic Mass: average mass of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element

Isotope: one of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a
different number of neutrons

Ion: a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms

Valence Electron:

Cation a positively charged ion

Anion a negatively charged ion

Group: Column: Down the periodic table

Period: Row: Across the periodic table

Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Noble Gasses Halogens

(METAL) (METAL) (NON-METAL) (NON-METAL)
  Have one  Have two  Have a full shell  7 Valence
valence electron valence (8 electrons) electrons
 Vary reactive electrons  Not reactive  Very reactive
 Very conductive  Reactive
of
heat/electricity

Ionic Bonds: An Ionic bond is a bond between a metal, and a non-metal.

Process: An element that want to gain 1-3 electrons, comes near an element that wants to
loose 1-3 electrons. The element that wants to gain takes those electrons takes the electrons. It
becomes negative because it now has more electrons then protons. The other element that lost
the electrons becomes positive because it has more protons than electrons. Therefore they
attract and bond. Overall they are formed by the attraction of a negatively charged atom and a
positively charged ion. In the end, the exchange allows both atoms to have a full shell of
electrons (whether it loses a shell, or gains electrons to make a full one).

Covalent
This bond occurs between a non-metal and a non-metal. Instead of one getting the electron,
they share it and both atoms remain uncharged.

IONIC (properties) COVALENT (properties)

High melting/boiling points
Hard and brittle
Only solid
Good conductors (in liquid state or when
dissolved)
No odor
Soluble