Optimum design of a Hybrid

Renewable energy system

Keerthi Jayaram1 and Keerthana.S2
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology, Shaikpet, Hyderabad.
E-mail: keerthi1708@gmail.com;
keerthanasandepudi@gmail.com.

Abstract: production. The number of components is

The world is witnessing a change-over from
its present centralized generation to a future
with greater share of distributed generation.
It is desirable that the system meets the
electrical demand, the costs are minimized
and the components have optimal sizes. An
overview of different distributed generation
technologies has been considered. Hybrid
energy systems are inter-connected with
wind power, photovoltaic power, fuel cell
and micro-turbine generator to generate
power to local load and connecting to
grid/micro-grids that decrease the
dependence on fossil fuels. The hybrid
system is a better option for construction of
modern electrical grids that includes
economic, environmental and social
benefits.
The combined use of multiple power
resources can be a viable way to achieve
trade-off solutions, because the daily output
will be more stable, seasonal variations are
offset and since many sources are involved
in power generation, its stability, reliability
and efficiency will be high. The major
advantage of multiple components is that
when used together, the reliability of the
system is enhanced. Additionally, the size of
storage systems can be reduced as there is
less reliance on one method of power
directly dependent on the load pattern. In
this hybrid model, due to combination of
more than one source of energy generation,
even if one of them fails, the other
components continue to meet the demand
and thus, the design system will be more
economical. This paper puts forward a
comprehensive review of optimal sizing,
operation & integration of different
renewable energy sources to constitute a
hybrid system. The main objective is to
propose innovative and improved solutions
for management of energy flows in a HRES,
aimed at providing a secure, reliable and
high quality supply to varying load
demands.
[1]. Introduction
Rapid depletion of fossil fuels has
necessitated an urgent need for alternative
sources of energy to cater the continuously
increasing energy demand. Environmentally
friendly power generation technologies will
play an important role in future power
supply. In this challenging atmosphere,
Hybrid Energy System (HES) is one of the
feasible solutions to harvest energy from
renewable energy resources. Hybrid energy
system usually comprises of two or more
renewable energy sources combined in such
a way to provide an efficient system with
uninterrupted power supply. All the energy
carriers discussed above are either fossil or
nuclear fuels. They are not renewable
because they are not “refilled” by nature, at
least not in a useful amount of time. In
contrast, renewable energy carriers are
energy carriers that are replenished by
natural processes at a rate comparable or
faster than its rate of consumption by
humans.
[2].Components
The important components in this model are:
1) Photovoltaic arrays
2) Wind turbines
3) Storage batteries
4) Power Inverter
[3].Solar energy-Photovoltaic arrays
Solar energy is one of the most significant
renewable energy sources that world needs.
When some materials are exposed to
sunlight, they release small amounts of
electricity giving off what is known as the
"photovoltaic effect." Photovoltaic modules
are the basic building blocks of solar electric
power systems. PV modules can be made
from several different materials, which vary
in cost and conversion efficiency. Module
storage batteries are combined to create
panels. Panels are combined to form arrays.
Solar electric power systems may also have
batteries, charge controllers, and inverters,
which convert the direct current generated
by PV system into an alternating current, the
type of electricity sold by utilities and
required to run most appliances and
electronic devices.
Ppv = (G/1000) x Ppv,rated x ƞMPPT
The output electric power of PVs depends
on the perpendicular radiation on these
arrays and the efficiency of the DC/DC
converter and Maximum power point
tracking.
[4].Wind energy
Parameters such as elevation, time of day,
season, nature of terrain, wind speed,
temperature, and various thermal and
mechanical mixing parameters play an
important role in output power.
Ʋw = ʋmeasured x (hhub / hmeasured)α
[5].Storage batteries
Since both wind and PVs are intermediate
sources of power, it is highly desirable to
incorporate energy storage into such hybrid
power systems. Energy storage can smooth
out
the fluctuation of wind and solar power and
improve the load availability. When the
power generated by WGs and PVs are
greater than the load demand, the surplus
power will be stored in the storage batteries
for future use. On the contrary, when there is
any deficiency in the power generation of
renewable sources, the stored power will be
used
to supply the load. This will enhance the
system reliability.
[6].Power inverter
The power electronic circuit (inverter) used
to convert DC into AC form at the desired
frequency of the load. The DC input to the
inverter can be from any of the following
sources:
1. DC output of the variable speed wind
power system
2. DC output of the PV power system
[7].Hybrid model
The generation of both wind power and
solar power is very dependent on the
weather conditions. Thus, no single source
of energy is capable of supplying cost-
effective and reliable power. The combined
use of multiple power resources can be a
viable way to achieve trade-off solutions.
With combine of the renewable systems, it is
possible that power fluctuations will be
incurred. To mitigate or even cancel out the
fluctuations, energy storage
technologies, such as storage batteries (SBs)
can be employed. The proper size of storage
system is site specific and depends on the
amount of renewable generation and the
load. The needed storage capacity can be
reduced to a minimum when a proper
combination of wind and solar generation is
used for a given site.
[8].Operation strategy
There can be one of the 2 scenarios:
-If the total power generated by PV arrays
and WGs are greater than demanded load,
the energy surplus is stored in the batteries
until the full energy is stored. The
remainder of the available power is
consumed in the dump load.
- If the total power generated by PV arrays
and WGs are less than demanded load,
shortage power would be provided from
batteries. If batteries could not provide total
energy that loads demanded, the load will be
cut.
- If the total power generated by PV arrays
and WGs are equal to the demanded load,
the
storage capacity remains unchanged and all
of the generated power will be consumed
at the load.
By consideration these states and all the
constraints, the optimal hybrid system is
calculated.
[9]. Problem formulation
The economical viability of a proposed plant
is influence by several factors that contribute
to the expected profitability. In the
economical analysis, the system costs are
involved as:
- Capital cost of each component
- Replacement cost of each component
- Operation and maintenance cost of each
component
- Cost costumer’s dissatisfaction
[10]. Conclusion:
The optimization problem is subject to
economical and technical constraints. Best
configuration with considered
reliability constraint is achieved and the
system is simulated. In the future work of
this study, uncertainty factors such as
generator failures and renewable power
availability will also be taken into account in
calculating system reliability indexes.
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