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Republic of the Philippines University of Antique

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Sibalom, Antique CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONBackground of the study
Power quality and efficiency are still a concern of certain individuals in the world of power sector.
Increasing the use of inductive loads generate lagging currents that result into poor power factor of an
electrical system. In most system, a poor power f
actor is often overlooked, but if an electrical system has a poor power factor, it will draw higher current
than an electrical system with a power factor close to unity. This might be a cause of losses, decrease in
efficiency and low quality of electricity.Higher currents can also result into voltage fluctuation that could
shorten the life span of an equipment sensitive into voltage fluctuation. Isolating heavy inductive loads
and connecting a microcontroller based power factor improvement with voltage mo
nitoring is the proposed solution. This study will be useful for this study will improve the power factor
which at the same time monitor the voltage and alert the end user when voltage fluctuation occur.The
current device used in monitoring and improving power factor available in the market are too expensive.
In this study, the researchers will design and construct a device which is easy to assemble and cheaper
than what is available in the market.The researcher will also investigate the use of the said
microcontroller to monitor the voltage and power factor of electricity. To improve the poor power
factor by switching capacitor in parallel with the line supplying inductive loads. Four capacitors will be
used, each capacitor is connected into separate relay to improve the power factor of an electrical
system. This research will try to help solve the above mentioned problem. Which would create a good
quality of electricity for an equipment, gadgets and all other electrically operated machines especially
those which are using inductive loads to maintain your machines in good conditions and extend their life
span.Objectives of the
studyThis
study aimed to construct a portable device which will help improve the power factor of an electrical
system focusing on inductive linear loads and also alert the user about voltage fluctuation.Specifically,
it aimed to monitor the power factor, current, voltage and reactive power; minimize the excess current
drawn by a poor power factor electrical loads; alert the user about the status of power factor and
voltage fluctuation; and evaluate the performance of a microcontroller-based power factor
improvement and voltage monitoring system as to its functionality, usability, reliability, efficiency and
maintainability.Significance of the
StudyThe device in this study will be beneficial to the following:
End-user-of
electricityThe end user will benefit on the device constructed in this study for once the power factor of
electrical system was improved, the current drawn by the long line which supplies the inductive loadings
will be reduced. This means that it will free up some mo
re capacity into the system then increase the efficiency and quality of an electricity. This is a big factor in
maintaining their equipment's condition and longevity for it decreases the voltage drop of the system
which reduce the fluctuation. This will be more economical in the part of the end-user.Distribution
UtilitiesThe device in this study can be used as a power factor correction in the distribution system. The
improvement of the power factor from the load side of every end user free up some capac
ity in the transformer that supplies electricity to the residential units. Lowering the current supplied by
the transformer will decrease losses in the system, and improvement of power factor is cost economic
because it reduces the parameters used to follow the rating of the equipment. Thus, distribution utilities
will no longer install higher capacity transformer.Facilities with heavy inductive
loads.If an electrical system in a certain building sometimes experienced voltage fluctuations, it might be
caused by greater voltage drop in the main line supplying the building due to high current running
through those long cables.
Power factor improvement reduces current drawn by poor power factor circuit. This study could
somehow correct a power factor to reduce voltage fluctuations.Scopes and
LimitationThis study aimed to construct a device that could be able to provide power factor
improvement and voltage monitoring for which load it is connected. The status (Voltage, Current,
Reactive Power and Power Factor) will be displayed in the liquid crystal disp
lay (LCD) Module and the user of the system will be notified via SMS about the power factor or if there is
a voltage fluctuation in an electrical system.This device focused only on 230VAC, 60 hertz (Hz), Single-
phase electrical system where the maximum cu
rrent drawn is 10A. The triggering reactive power will depend on the individual capacitance of the
capacitor. This would mean that if the reactive compensation of the smallest capacitor is 240 volt-
ampere reactive (VAR), the system need to detect at least 240VAR of reactive power before the first
capacitor is connected into the line. This system should be able to compensate at most 2kVAR of
reactive power from inductive loads. The step correction of the device were as follow. At 230V AC, 60Hz
thereactive compensation are 240VAR, 399VAR, 780VAR, 1400VAR, 1200VAR wherein 240 VAR is the
minimum and 2000VAR is the maximum.The device focused on improving the poor power factor of a 1.5
horse power (HP) AC kenzo capacitor start motor type YC90L-4. In this study, Improvement of the power
factor was done by connecting four capacitor in parallel with the line supplying inductive loading. Then
the system notified the user via global system for mobile communication (GSM) when both the power
factor was not in the range programmed in the device and when the reactive power must at least meet
the reactive compensation that can be supplied by the smallest capacitor.This
device will be initialized around 5-7seconds for the GSM to register to a network. However, this device is
not capable of sending short message service (SMS) when the user is out of reach and/or the Subscriber
Identity Module (SIM) Card in the GSM module has not been loaded. The mobile number of the
recipient will be pre-installed during the programming.The
monitoring of voltage and power factor will be done by PZEM-004T with monitoring capability with
voltage (ranging from 80-260VAC), current (ranging from 0-100A) and power (22 kilowatts (kW)). The
amount of capacitor to be switched will be determined by the equation programmed in the
microcontroller.This portable device is capable of notifying the user if a voltage flu
ctuation occurred and or if the power factor was not within the rangeprogrammed in this device. It is
not designed to constantly send an SMS to the user about the current voltage or the power factor. The
power factor improvement of t
his device also depends on the amount of reactive power is needed.Due to the limitation in the rated
capacitance of the capacitors the minimum
reactive power needed to be improved must be at least 240VAR at 230VAC (Changes in voltage may
vary the reactive compensation of each capacitor). Thereby, this device is suitable for inductive loads
whose reactive power is above 240VAR. The power factor improvement of this device depends on the
reactive compensation of the power factor correcting capacitor and the reactive power consumed by
the load. The closer the reactive power of the load to the reactive power compensated by the device the
better the improvement will be.The capacitance of four capacitors were 12uF, 20uF, 40uF and 40uF.This
device will be enclosed with a portable and metal casing to protect the system from any natural
disturbances and also to ensure the safety of the user as the casing could be grounded. Any interference
caused by magnetic waves is not a concern of this study. It could be a subject for future studies. Signal
interruption is also a hindrance for the proper communication of the SMS. In case of power interruption,
there is no need for the system to work since there is no power factor to improve and no voltage to
monitor.Conceptual
FrameworkInput
ProcessOUTPUTKnowledge Requirement
Arduino ProgrammingPower Factor calculationsReactive power calculationsConstruction works Software
Requirements1. Arduino IDE Hardware requirementsMicrocontrollerAC Power Monitoring ModuleLCD
moduleRelay ModuleCapacitorsGSM module Material RequirementSoldering
IronMultimeterWiresBoltsScrew Drivers, etc.DesignFabricationEvaluationMicrocontroller Based Power
Factor improvement with Voltage MonitoringDefinition of
TermsFor the purposes of better understanding and clarification of the study the following terms are
defined.
Active Power, refers to the power which is actually consumed or utilized in an AC Circuit is called True
power or Active Power or real power. It is measured in kilo watt (kW) or MW. It is the actual outcomes
of the electrical system which runs the electric
circuits or load.Apparent Power, refers to the product of root mean square (RMS) value of voltage and
current is known as Apparent Power. This power is measured in kVA or MVA.
Arduino Uno, refers to an open-source electronics platform based on easy to us
e hardware and software.Current, refers to the flow of electrical charge carriers like electrons.
Current flows from negative to positive points. The SI unit for measuring electric current is the ampere
(A). One ampere of current is defined as one coulom
b of electrical charge moving past a unique point in a second.Electricity, refers to the presence and flow
of electric charge. Its best- known form is the flow of electrons through conductors such as copper
wires.
Electrical systems, refers to the groups of electrical components
connected to carry out some operation.
Electric Power Quality, refers to the steadiness of voltage.
GSM SIM800l, refers to t
he SIM800L module supports quad-band GSM/GPRS network, available for GPRS and SMS message data
remote transmission.Inductive loads, refers to an electrical loads that resist changes in current
and as such, when you measure the current, it lags (is behind) the voltage.Linear Loads, refers to an AC
electrical loads where the voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal. E.g. Motors, Inductors etc.
Load, refers to an electrical components or portion of a circuit that consumes electric power.
Power Factor, refers to the ra
tio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit.Pzem-004t, refers to an
electric monitoring test module with a current transformer and USB adapter. The module can be used to
test power, energy, voltage as well as current, and then display on a PC or other terminals.Reactive
Power, refers to the power which flows back and forth that mean it moves in both the direction in the
circuit or react upon itself, is called Reactive Power. The reactive power is measured in kilovolt ampere-
reactive (kVAR) or megavolt-ampere (MV
AR).Root Mean Square (RMS), refers to the RMS value is the square root of the mean (average) value of
the squared function of the instantaneous values. The amount of AC power that produces the same
heating effect as an equivalent DC power.Relay, refers to an electrical device, typically incorporating an
electromagnet, that is activated by a current or signal in one circuit to open or close another circuit.
V
oltage, refers to the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons
(current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light.Voltage dips,
refers to the situation when voltage goes beyon
d a standard level.Voltage
swell, refers to the situation when voltage goes above a standard level.CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies.
Review of Related
LiteratureLow power factor of electrical loads cause high current drawn from power
supply. The effect of this situation is affected by impedance of electrical load. In this manner, the key
thought of this examination is the way impedance of electrical loads impact power factor of electrical
loads (Syirrazie, Hasim, & Ahmad A, 2015).According to Edisto Electric Cooperative power factor is a
measure of
how effectively you are using electricity. Various types of power are at work to provide us with electrical
energy. Enhancing the power factor can maximize current-carrying capacity, enhance voltage to
equipment, reduce conductor losses, and lower electric bills. The least difficult approach to enhance
power factor is to add power factor correction capacitors to the electrical system. Power factor
correction capacitors act as reactive current generators. They help counterbalance the non-working
force utilized by inductive loads, thereby enhancing the power factor. The connection between power
factor capacitors and specific equipment, for example, variable speed drives, requires a very much
structured system (edistoelectric.com).More
over, Jim Plourde (2011) stated that the first and most obvious opportunity for motor energy saving is
power factor correction. The power factor of an AC electrical system is the ratio of the "real" power
setting off to the load to the "apparent" power in the circuit. Loads with a low power factor will draw
more current than a load with a high power factor for a similar measure of energy exchange. He also
stated that the addition of a capacitor does not affect the magnetizing current or the leakage reactance
of the motor, but it offsets the inductive component at the point where the capacitor is installed. As
more capacitance is added, the power factor angle, θ, becomes smaller until a unity power factor is
achieved (θ = 0). At unity power factor, the electrical system is at its optimum performance for
maximum power transfer.It
is a great concern that this loss would be compensated by improving the power factor because in most
power systems, a poor power factor resulting from an increasing use of inductive loads is often
overlooked. A poor power factor correction unit would allow the system to restore its power factor
close to unity for economical operation. There are many methods of improving the power factor that
have been proposed such as capacitor banking, using synchronous motors or condensers and phase
advancers.LCD MODULE (LIQUID CRYSTAL
DISPLAY)LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A
16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. A 16x2
LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.Figure 1. LCD Module
h
ttps://http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/16x2-lcd-module-datasheet
www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/16x2-lcd-module-datasheetRELAY MODULE
This is a 5V 4-channel relay interface board, and each channel needs a 15-20mA driver current. It can be
used to control various appliances and equipment with large current. It is equipped with high-current
relays that work under AC250V 10A or DC30V 10A. I
t has a standard interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller.Figure 2. 4 channel 5v relay
module
http://wiki.sunfounder.cc/index.php?title=4_Channel_5V_Relay_Module
http://wiki.sunfounder.cc/index.php?title=4_Channel_5V_Relay_ModulePZEM-004T
This is an electric monitoring test module with a current transformer and
USB adapter. The module can be used to test power, energy, voltage as well as current, and then display
on a PC or other terminals. Designed with one key reset button, you can reset energy data by simply
pressing one button. Moreover, it can store data when power off, and store the accumulated energy
data before power off, so it is very convenient to use it.Figure 3. PZEM - 004T module
https://http://www.amazon.com/PZEM-004T-Current-Voltage-Multimeter-80-260V/dp/B074QF7PGM
www.amazon.com/PZEM-004T-Current-Voltage-Multimeter-80-260V/dp/B074QF7PGMARDUINO UNO
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATMega328.It has 14 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection,
a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.Figure 4. Arduino Uno
h
ttps://http://www.trossenrobotics.com/p/arduino-uno.aspx
www.trossenrobotics.com/p/arduino-uno.aspxGSM SIM 800L
T
he SIM800L module supports quad-band GSM/GPRS network, available for GPRS and SMS message data
remote transmission. The SIM800L communicates with microcontroller via UART port, supports
command including 3GPP TS 27.007, 27.005 and SIMCOM enhanced AT Commands.Figure 5. GSM
SIM800L module
h
ttps://robokits.co.in/wireless-solutions/gsm-gprs/sim800l-gprs-gsm-module-micro-sim-card-core-board-
quad-band-ttlCBB65A-1 40UF (40 MICROFARAD) CAPACITOR
Motor capacitor, such as a start capacitor or run capacitor is an electrical
capacitor that alters the current to one or more windings of a single phase AC induction motor.Figure 6.
CBB65A-1 40UF CAPACITOR
h
ttps://http://www.aliexpress.com/item/CBB65A-1-40uF-5-AC-450V-50-60Hz-Non-Polar-Motor-
Capacitor-for-Air-
www.aliexpress.com/item/CBB65A-1-40uF-5-AC-450V-50-60Hz-Non-Polar-Motor-Capacitor-for-Air-C
onditioner/32538327757.htmlSOCKETS
AC
power plugs and sockets allow electric equipment to be connected to the primary alternating current
(AC) power supply in buildings and at other sites.Figure 7. 3-GANG SOCKET
h
ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_socketsReview of Related
studiesThirst for energy sources is unquenchable, but we hardly realize that we are wasting a part of
energy every day due to lagging power factor. The researcher implement a device to prevent this kind of
situation by improving the power factor. There are many
methods of improving a power factor have been proposed with the growth of technological revolution.
This thesis describes the design and development of power factor improvement with microcontroller
(Sayed, Ferdous and Shobug, 2015).The improvement method
in this device is described by synchronous condenser instead of capacitor bank because of long life,
achieve step less power factor by changing the magnitude of current with change in excitation, faults in
synchronous condenser can be removed easily, and the motor windings offer higher thermal stability for
higher short circuit currents. But the disadvantages of this method is that the maintenance cost is high
due to rotating component, produces noise, there are losses in the motor, at low power rating the cost
is high compared to static capacitor method, and it needs extra excitation equipment to function. This
method involves continuous measurement and monitoring the power factor and generation of required
control signal from microcontroller for controlling the DC excitation of synchronous condenser so as to
improve power factor (Sayed, Ferdous & and Shobug, 2015).People are not aware of energy wastage
thus having poor power factor is often overlooked. Power factor measures how efficient a system is and
is an important
factor in improving a good quality of electricity. A poor power factor resulting from an increasing use of
inductive loads creates high amount of current that may damage wire cables, voltage fluctuation due to
voltage drop and several losses are greatly ignored. A power factor correction unit would allow the
system to restore its power factor close to unity to minimize losses and wastage.The advantages or
benefits of power factor correction include
reduced demand charges, increased load carrying capabilities in existing circuits, improved voltage,
reduced power system losses, and reduced carbon footprint. Power factor correction was designed to
build a device which is able to monitor the energy consumption of a system and automatically improved
its power factor. An open source energy monitoring library was implemented in the design for accurate
power calculation. The device calculates the reactive power consumed by a system's inductive load and
compensates the lagging power factor using capacitance from a capacitor bank (Yasin Kabir, Yusuf
Mohammad Mohsin & Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan, 2017).Automatic Power Factor Controller using
Pic Microcontroller
In this project, power factor correction prototype is developed using pic microcontroller, relays,
potential transformer, current transformer and zero crossing circuit. PIC16F877A microcontroller
calculate power factor and take necessary actions based on p
ower factor. Relay driver IC UNL2003 is connected with microcontroller and which is used to drive
relays. Microcontroller sends high signal to relay driver IC whenever power factors falls less than 0.9.
ULN2003 turn on relays which in return connects capacitor banks with the load. First of all the phase
difference between voltage and current waveforms are measured and then power factor is calculated.
In case of low power factor capacitors are added to improve it (Malik,
2015).http://microcontrollerslab.com/automatic-power-factor-controller-using-pic-microcontroller/
http://microcontrollerslab.com/automatic-power-factor-controller-using-pic-microcontroller/AC Digital
Multifunction Smart Meter using Arduino and PZEM- 004T
Every management system is trying to make an automatic, portable, accurate and reliable system to for
measurement. This project work presents a novel smart meter for an automatic and superior metering,
billing and warning system. The integration of the Arduino and LCD provide the meter reading system
with some automatic functions that are predefined. The proposed energy meter system can incorporate
with an embedded microcontroller and PZEM-004T AC Digital Multifunction Meter designed by
Peacefair. PZEM-004T having the ability to measure Electrical parameters such as voltage, current,
active power and energy (Wakchaure, 2017).h
ttps://innovatorsguru.com/ac-digital-multi-function-smart-meter-using-arduino-and-pzem-
004t/Automatic Power Factor Controller using Microcontroller
When load is connected the power factor is calculated by the PIC microcontroller. If the calculated
power factor is less than 0.9 then the relay switches on the capacitor. The relays are switched usi
ng ULN2003 which is basically a driver IC. ULN2003 consists of seven DARLINGTON PAIRS. The current
lead in capacitor compensates the corresponding current lag which is usually present in loads. Hence the
phase difference between the current and voltage will be reduced (Syamala, 2016).h
ttps://electrosome.com/automatic-power-factor-controller-using-microcontroller/GSM Based
Automatic Energy Meter Reading
This
paper presents the design of a simple low cost wireless GSM energy meter and its associated web
interface, for automating billing and managing the collected data globally. The proposed system
replaces traditional meter reading methods and enables remote access of existing energy meter by the
energy provider. Also they can monitor the meter readings regularly without the person visiting each
house. A GSM based wireless communication module is integrated with electronic energy meter of each
entity to have remote access over the usage of electricity (Ashna, 2017).h
ttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6526385CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter
details the step-by-step procedure of the project design,
project development, operation and testing procedures conducted by the researcher.Design Criteria
The following criteria were considered in the construction of the microcontroller based power factor
improvement and monitoring system.
The system was connected to 230V 60Hz power
source.The device have three direct current (DC) power supply inside one for arduino and GSM module,
one for 4 channel relay(5V, 2A) and one for the sensor and
LCD..The microcontroller was supplied by 5V DC power
source.The power supply of the microcontroller,
sensor and the relay was individually different.The sensor module used is PZEM-
004T.The housing were metal and
grounded.The housing have a fan for exhaust of
heat.The capacitance of four capacitors were 12uF, 20uF, 40uF and
40uF.GSM
module used was Sim800l. The number of the recipient will be installed during the program.The relay
module used is a 4 Channel
relay.The
step correction of the device were as follow. At 230V AC, 60Hz the reactive compensation are 240VAR,
399VAR, 780VAR, 1400VAR, 1200VAR wherein 240 VAR is the minimum and 2000VAR is the
maximum.Parameters
analyzed.The following parameters were essential for functionality of the
device.Current and voltage output of the power
supply.Current, Voltage and Active Power reading of the
systemThe microcontroller program
data.The amount of reactive power to be
compensated.T
he amount of the capacitor's capacitance required.Design
AnalysisReactive power
Complex
power(S) composed of the Real power (P) and the Reactive power (Q). Calculation for the amount of
capacitor to be switched into the line will be determined by the amount of reactive power needed to be
compensated by the system.Mathematically, reactive power (Q): Q = tan (Ө) * P
Where:
Ө = cos
-1(P.F.)P.F.
=n n r-nn ( ) < n r-nn ( )Real Power (P), Vrms and Irms will be provided by the PZEM - 004T AC multi
meter module. Equation for calculation of capacitance required in a single phase electrical system.X =
17 =17;c
7(⊖)∗ C
=1 C =
( (⊖)) 17Where:
C = Capacitance, f = Frequency, V = Voltage, P = Active Power and P.F =
Power Factor.Reactive
Compensation of individual Capacitor. The following values are calculated assuming that the voltage is
at nominal value of 230VAC.Equation for the calculation of Reactive Power:
Q = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 * 2π*(Frequency)*(Capacitance) Capacitor 1:C = 12uF
Q = 230 * 2π*(60Hz)*(12*101n𝐹) Q = 239.31 VARCapacitor 2:
C = 20uF
Q = 230 * 2π*(60Hz)*(20*101n𝐹) Q = 398.86VARCapacitor 3:
C = 40uF
Q = 230 * 2π*(60Hz)*(40*101n𝐹) Q = 797.71VARCapacitor 4:
C = 40uF
Q = 230 * 2π*(60Hz)*(40*101n𝐹) Q = 797.71VARTotal Reactive Compensation = 239.31VAR +
398.86VAR + 797.71VAR + 797.71VAR
Total Reactive Compensation = 2233.59 VAR
Therefore the minimum and the maximum reactive power compensation of this device is 240VAR and
2.2KVAR respectively.
GSM
MICROCONTROLLER BASED POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT WITH VOLTAGE MONITORING LCD<
ARDUINO< PZEM-004T< RELAY
MICROCONTROLLER
BASED POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT WITH VOLTAGE MONITORINGSTART
INITIALIZEREAD PARAMETERSDISPLAYCHECK VOLTAGEIS V < 207IS 207< V < 253IS V >253CHECK
SMSSTATUSYESIS SMS SENTONCEDISPLAYYESNOIS 0.80< PF < 240SEND SMSNOSEND SMSSWITCH
CAPACITORSEND SMSDISPLAYFigure 9. Flow Chart
T
SOCKET
Lcd
PZEM-004
SwitchSourceInputGSMRELAYARDUINOCAPACITORSFABRICATION DESIGNTop View
LCDSOCKETSwitchSourceInputFANFront ViewRight ViewBack ViewLeft ViewFigure 10. Fabrication Design
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure 11. Schematic Diagram.
Tools and Equipment Used
Multimeter
Pliers
Soldering
IronSoldering
LeadSoldering
PumpWires
Electric
DrillBreadboard
Construction Procedure
Prepare the tools for the
device.Prepare the
components.Program the
MicrocontrollerAssemble the components
together.Turn on the
deviceCheck each components of the
device.Final Test the
device.Use the
device.OPERATION AND TESTING
PROCEDURET
he following procedures were followed for the test 'run' of the device:Assemble the parts as
designed.Remove any connected Loads. Which is not a part of the
system.Check every module if properly
connected.Check the GSM if the Sim Card is
inserted.Final check all
components.Connect to the power
source.Upload the program in the PC and run the
program.See if the LCD module display the following. (Voltage, Current, Reactive power and Power
Factor).Test the whole operation of the
system.In testing the operation of the system, the following procedures were done,
Connect the system into the AC
source;PZEM-004T will measure the voltage, current, reactive power and power factor then the
microcontroller display it on
LCD.;If the voltage is not within the range specified in the program a SMS
will be sent to the user as well as when the power factor is not within the range specified in the
program.If the relays remains off because the power factor is not out of range, wait for the LCD to
update. This is indicated by brief flashing of LCD
module.Connect inductive load acro
ss AC power supply (Reactive Power must be greater than 240 VAR).If power factor is less than 0.80 with
Reactive Power greater than 240 VAR, microcontroller will send a message to the user and turn on
relays with the equivalent amount of
capacitor.After the relays turn on and the capacitors connects with load, an SMS sent with the
information on improved power factor, so keep checking the power factor on LCD.PZEM-004T again
reads power factor and displays it on
LCD.Now you will notice that power factor is
improved.The microcontroller will display it on LCD.Instrumentation-Tools
Pliers - is a hand tool with two hinged arms ending in jaws that
are close by handpressure to grip something. It is used to splice the wires and grab or hold an electronic
component in circuit.Multimeter-
is combination of a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter. It can alsobe used to test diode and continuity
test.Breadboard- is used as a temporary board in testing of the project beforepermanently placing it to
the PCB.Hand
drill- is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment usually a drill bit or driver
bit, use for boring holes in various materials or fastening various materials together with the use of
fasteners.Soldering iron - is a tool that electrical heated and used for joining parts with
solder.Screw Driver - is a tool, manual or powered, for screwing and unscrewing (inserting and
removing)
screws.Cost Estimate
ITEM
UNIT
QUANTITY
UNIT COST
(Php.)
TOTAL COST
(Php.)
Arduino Uno
Pc.
1
600
600
PZEM-004T
module
Pc.
1
600
600
Relay Module
Pc.
1
400
400
LCD module
Pc.
1
400
400
Capacitor
Pcs.
4
300
1200
GSM module
Pc.
1
450
450
Soldering Iron
Pc.
1
200
200
Soldering Lead
Meter
2
15
30
Wires
Meter
3
20
60
Power Supply
Pcs.
2
200
400
12V fan
Pc.
1
50
50
Casing
Pc.
1
1000
1000
PCB
9 Sq. Inches
1
60
60
Breadboard
Pc.
1
170
50
Paint
Pc.
1
105
105
Case
Pc.
1
1050
1050
Case Handle
Pc.
1
25
25
Switch
Pc.
1
40
40
Screw
Pc.
24
120
120
Total
6840
Figure 12. Cost Estimate
Cost Analysis
COST ANALYSIS
AMOUNT(Php.)
Project Cost
7000
Travel Expenses
600
Circuit Construction
5000
Research Expenses
300
Printing
500
TOTAL
13400
Figure 13. Cost Analysis
Evaluation procedure
A survey was made after a satisfactory result of the testing procedure using qualitative analysis of
determining the acceptability of the project. Questionnaires were distributed to ten (10) respondent.
Prior to the evaluation proceeding, a demonstration o
f the operation and features of the project was conducted and captured on video camera. Respondents
were present during the said activity and were given evaluation copy. Respondentsw
ho weren't there during the demonstration were shown a video containing the said
demonstration.Treatment of Data
From the data gathered, the mean (x) for each criterion was computed. Then scoring system was
employed in the scale of one (1) to five (5) with one being lowest and five as the highest. The state
criteria were scored and rated using the following rating:
5
Very Acceptable4
Acceptable3
Moderately Acceptable2
Inacceptable1
Very InacceptableThe mean (x) for every criterion was computed and from it, the grand mean
(X) was computed to check the overall acceptability of the project. The formula shown below was used:
G
rand Mean (X) = sum (x)/n Where:x = the individual mean
n = number of criteria for the
evaluationTIME TABLE
Figure 14. Time Table
CHAPTER 4 TEST AND EVALUATIONThis chapter details the presentation and discussion of the results of
the project.
Project
DescriptionThe Microcontroller Based Power Factor Improvement with Voltage Monitoring is designed
to be portable, and have an easy way to monitor voltage via GSM and automatically improved the
power factor. The system used
the Arduino IDE to program the microcontroller-based system to correct the low power factor by
triggering-on and off a relay depending on how much the capacitor is needed to improve the power
factor. The project used PZEM- 004T to measure the voltage, current and real power.Project
StructureThe
Power Factor Correction was enclosed in a metal casing. The GSM Sim8001, Relay, Capacitors, Arduino
Uno, Power Supply, PZEM-004T and fan were placed inside for the better arrangement and for
protection. The LCD Module was mounted in the casing and connected to the devices inside the case,
also a 3-Gang Socket was mounted at the front of the casing and is connected to the devices inside. The
12-volts power supply that supply the fan to avoid heating the system was inside the case. The GSM
Sim-8001,Relay,
Capacitors, Arduino, Power Supply, PZEM-004T was supplied by a 5- volts power supply to work the
system.Figure 15. Front view of the device
Figure 16. Back view of the device
Figure 17. Right view of the device
Figure 18. Left view of the device
Project
EvaluationThe performance of this project was evaluated by 10 individuals. They tested the project
based on the different criteria concerned with Functionality, Reliability, Usability, Maintainability and
Efficiency. The individual scores for the following criteria were found on Appendix for reference. The
data shown below are the mean scores for each criteria from 10 respondents. From the scale of 1 to 5
the respondents rated the device on the following criteria.Table 4. Functionality
CRITERIA
MEAN
REMARKS
1.Suitability
4.7
ACCEPTABLE
2.Accurateness
4.7
ACCEPTABLE
3.Compliance
4.4
ACCEPTABLE
4.Interoperability
4.7
ACCEPTABLE
MEAN
4.625
ACCEPTABLE
Table 5. Reliability
CRITERIA
MEAN
REMARKS
1.
Maturity4.1
ACCEPTABLE
2. Fault Tolerance
4.1
ACCEPTABLE
3.
Recoverability4.4
ACCEPTABLE
MEAN
4.2
ACCEPTABLE
Table 6. Usability
CRITERIA
MEAN
REMARKS
1.
Understandability4.8
ACCEPTABLE
2. Learn Ability
4.7
ACCEPTABLE
3.
Operability4.6
ACCEPTABLE
MEAN
4.7
ACCEPTABLE
Table 7. Efficiency
CRITERIA
MEAN
REMARKS
1. Time behavior
4.8
ACCEPTABLE
MEAN
4.8
ACCEPTABLE
Table 8. Maintainability
CRITERIA
MEAN
REMARKS
1. Analyze Ability
4.5
ACCEPTABLE
2. Changeability
4.7
ACCEPTABLE
3.
Stability4.5
ACCEPTABLE
4.
Testability4.4
ACCEPTABLE
MEAN
4.525
ACCEPTABLE
Table 9. Grand Mean
CRITERIA
MEAN
REMARKS
1.Functionality
4.625
ACCEPTABLE
2.
Reliability4.2
ACCEPTABLE
3.Usability
4.7
ACCEPTABLE
4.Effectivity
4.8
ACCEPTABLE
5.Maintainability
4.525
ACCEPTABLE
MEAN
4.57
ACCEPTABLE
Device Application
REACTIVE POWERPOWER FACTORVOLTAGECURRENTFigure 19. Device Display
Figure 20. Device Display
Data Gathered.
BEFORE POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT ( 1.5 horse power (HP) motor)
TRIALS
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
POWER FACTORREACTIVE POWERFIRST TRIAL
207.40 V
2.13 A
0.56
366 VAR
SECOND TRIAL
240.40 V
3.44 A
0.43
744 VAR
THIRD TRIAL
218.50 V
2.53 A
0.52
473 VAR
FOURTH TRIAL
219.00 V
2.53 A
0.52
473 VAR
FIFTH TRIAL
216.50 V
2.51 A
0.53
462 VAR
AFTER POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT ( 1.5 HP motor)
TRIALS
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
POWER FACTORREACTIVE POWERFIRST TRIAL
207.90 V
1.51 A
0.78
196 VAR
SECOND TRIAL
240.00 V
1.77 A
0.85
255 VAR
THIRD TRIAL
218.50 V
1.54 A
0.85
178 VAR
FOURTH TRIAL
219.90 V
1.54 A
0.85
179 VAR
FIFTH TRIAL
217.50 V
1.55 A
0.85
177 VAR
The inductive load that were tested.
Figure
21. Device with the Inductive loadFigure
22. Device with the Inductive loadThe first trial
Figure 23. Before Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
Figure 24. After Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
The second trial
Figure 25. Before Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
Figure 26. After Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
The third trial
Figure 27. Before Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
Figure 28. After Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
The fourth trial
Figure 29. Before Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
Figure 30. After Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
The fifth trial
Figure 31. Before Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
Figure 32. After Power Factor Improvement (PFI)
Messages that were received by the user.
Figure 33. Message
receivedFigure 34. Message
receivedFigure 35. Message received
Figure 36. Message received
Figure 37. Message
receivedFigure 38. Message
receivedFigure 39. Message received
Figure 40. Message received
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONThis chapter presents the conclusion and
recommendation drawn from the study.
Conclusion
The Microcontroller-Based Power Factor Improvement with Voltage Monitoring was implemented
completely. The system provided for power factor improvement and voltage monitoring in low power
factor inductive loads. Arduino UNO controller was very popular at t
his event, likewise it is easy to write the program by using the high level language.An
Inductive linear load (1.5 HP motor) was tested for this system. The Voltage, Current, Reactive power
and Power factor were shown in the LCD module. The data gathered clearly shows the benefit of using
the system. The power factor of motor was improved from 0.52 to 0.85 and the current that the motor
draws were reduced to about 61% of the current drawn at lower power factor. The device was also able
to notify the user about the power factor of the inductive linear loads. The researchers also received a
notification via SMS about the voltage fluctuation of the line. However, there are times that the
message containing the value of unimproved power factor was failed to send due to no reception of
GSM. This observed weakness would be a subject for future improvement.By using the device the
system could raise the power factor of an electrical system and at the same time notify t
he user when a voltage fluctuation occurs. This study gave awareness to the user of the excess current
drawn of the poor power factor loads will enable them to do necessary action in improving the power
factor to minimize the current drawn by the inductive loads.Recommendation
Based from the aforementioned conclusions, the following recommendation were advised.
Improvement in the configuration of this device will be developed to suit with the different standards of
any electrical
system.Addition of keypad module is suggested to register the recipient of the message to improve this
device for there is a possibility that mass production of this device will become a reality in the near
future.Careful and calculated selection of the capacito
r must be taken before the system is built for the closer the value of reactive power consumed by the
load to the reactive power compensated by the system the better the improvement would be.Since
there is a possibility of flaws in the design of the device, to make precise selection of capacitor to be
triggered-on, a production of capacitor with small gap in capacitance (between the capacitance of the
firstcapacitor to the
preceding capacitor) will be developed to have a numerous selection of capacitance.REFERENCES
Edisto
Electric Cooperative Retrieved (n.d.) Understanding Power Factor and why it's important. Retrieved
November 14 2018, from http://edistoelectric.com/
http://edistoelectric.com.Kabir,
Y., Mohsin, M.M., & Khan, M.M. (2017, February) Automated Power Factor correction and Energy
Monitoring System. Retrieved November 14, 2018, from http://www.researchgate.net/
http://www.researchgate.net.Plourde,
J. (2011). Monitoring induction motors for energy savings. Retrieved November 14 2018, from
https://http://www.controleng.com/
www.controleng.com.Sayed, R., Ferdous, A.I., & Shobug, M.A. (2015, April) 2 automatic power Factor
correction by using synchronous condenser with continuous monitoring. Retrieved November 14, 2018,
from https://http://www.researchgate.net/
www.researchgate.net.Syirrazie CS1, H.Hasim1 Ahmad Asraf AS2 (2015) Impact Study on Power Factor
of Electrical Load in Power Distribution System. Retrieved November 14 2018, from http://inis.iaea.org/
http://inis.iaea.org.Amazon
(n.d.) Current Voltage Power Energy Multimeter Module. Retrieved November 15, 2018 from
http://www.amazon.com/
http://www.amazon.comAliExpress (2015) CBB65A-1 40uF 5% AC 450V 50/60Hz Non Polar Motor
Capacitor for Air Conditioner. Retrieved November 15, 2018 from http://www.aliexpress.com/
http://www.aliexpress.comKushagra. (n.d) LCD. Retrieved November 15, 2018, from
http://www.engineersgarage.com/
http://www.engineersgarage.comRobokits India (2018) SIM800L GPRS GSM MODULE MICRO SIM CARD
CORE
BOARD
QUAD-BANDTTL.RetrievedNovember15,2018from http://robokits.co.in/
http://robokits.co.inSunfounder
(2017) 4 Channel 5V Relay Module. Retrieved November 15, 2018, from http://wiki.sunfounder.cc/
http://wiki.sunfounder.ccTrossen
Robotics (n.d.) Arduino Uno R3 Microcontroller. Retrieved November 15, 2018 from
http://www.trossenrobotics.com/
http://www.trossenrobotics.comWikipedia
(2018) AC power plugs and sockets. Retrieved November 15, 2018 from
htttp://en.wikipedia.orgAPPENDIX A
EVALUATION CRITERIA
EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR THE PROJECT "MICROCONTROLLER BASED POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
WITH VOLTAGE MONITORING SYSTEM"
Name:
(optional) ID No.
: (optional) Address Direction:
Put check (✔) to indicate your answer on the following statement:Assessment of "Microcontroller Based
Power Factor Improvement with Voltage Monitoring System" process in items
of:Legend:
-
Very Acceptable2 - Inacceptable4
- Acceptable1 - Very Inacceptable 3 - Moderately Acceptable5
4
3
2
1
I.FUNCTIONALITY
Function required for the system are implemented(Suitability)
Function accuracy is provided(Accurateness)
Function meet specification(Compliance)
Easy to connect to other systems is provided(Interoperability
II.RELIABILITY
Software includes no bug(Maturity)
A certain system level is maintained even when a trouble occurs(Fault tolerance)
Normal operations are restored readily when a failure occurs(Recoverability)
III.USABILITY
Easy to operate(Understandability)
Easy to remember(Learn Ability)
Allow easy operation management(Operability)
IV.EFFICIENCY
Provides good responses and high throughput(time behavior)
V.MAINTAINABILITY
Allows easy analysis of design documents and programs when a bug is found(analyse ability)
Allows easy expansion and modification of the system(Changeability)
Modification of the system does affect others(stability)
Laborious tests are not required after a modification is made(testability)
Summary:
Average:
A.Functionality
B.Reliability
C.Usability
D.Efficiency
E.Maintainability
Total
Score _÷5 = Equivalent
meaning When testing, do you encounter any
problem?YES
NO if yes please specify: .Based
on your finding what enhancement should be made for implementation and maintenance? .(Signature)
EvaluatorDate:
APPENDIX B
EVALUATED RESULT OF THE QUESTIONARIES USED
Reps.
A1
A2
A3
A4
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
D1
E1
E2
E3
E4
1
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
4
4
3
4
4
3
4
5
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
3
5
5
5
5
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
4
3
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
5
4
5
6
5
5
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
5
7
5
5
5
4
5
5
4
4
4
3
4
5
4
5
3
8
5
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
5
5
9
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
10
5
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
Total
48
46
44
47
44
45
46
47
47
45
47
43
45
44
44
Mean
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.7
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.5
4.7
4.3
4.5
4.4
4.4
T
able 17. Tabulated result of the questionnaire's usedAPPENDIX C
ARDUINO PROGRAM
#include // Arduino IDE // for pzem#include
#include
L
iquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); //A4,A5 connection #include S
im800l Sim800l; < //(10,11),(rx,TX)PZEM004T
pzem(2,3); // (RX,TX) connect to TX,RX of PZEM IPAddress ip(192,168,1,1); //PZEM ip Addressint
cap1 = 4; // connect to 12uF int cap2 = 5; // 20uFint cap3 = 6; // 40uF int cap4 = 7; // 40uFfloat Voltage =
0; // initialize float Current = 0; // initialize float RealPower = 0; // initialize float PowerFactor; //
initializeint
ReactivePower = 0; // Variable for reactive String msg; // string to store msgString Combination; // String
to combinec
har buffer1[50]; < //buffer for converting string to char to send in sms char buffer2[50]; < //Buffer for
converting string to char to send in sms char buffer3[50]; < //Buffer for converting string to char to send
in sms char* text; //Storing Textchar* number; // Storing numberconst int Frequency = 60; //Frequency
in phillipines const float pi = 3.14159265;// Value of pi
boolean error; // return sms boolean isPf;boolean pastPf = HIGH; boolean pastPf2 = HIGH; boolean isV; <
//for limiting smsb
oolean pastV = HIGH;//for limiting sms boolean pastV2 = HIGH;//for limiting smsboolean CapState =
LOW; // STore Capacitor sstatus boolean Reset = HIGH; // For reading condition boolean AllCap = HIGH;
// for statusboolean threeCap = LOW; // for status boolean twoCap = LOW; // for status boolean oneCap
= LOW; // for status boolean cap20 = LOW;boolean cap40 = LOW;
float Cap20 = 399; float Cap12 = 240;
float
Cap40 = 798; // Store vAlue of reactive float CapAll = 2200;float CapThree= 1402; float CapTwo = 639;
float CapOne = 240;void setup()
{
pzem.setAddress(ip);
// Set ip Pzem lcd.begin(); // Begin lcd lcd.backlight(); // Backlight Sim800l.begin(); < //initialize GSMp
inMode(cap1,OUTPUT); //Pinmode Output //40 pinMode(cap2,OUTPUT); //Pinmode Output
pinMode(cap3,OUTPUT); //Pinmode Output pinMode(cap4,OUTPUT); //Pinmode Output number =
"09058795441"; // SEt the numberdigitalWrite(cap1,HIGH);
// SET ALL CAP INITIALLY HIGH / OFF digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH);digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH);
W
elcome(); //Call Welcome message}
void Welcome()
{
l
cd.clear(); //clear lcdl
cd.print("Group 4 Thesis"); //print in lcd lcd.setCursor(0,1); // set cursor in lcd lcd.print("BSEE- 5A");
//print lcd delay(2000); // delaylcd.clear(); // clear lcd.print("C. Zabala"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("R.
Necesito"); delay(2000); lcd.clear();lcd.print("F. Patino"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("B. Pancubila");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear(); lcd.print("Please W
ait..");delay(4000);
}
void
Display(){
ReadParameters(); lcd.clear(); // clears LCDl
cd.print(Voltage); //print voltage lcd.setCursor(6,0); // setCursor in lcd lcd.print("V");lcd.setCursor(8,0);
lcd.print(Current);
// print current lcd.setCursor(14,0);lcd.print("A"); lcd.setCursor(0,1);
l
cd.print(ReactivePower); //print reactive power lcd.setCursor(4,1);lcd.print("VAR"); lcd.setCursor(8,1);
lcd.print("PF="); lcd.setCursor(12,1); if(PowerFactor>1) PowerFactor =
1;l
cd.print(PowerFactor); //print powerfactor delay(100);}
void response(boolean res)
{
if(res == 1) // if sms is succesfully sent{
lcd.clear();
l
cd.print("Msg Sent"); < //print msg sent if sms succesfully sent delay(1000); //delay for 1 second}
else if(res == 0) // if sms is notsent{
lcd.clear();
l
cd.print("Msg Not Sent");
else
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("GSM DAMAGED"); delay(1000);}
}
void SendCurrentPowerFactor()
{
i
sPf = LOW;
S
im800l.begin(); //initialize GSMmsg = "Power Factor: "; //msg to be sentCombination
= msg + (String)(PowerFactor); // process in combining two stringC
ombination.toCharArray(buffer2,50); //buffer to store string temp and to convert it to chartext =
buffer2;
error
= Sim800l.sendSms(number,text); //Send Sms command response(error); // get sms
responcedelay(2000); Sim800l.end(); //end gsm}
pastPf = isPf; // set past pf to current value of ispf to limit the number of message sent to one}
void SendImprovedPowerFactor()
{
isPf
= LOW; // same goes here ReadParameters();if(isPf == LOW && pastPf2 == HIGH) // same as voltage{
Sim800l.begin();
msg = "PowerFactor: ";
Combination = msg + (String)(PowerFactor); Combination.toCharArray(buffer2,50);
text = buffer2;
error = Sim80
0l.sendSms(number,text); response(error);delay(2000); Sim800l.end();
}
pastPf2 = isPf; // same goes here}
void SendOverVoltage() // Function to send OverVoltage{
isV = LOW;
if(isV == LOW && pastV == HIGH)
{
Sim800l.begin();
msg = "Over Voltage: ";
Combination = msg + (String)Voltage;
Combination.toCharArray(buffer1,50); text = buffer1;
error = Sim800l.sendSms(number,text); response(error);
delay(2000); Sim800l.end();
}
pastV = isV;
}
void SendLowVoltage() // Function to sendLOwVoltage{
isV = LOW; // set isV to lowif(isV == LOW && pastV == HIGH) // condition for sending only once{
S
im800l.begin(); //begin port 2 GSM msg = "Under Voltage: "; //messageC
ombination = msg + (String)Voltage; //combining two string in one
messageCombination.toCharArray(buffer1,50); // converting string into char arraytext = buffer1; //
nothingerror
= Sim800l.sendSms(number,text); // sending SMS response(error); //Responce statusdelay(2000);
S
im800l.end(); //close port 2 GSM}
pastV = isV; //set past V to isV}
void SendNormalVoltage() // Function to send OverVoltage{
ReadParameters(); isV = LOW;
if(isV == LOW && pastV2 == HIGH)
{
Sim800l.begin();
msg = "Normal Voltage"; Combination = msg;
Combination.toCharArray(buffer1,50); text = buffer1;
error = Sim800l.sendSms(number,text); response(error);
delay(2000); Sim800l.end();
}
pastV2 = isV;
}
void ReadParameters() // FUnction to read parameters{
Voltage
= pzem.voltage(ip); // read Voltage if(Voltage
= pzem.current(ip); // read Current if(Current
werFactor = (RealPower/(Voltage*Current));// Equation for calculating power factor//
Angle = acos(PowerFactor);ReactivePower = sqrt((pow((Voltage*Current),2))-(pow(RealPower,2))); //
equation for reactive// ReactivePower = RealPower*tan(Angle);}
void ReactRead()
{
Cap12 = (pow(Voltage,2)*0.004523893); Cap20 = (pow(Voltage,2)*0.007539822); Cap40 =
(pow(Voltage,2)*0.0150796); CapAll = Cap12+Cap20+Cap40+Cap40; CapThree = Cap12+Cap20+Cap40;
CapTwo = Cap12+Cap20;
CapOne = Cap12;
}
v
oid loop()//main loop{
//
first read parametersVoltage
= pzem.voltage(ip); // read Voltage if(Voltage
= pzem.current(ip); // read Current if(Current
werFactor = (RealPower/(Voltage*Current));// Equation for calculating power factorReactivePower =
sqrt((pow((Voltage*Current),2))-(pow(RealPower,2))); // equation for reactiveDisplay(); // call display
function// test if voltage fluctuateif(Voltage <= 207 && Voltage > 0) // if voltage is low{
SendLowVoltage(); pastV2 = HIGH;delay(1000);
}
else if(Voltage >= 253)
{
SendOverVoltage(); pastV2 = HIGH; delay(1000);
}
else if((Voltage207))
{
SendNormalVoltage();
p
astV =HIGH; //resetting condition for nxt voltage fluctuation delay(1000);}
delay(100);
ReadParameters();
//read parameters again Display();delay(1000);
// check for power factori
f((PowerFactor 0 && ReactivePower> 10)|| Reset== HIGH) // Check power factor{
delay(3000);
if(CapState == LOW && PowerFactor < 0.85 && PowerFactor > 0 && ReactivePower > 240)
{
SendCurrentPowerFactor();
// send the value of power factor pastPf = HIGH;delay(100);
}
ReadParameters(); Display(); delay(2000); ReactRead(); delay(1000);if( ReactiveP
ower >= CapAll ) // if all caps needed{
//2100 VAR compensation delay(2000);digitalWrite(cap1,LOW); digitalWrite(cap2,LOW);
digitalWrite(cap3,LOW); digitalWrite(cap4,LOW); Reset = LOW;
C
apState = HIGH; //for status purposes threeCap =LOW;twoCap =LOW;
AllCap = HIGH; oneCap =LOW; cap20 = LOW; cap40 = LOW; delay(3000);
}
if( ReactivePower < CapAll && ReactivePower >= CapThree )
{
delay(2000); digitalWrite(cap1,LOW); digitalWrite(cap2,LOW); digitalWrite(cap3,LOW);
digitalWrite(cap4,HI
GH); Reset = LOW;C
apState = HIGH;//for status purposes threeCap =HIGH;AllCap = LOW; twoCap =LOW; oneCap =LOW;
cap20 = LOW; cap40 = LOW; delay(3000);
}
if(ReactivePower < Cap40 && ReactivePower >= CapTwo)
{
delay(2000); digitalWrite(cap1,LOW); digitalWrite(cap2,LOW); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH); Reset = LOW;
C
apState = HIGH; //for status purposes threeCap =LOW;twoCap =HIGH; AllCap = LOW; oneCap =LOW;
cap20 = LOW; cap40 = LOW; delay(3000)
;}
if(ReactivePower = Cap12 && threeCap == LOW && cap40 == LOW && cap20 == LOW && AllCap ==
LOW)
{
delay(2000); digitalWrite(cap1,LOW);
digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH); Reset = LOW;
C
apState = HIGH;//for status purposes twoCap =LOW;AllCap = LOW; threeCap =LOW; oneCap =HIGH;
cap20 = LOW; cap40 = LOW; delay(3000);
}
// thisif(ReactivePower = Cap20)
{
delay(2000); digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,LOW); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH); Reset = LOW;
C
apState = HIGH;//for status purposes twoCap =LOW;AllCap = LOW; threeCap =LO
W; oneCap =LOW; cap20 = HIGH; cap40 = LOW; delay(3000);}
if(ReactivePower = Cap40)
{
delay(2000); digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,LOW);
digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH); Reset = LOW;
C
apState = HIGH;//for status purposes twoCap =LOW;AllCap = LOW; threeCap =LOW; oneCap =LOW;
cap20 = LOW; cap40 = HIGH;delay(3000);
}
//
thisif(ReactivePower < Cap12)
{
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH);
C
apState = LOW; //for status purposes AllCap = LOW;pastPf2 = HIGH; twoCap =LOW; threeCap =LOW;
oneCap =LOW; Reset = HIGH; cap20 = LOW; cap40 = LOW; delay(1000);
}
if(ReactivePower > Cap12 && ReactivePower < Cap20 && oneCap == HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH)
; digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH);C
apState = LOW; //for status purposes AllCap = LOW;pastPf2 = HIGH; twoCap =LOW; threeCap =LOW;
oneCap =LOW; Reset = HIGH; cap20 = LOW; cap40 = LOW; delay(1000);
}
if(oneCap == HIGH && PowerFactor<= 0.79)
{
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH);
C
apState = LOW; //for status purposes AllCap = LOW;pastPf2 = HIGH; twoCap =LOW; threeCap =LOW;
oneCap =LOW; Reset = HIGH; cap20 = LOW; cap40 = LOW; delay(2000);
}
}
ReadParameters(); Display();
if((PowerFactor>=0.83 && PowerFactor < 1 && PowerFactor !=0 )&& CapState == HIGH)
{
SendImprovedPowerFactor(); Reset = LOW;delay(1000);
}
if(PowerFactor>1 && CapState == HIGH)
{
pastPf = HIGH;
}
else if(PowerFactor>=0.85 && CapState == HIGH)
{
Reset = LOW;
}
if(CapState == HIGH && ReactivePower == 0 && PowerFactor == 0)
{
Reset = HIGH; ReadParameters(); Display();
}
if(AllCap == HIGH && RealPower<CapAll)
{
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH);
CapState = LOW; delay(1000);
}
if( Current == 0 && Voltage == 0 )
{
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH); CapState = LOW; pastPf2 =
HIGH; delay(1000);}
if(CapState == HIGH && PowerFactor < 0.4 && PowerFactor > 0)
{
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HI
GH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH); CapState = LOW; delay(1000);pastPf2 = HIGH; Reset = HIGH;
}
if( CapState == HIGH && PowerFactor <= 0 && Current == 0)
{
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH);
CapState = LOW; delay(1000);
}
else if(CapState == HIGH && RealPower <Cap12)
{
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); di
gitalWrite(cap4,HIGH); CapState = LOW; delay(1000);pastPf2 = HIGH;
}
if(Current == 0 && CapState == HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH);
CapState = LOW; delay(1000);
}
if(Current == 0 && CapState ==
LOW){
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH);
CapState = LOW; pastPf2 = HIGH; delay(1000);}
if( threeCap == HIGH && RealPower < CapThr
ee){
digitalWrite(cap1,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap2,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap3,HIGH); digitalWrite(cap4,HIGH);
CapState = LOW; pastPf2 = HIGH; delay(1000);}
if(AllCap
== HIGH && PowerFactor
delay(2000); ReadParameters(); SendImprovedPowerFactor();}
if(threeCap == HIGH && CapState == HIGH)
{
delay(2000); ReadParameters(); SendImprovedPowerFactor();}
if(twoCap == HIGH && CapState == HIGH )
{
delay(2000); ReadParameters(); SendImprovedPowerFactor();}
if(oneCap == HIGH && CapState == HIGH )
{
delay(2000); ReadParameters(); SendImprovedPowerFactor();}
if(cap20 == HIGH && CapState == HIGH )
{
delay(2000); ReadParameters(); SendImprovedPowerFactor();}
if(
cap40 == HIGH && CapState == HIGH ){
delay(2000); ReadParameters(); SendImprovedPowerFactor();}
if(PowerFactor > 0 && PowerFactor < 0.83 && CapState == LOW)
{
pastPf = HIGH; // reset sms limit for nxt occurance}
delay(100); ReadParameters(); Display();
}
APPENDIX D
CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM
APPENDIX E
HOW TO OPERATE THE SYSTEM
APPENDIX F
DATA SHEET
PZEM - 004T LCD I2C
MODULE GSM SIM800L ARDUINO UNO RELAY79
85
21
59
39
69
19
49
9
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[7:14:51 PM] YahFound 1% matches at: https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2013/10/power-factor-
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[7:14:52 PM] Bi Found 1% matches at:
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+re+capacity&source=bl&ots=z6gXzin_JE&sig=ACfU3U3T8kcbAAFgXoZAifDhneTX4lKtzA&hl=ru&sa=
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[7:15:43 PM] Go Found 2% matches at:
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[7:15:44 PM] YahFound 1% matches at: https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/worksheets/ac-power/
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is-called-the-magnetizing-component-right
[7:15:59 PM] Bi Found 2% matches at: https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-active-reactive-and-apparent-
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[7:22:15 PM] Check type: Standart
[7:22:15 PM] The originality of the text is 86%©