Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 7 (2015) 395e403

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and

Geotechnical Engineering
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Full length article

Analysis of horizontal displacement distribution caused by single

advancing longwall panel excavation
K. Tajdu
s*
Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The paper presents an analysis of the horizontal displacement of surfaces induced by exploitation in a
Received 2 January 2015 longwall panel. The panel under discussion is No. 698 of Prosper Haniel coal mine, Germany. The author
Received in revised form discusses both the distribution of displacement vectors, according to the theory assuming surface point
16 March 2015
displacement towards the center of gravitation (COG) zone of a selected deposit element, and the
Accepted 17 March 2015
Available online 8 May 2015
analysis of horizontal displacement measurements, based on the assumption that the value of horizontal
displacement is proportional to the slope of the subsidence trough. Finally, the value of horizontal
displacement coefficient B is estimated for particular longitudinal and transverse measurement section
Keywords:
Horizontal displacements/movements
of the analyzed longwall No. 698.
Surface deformations Ó 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by
Mining exploitation Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Horizontal displacement coefficient
Center of gravitation (COG) zone

1. Introduction
Underground longwall excavation creates deformations inside
the rock mass which can appear on the surface. One indicator of
such a deformation is the vector of rock mass movement, which can
be easily divided into two components: vertical and horizontal
movements. In the past, many scientists have dealt with the
problem of vertical movement (subsidence) determination. Due to
the subsidence of rock mass caused by underground mining, such
operations have been observed and quantified since early 20th
century. Work on subsidence calculation methods was started by
Schmitz (Lehmann et al., 1942). Later, Awierszyn (1947) proposed a
methodology assuming the kinetics of the rock displacement pro-
cess in analytical solutions, which allowed for the introduction of
universal theoretical descriptions of rock mass movement. The
above proposal gave rise to the intensive development of calcula-
tion methods, especially methods based on the normal distribution
of mining influence, like Knothe’s method (Knothe, 1953, 1984;
Sroka et al., 2011) and Ruhrkohle method (Sroka, 2010; Sroka
et al., 2011).
But in spite of the many theories and methods used to calculate
surface deformations above underground operations, inter alia,
Keinhorst (1925), Sann (Lehmann et al., 1942), Bals (1931/1932),
Knothe (1953), NCB (1975), etc., estimations of the values and
distribution of horizontal movement are still unclear.
This paper presents the monitoring and analysis of horizontal
movements caused by a single longwall panel excavation, No. 698.
Analysis was carried out based on two the most popular hypotheses
of horizontal movements:
(1) Theories assuming the displacement of surface points towards
the center of gravitation (COG) of a selected element of deposit,
e.g. the theories of: Keinhorst (1925), Bals (1931/1932),
Lehmann et al. (1942), Sann, Beyer (Lehmann et al., 1942),
etc., and
(2) Theories assuming that the value of horizontal displacement
u(x, y) is proportional to the slope of subsidence trough profile
T(x, y) (Awierszyn, 1947), e.g. Knothe’s method and Ruhrkohle
method.
To sum up, both the COG theory and the hypothesis of
Awierszyn (1947) indicate the proportionality between the vector
of horizontal displacement and the vector of subsidence trough
profile slope.
2. Examples of the Gauss distribution method used to
calculate mining-induced surface deformations

* Tel.: þ48 126376200 (55).
E-mail address: tajdus@img-pan.krakow.pl.
Peer review under responsibility of Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chi-
nese Academy of Sciences.
1674-7755 Ó 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sci-
ences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.03.012
Most theories used for surface deformation calculations are
based on the Gauss distribution function. And from it, two methods
were commonly used in Europe, China and the United States. These
are: Knothe’s method (Knothe, 1953, 1984; Sroka et al., 2011) and
Ruhrkohle method (Sroka, 2010; Sroka et al., 2011). In a strictly
mathematical sense, both the above-mentioned methods are
396 K. Tajdu
s / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 7 (2015) 395e403

ZZ " #
ag ðx  xA Þ2 þ ðy  yA Þ2
wðxA ; yA Þ ¼ c 2 exp  pc dP (2)
r r2
P

rK ¼ H cot b or rR ¼ H cot g (3)

where w(xA, yA) is the subsidence of any point A (mm); a is the

Fig. 1. Situation of exploitation fronts when the deformation measurement was
stopped.
similar. They differ, however, only in their definitions of angles
limiting the horizontal range of subsidence trough, which are
defined by means of the following relation:
subsidence coefficient depending upon exploitation system, which
is generally a relation of expected subsidence trough volume to a
selected volume; g is the thickness of mined-out deposit (m); rK, rR
are the radii of main influences’ range (m) for Knothe’s method and
Ruhrkohle method, respectively; H is the depth of exploitation (m);
c is the parameter depending on chosen theory, c ¼ 1 for Knothe’s
method, c¼k/p for Ruhrkohle method; dP is the surface of infini-
tesimally small element of mined-out deposit, and dP ¼ dxdy; P is
the surface of mined-out space of deposit.
From the differentiation of Eq. (2), further formulae can be ob-
tained, which may in turn help to determine the values of such
surface deformation indices as: slope of subsidence trough profile
at any point (Tx, Ty) (Eq. (4)) or curvature of subsidence trough
profile (Kxx, Kyy, Kxy) (Eq. (5)). Also horizontal displacement (ux, uy)
(Eq. (6)) and horizontal deformation (εx, εy) (Eq. (7) and (8) e
maximum and minimum horizontal deformations) can be deter-
mined if a proper coefficient is assumed.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
vwðx; yÞ vwðx; yÞ
Tx ¼ ; Ty ¼ ; Tmax ¼ T 2x þ T 2y (4)
vx vy

 
vTx vTy 1 vTx vTy
p tan b ¼ k tan g
2 2
(1) Kxx ¼ ; Kyy ¼ ; Kxy ¼ þ (5)
vx vy 2 vy vx
where b is the angle of main influences’ range according to Knothe’s qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
theory, g is the limit angle of the Ruhrkohle method, and k is the vwðx; yÞ vwðx; yÞ
ux ¼ B ; uy ¼ B ; umax ðx; yÞ ¼ u2x þ u2y
coefficient which is equal to ln0.001. vx vy
These classic theories suggest that mining-induced surface (6)
displacement can be described by means of the function of in-
fluences, and in the case of a three-dimensional (3D) problem,  
vux vuy 1 vux vuy
exploitation of any field results in the subsidence of point A on a εxx ¼ ; εyy ¼ ; εxy ¼ þ (7)
vx vy 2 vy vx
terrain surface, which can be illustrated with the following
equation:

Fig. 2. Survey measurements contour lines along with measurements points of: (a) horizontal displacement in x direction (mm), (b) horizontal displacement in y direction (mm).
 K. Tajdu
s / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 7 (2015) 395e403 397

It also should be noted that some measurements suggest that

the coefficient B is not constant, but depends upon the position of
the measurement point in the formed subsidence trough (Tajdu
s,
2013, 2014). The presented range of the coefficient B varies
widely due to the fact that disturbance depends upon the following
factors: number and thickness of mined-out seams, dimensions of
mined-out fields in each seam, methods of void liquidation, mining
rate, geological and hydro-geological structure of overburden,
tectonics, strength and strain parameters of strata.
Below, the author presents the analysis of horizontal move-
ments for a single advancing longwall panel excavation taking into
consideration the COG and T to u proportion theories.

3. Horizontal displacement analysis for the sample mine of

Prosper Haniel

Analysis of horizontal displacements of the terrain surface was

carried out for the sample area of the BW Prosper Haniel coal mine
where the single longwall panel was excavated (DMT, 2001).
In 1999, the coal mine started exploitation of the wall No. 698 in
the seam O/N at an average depth of 960 m. The width of mined-out
Fig. 3. Surface subsidence measurements contour line (mm) along with measurement wall was 270 m, its panel run was 970 m, whereas its height ranged
points.
from 3.6 m to 4.3 m. Excavation of the longwall was initiated on 10
May 1999 and terminated on 23 November 1999. After the
completion of mining in the longwall No. 698, nevertheless still
during the measurements of subsidence and horizontal movement
 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
εmax εxx þ εyy 1  2 of measurement points, the exploitation of the longwall No. 682
¼  εxx  εyy þ 4ε2xy (8)
εmin 2 2 with the thickness of 1.6 m commenced in the seam P1 at the depth
H ¼ 920 m. The situation is presented in Fig. 1.
where B is the displacement coefficient (or horizontal deformation On the surface, above the Prosper Haniel coal mine, a mea-
coefficient). This coefficient is then used to calculate horizontal surement network system consisting of dispersed geodesic points
movements and strains, assuming proportions between the slope was set up. Measurements were taken with the use of GPS, which is
of subsidence trough profile and horizontal movements. The hith- characterized by the accuracy of below 5 mm (Sroka, 2000). The
erto determined empirical values of coefficient B, for varied mea- first measurement was carried out on 1 April 1999 for the points
surement bases and varied mining or geological conditions, can be numbered from 1 to 48. The distribution of measurement points is
defined in the following ranges (Tajdu
s, 2013, 2014): presented in Fig. 1.
The results of geodesic measurements taken in the period be-
(1) For coal mines: from 0.15r to 0.7r, tween the date of exploitation commencement of the wall No. 698
(2) For sulfur mines: from 0.15r to 0.26r, and the date of 11 January 2000 indicate that the maximum sub-
(3) For copper mines: from 0.23r to 0.77r. sidence measured in the central part of the trough reached the

Fig. 4. 3D analyzed mining situation along with the position of surface measurement points (at the level of þ60 m).
398 K. Tajdu
s / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 7 (2015) 395e403
Fig. 5. A spatial representation of the courses of all vector directions.
steady state. Only in the area of exploitation end of the wall No. 698,
the points indicated their transient state. In addition, it should be
noted that the layer of hard sandstone, with the thickness of
approximately 90 m, occurring above the seam O/N, as well as the
small dimensions of the excavated longwall No. 698, caused the
occurrence of partial subsidence trough on the surface. The trough
was characterized by values of deformation indices lower by 50% in
comparison to the values obtained during the prognosis carried out
for that exploitation (Stocks and Sroka, 2000).
Figs. 2 and 3 present the final values of deformation indices
obtained from geodesic measurements. For survey measurements
contour lines, matching was achieved according to the Kriging
method, which attributes particular weighing, called Kriging co-
efficients (weighing), to the samples inside the estimation field
(sample search area) in order to minimize the mean square pre-
diction error (Kriging variance). The author used the linear vario-
gram with no nugget effect.
Fig. 6. Graphic representation of the course of all vector directions in the yz plane.
3.1. Analysis of displacement vectors e searching COG inside the
strata
In the first analysis of displacement vectors of measurement
points, the author tried to find the area where the direction of the
vectors of displacements met. To fulfill this task, the analysis of
measurement points situated in the vicinity of longwall No. 698
was used for a further study. Position changes of measurement
points were analyzed and “virtual vectors” symbolizing the
displacement of initial points (presented in Fig. 4) towards the
center of rock mass were marked on the basis of GPS satellite data
(spatial coordinates (x, y, z) of each point).
The author made the analysis for (mining and measurements)
situations where only part of longwall panel was excavated (Fig. 4).
Such selected situations allow for the analysis of vector displace-
ments of surface points with only a small disturbance from created
goaf (in Fig. 4, the part of excavated deposit was marked with a
white field with the dimensions of 294 m  270 m). Data from a
total of 48 points were available; however, the analysis did not take
the points numbered as 1, 7, 21, 47 and 48 into consideration, since
the results obtained in those points could not be treated as reliable
due to the occurrence of some anomalies in the values of
displacement. It had been assumed that the points, whose values of
measured subsidence were lower than twice the measuring error
(<5 mm), would be neglected in the study. Therefore, a total of 43
points were actually subject to analysis. A sample study of
displacement direction of each measurement point was carried out
on the basis of the analysis of the results of initial measurement and
the measurement after 50 days from the commencement of
exploitation (i.e. the fifth measurement taken on 29 June 1999). It
corresponded to the mining situation with the wall advance of
294 m and with the exploitation panel opening approximate to a
square (Fig. 4). Fig. 5 illustrates the course of all directions of
displacement vectors, which appeared after matching the spatial
coordinates (x, y, z) for the fifth measurement. Since the lines
overlapped, which failed to produce a clear picture, it was decided
that the same data should be presented by means of projecting the
vectors into the yz plane, which is illustrated in Fig. 6. For the sake
 K. Tajdu
s / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 7 (2015) 395e403 399

of better clarity and accuracy of the illustrations, the vectors of
horizontal displacements were crossed with the xy planes at the
depths of 100 m, 150 m, 200 m, 250 m, 300 m, 350 m, 400 m, 500 m,
600 m, 700 m, 800 m and 900 m, respectively, thus creating regular
sections between the planes.
The character of the course of the majority of vectors seems to
clearly indicate that the measurement points on the surface tend to
displace towards the exploitation void, which appeared as a result
of the excavation of the field marked with a white rectangle. Such a
situation is even more evident in the horizontal xy cross-sections
made at various depths (Fig. 7). For example, if we study Fig. 7b
more carefully, presenting the displacement vectors from the initial
position of measurement points to their position for the fifth
measurement and the direction of those vectors to the point they
cut through the horizontal plane at the depth of 250 m, it can be
clearly seen that, for the considerable number of measurement
points, their displacement vectors run within the field positioned
above the exploitation void.
Generally, the observations and analyses indicated that the
vectors of displacements marked for the measurement points, as
well as their directions, approach a particular zone with a shape of
ellipsoid, which is positioned above the exploitation void. The zone
can be referred to as “the COG zone”. Fig. 8 presents three ellipsoids
simulating the COG zone with the areas of 7667 m2 for ellipse P1,
28,203 m2 for ellipse P2, and 70,418 m2 for ellipse P3. These ellipses
were drawn for three different cross-sections at the depths of
200 m, 250 m and 300 m, respectively. It was observed that at the
depth of 250 m, the ellipse P1 embraces 13 points crossing between

Fig. 7. Displacement vectors of measurement points for characteristic cross-sections at the depths of: (a) 200 m, (b) 250 m, (c) 300 m, and (d) 350 m, respectively.
400 K. Tajdu
s / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 7 (2015) 395e403

Fig. 8. Ellipses of “COG zones” (P1 ¼ 1, P2 ¼ 2, P3 ¼ 3) for various cross-sections.

the section and the directions of measured vectors of displace-
ments; ellipse P2 embraces 7 such points, whereas ellipse P3 em-
braces 11 points.
For the 40 analyzed measurement points and the sample
exploitation panel of 270 m  294 m, such a zone occurs at the
depth of approximately 250 m. In its vicinity, there appears to be a
large concentration of vector directions marked on the basis of the
measurements of 3D displacements of the given points (example in
Fig. 9). Only the displacement vectors of several points (i.e. 16, 20,
32, 33 and 36) and marking their directions have a dissimilar
course, which may be caused by numerous geological factors or by
a measurement error.
3.2. Analysis of displacement coefficient B variations
Different approaches to the analysis of horizontal surface
movements are based on the assumption that the value of
horizontal displacement u(x, y) is proportional to the slope of
subsidence trough profile T(x, y). But to properly calculate hori-
zontal deformations, the value of displacement coefficient B should
be estimated.
In order to analyze the distribution of coefficient B values for the
exploitation area of the longwall panel No. 698 of the Prosper
Haniel coal mine, as many as a dozen measurement cross-sections
perpendicular to the panel length were made (Fig. 10).
For the above-mentioned cross-sections, a diagram presenting
the values of horizontal displacement (movements) in the direction
of the cross-section u(a) in the function of slope value in the same
cross-section T(a) was made. Fig. 11a and b show the sample dia-
grams of horizontal displacement in the direction u(a) in the slope
function T(a) for the cross-sections Nos. 7(a) and 12(b), respectively.
For the cross-sections presented above, function correlations
between horizontal displacements and slopes were determined
using linear regression method (cf. Table 1). In the formulae

Fig. 9. Graphic representation of selected vectors projected on the yz plane crossing the horizontal xy plane at the depth of approximately 250 m.
 K. Tajdu
s / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 7 (2015) 395e403
Fig. 10. Measurement cross-sections perpendicular to the longwall panel No. 698.
presented in the table, the values of horizontal displacements were
given in millimeters, whereas the slope was given in mm/m, which
means that the value of parameter B is expressed in meters.
On the basis of the analysis of the matching formulae for linear
regression for twelve cross-sections (Table 1), it can be observed
that the results for cross-section No. 1 seem barely satisfactory,
whereas for the remaining cross-sections it is far more accurate,
especially for all the sections from No. 7. Those conclusions were
verified by analyzing the summary values for the sections No. 1 to
No. 6 (Fig. 12a) to the middle of panel length, as well as for the
sections No. 7 to No. 12 (Fig. 12b).
For the above-mentioned summary cross-sections, the
following matching was obtained:
(1) For the sections No. 1 to No. 6: u(a)¼264.3Tþ85.1, with
matching R2 ¼ 0.883;
(2) For the sections No. 7 to No. 12: u(a)¼170.5Tþ10.3, with
matching R2 ¼ 0.91.
The most likely reason for such significant disproportions in
matching the regression lines between summary matching for
Fig. 11. Horizontal displacement diagram in the cross-section direction u(a) in the slope function T(a) for the cross-sections No. 7(a) and No. 12(b).
401
Table 1
Matching formulae for linear regression for the cross-sections perpendicular to the
longwall panel No. 698.
Number of cross-section Formula of linear regression R2
1 u(a)¼255.9Tþ80.1 0.684
2 u(a)¼305.1Tþ99 0.877
3 u(a)¼323.2Tþ113.1 0.919
4 u(a)¼300.2Tþ110.9 0.917
5 u(a)¼267.6Tþ92.6 0.912
6 u(a)¼223.7Tþ37.8 0.943
7 u(a)¼190.8T4.6 0.965
8 u(a)¼151.2T38.7 0.875
9 u(a)¼162.2T17.4 0.916
10 u(a)¼177.8T4 0.948
11 u(a)¼188.5Tþ1.2 0.97
12 u(a)¼209.2Tþ3 0.982
sections No. 1 to No. 6 and No. 7 to No. 12 is a relatively short period
of measurement duration. The completion of exploitation of the
longwall panel No. 698 took place on 23 November 1999 and nearly
two months later (i.e. 11 January 2000) these measurements were
completed. Such a short measurement period for the points posi-
tioned in the vicinity of the ultimate phase of exploitation meant
that in those points, the final stationary values of deformation
indices were not obtained. In German mines, it is assumed that the
minimum period necessary for reaching a final stationary value of
deformation is approximately 3e6 months (Sroka, 2010), depend-
ing on rock mass quality and exploitation depth.
For all the summary cross-sections, i.e. No. 1 to No. 12, the
following formula was obtained: u(a)¼211.3Tþ31.9, with match-
ing R2 ¼ 0.806.
Subsequently, the analysis of the distribution of the coefficient B
values was carried out for the cross-section perpendicular to the
longwall panel No. 698, crossing the middle of the longwall. The
following formula for linear regression was obtained: u(a)¼
190.4Tþ40.6, with matching R2 ¼ 0.854.
The comparison of coefficient B for the cross-section parallel to
the panel length with that for the cross-section perpendicular to
the panel length indicates that the coefficient B for the parallel
section is approximately 10% lower than that for the perpendicular
section.
The above-mentioned formulae for matching the regression
lines to the measurement results differ from the assumed
402 K. Tajdu
s / Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 7 (2015) 395e403
Fig. 12. Matching formula of linear regression for the summary values of parameter B for the cross-sections: (a) No. 1 to No. 6, and (b) No. 7 to No. 12.
hypothesis of Awierszyn (1947) by the value of the intercept. In
order to approximate those values for the solution presented by
Awierszyn (1947), it was assumed that the linear regression lines
cross exactly in the origin. The results of such a matching were
presented for several sample summary cross-sections:
(1) For the summary cross-sections No. 1 to No. 6: u(a)¼237.4T,
where R2 ¼ 0.755;
(2) For the summary cross-sections No. 7 to No. 12: u(a)¼170.8T,
where R2 ¼ 0.905;
(3) For the summary cross-sections No. 1 to No. 12: u(a)¼205.7T,
where R2 ¼ 0.779.
For the estimated values of the horizontal deformation coeffi-
cient B, the value of standard deviation of S ¼ 59 m was determined,
which means that a single value of coefficient B was determined
with the accuracy of 26%.
4. Conclusions
The prognostic values of horizontal surface displacements above
a mining exploitation area still pose numerous doubts regarding
their validity. Studies and observations carried out in situ seem to
indicate that the following factors, inter alia, influence the distri-
bution of horizontal displacement: the position of a given point in
relation to exploitation, rock mass properties, hydrogeological
conditions, tectonics, depth of exploitation, thickness of excavated
deposit, method of exploitation or speed of mining performance.
The analysis of the course of horizontal displacement vectors
after excavation of wall No. 698 proved logical and expected senses
and directions of measured vectors. Therefore, in relation to the
general character of the vector course it is justified to assume the
existing of concentration area of virtual vectors, determined on the
basis of measurements of spatial displacement of points. Based on
the analysis, where the strata were parted with horizontal planes
(from the seam level up to the surface with interval of 50 m), it was
revealed that the best agreement of the displacements vectors
concentration is achieved for the depth of approximately 250 m.
Analysis of the distribution of horizontal displacement coeffi-
cient B, carried out for the exploitation of the wall No. 698 in the
seam O/N of Prosper Haniel coal mine, indicated the proportion-
ality between the horizontal displacement vector and the vector of
subsidence trough slope profile.
The study also specified that the average displacement coeffi-
cient for cross-sections perpendicular to the advance of the mining
front equals B ¼ 205 m (B ¼ 0.21H, or B ¼ 0.47r for tanb ¼ 2.2). It
should be noted that, according to numerous studies on the influ-
ence of time on the distribution of measured deformations hitherto
carried out in German mines, a minimum period necessary for
achieving a stabilized (stationary) subsidence trough ranges be-
tween 3 and 6 months. This means that analyses for the initial
cross-sections numbered as 1 and 2 were actually carried out for
non-stationary deformations. The determined value of coefficient B
for the sections numbered from 3 to 12 was B ¼ 204 m (B ¼ 0.21H,
or B ¼ 0.47r for tanb ¼ 2.2).
In summary, optimal matching was obtained for the sections
crossing the middle of exploitation field (No. 7), as well as for
sections outside the contour of the wall (Nos. 11 and 12).
Conflict of interest
The author wishes to confirm that there are no known conflicts
of interest associated with this publication and there has been no
significant financial support for this work that could have influ-
enced its outcome.
Acknowledgments
The project was financed by the National Science Center of
Poland granted on the grounds of decision No. DEC e 2011/01/D/
ST8/07280.
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403
Krzysztof Tajdu
s graduated as a Mining Engineer (2003)
from AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow
(AGH-UST), Poland. He got MSc Engineer in Geomechanics.
After graduation he started working for Strata Mechanics
Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences (2003
up today). In 2008 he defended a double Ph.D. degree: one
in the field of mining and geological engineering at AGH-
UST in Krakow, Poland, the other in the field of soil me-
chanics at TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany. In 2009
he has become the youngest member of the Polish Com-
mittee on the State Mining Authority for the state of water
and rock roof collapse hazard in Salt Mine “Wieliczka” S.A.
Since 2010 he has been a full member of the Polish Com-
mission of the State Mining Authority for the Surface Pro-
tection. In 20112014 he was working at the AGH-UST, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas
and from 2014 he is a guest professor at Binh Duong University, Vietnam. He has work-
ing in more than 60 projects in whole Europe related to mining-induced rock mass
deformation and mining damages, rock mass stabilization, rockburst, tunneling, hy-
draulic fracturing, CBM. He is currently the member of ISRM and the Section of Rock
Mechanics and Underground Building, Committee of Mining, Polish Academy of
Sciences.