Berberidaceae On Diabetes

     

      
   
       
 Departamento de Biologı́a Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Apartado Postal 70-359, 04511 México DF, México
 Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University London, 29–39 Brunswick Sq., London WC1N 1AX, UK
              
Abstract
                      
with herbal extracts. Such treatment may be of considerable benet especially during the early stages of the illness. In this review, we discuss
                        
         Cecropia obtusifolia   Equisetum myriochaetum   
 Acosmium panamense    Cucurbita cifolia   Agarista mexicana 
  Brickellia veronicaefolia     Parmentiera aculeata Kunth Seem.    
                     
             
       
Keywords:         
Contents
  
            
         
 Cecropia obtusifolia   
   
  
  
   
  
     
  
 Cecropia obtusifolia 
 
E-mail address:   
     
            

 A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348
 Equisetum myriochaetum     

   
  
  
   
  
  
 Equisetum  
 Acosmium panamense    
   
  
  
   
  
 Acosmium panamense 
 Cucurbita cifolia   
   
  
   
  
  
 Cucurbita cifolia 
 Agarista mexicana    
   
  
  
   
  
 Agarista mexicana 
 Brickellia veronicaefolia     
   
  
   
  
 Brickellia veronicaefolia 
 Parmentiera aculeata    
   
  
   
  
 Parmentiera aculeate 
   
   
 
 
1. Introduction diabetes was the rst cause of mortality among the Mexican
       
                  
                  
              
                 
                   
                  
                   
                    
A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348 
are either insulin resistance with relative insulin deciency        
              
    But in our own experience from eld work in Guerrero
             
                   
                 
 exico, limited data is available but based on our eld           
                 
             
                  
                
                 
                   
                
                  
                  
                    
                 
                 
          Psacalium 
              
                 
                 
                 
                
          
               
                
loids, glycosides, terpenes, avonoids, etc.), but the main    ) generally starts with their own eld stud-
                 
               
                 
benets to patients. In this context, it is important to remem-   
       g              
                 
   Galega ofcinalis             
                
           
             
               
              
                   
             
         
          
2. An overview of important sources of information         
on Mexican antidiabetic plants   Momordica charantia    
 Opuntia        
                
     ınez, 1954; Dıaz, 1976;  Psacalium decompositum Gray H.E. Robins
          Brett       
                     
ical thesis or monographs on specic regions. For M        
                    
                   
              
 A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348
 
                        
            
Scientic name Common name Family Plant part used and   
 
Abutilon lignosum     
 
Abutilon trisulcatum    
 
Acacia retinodes     
Acourtia thurberi.         
    

Acrocomia mexicana          
      

Agastache mexicana       
   
Agave atrovirens       

Agave lecheguilla     
Agave salmiana      

Ageratina petiolaris           
    
Ageratum conyzoides          

Allionia choisyi         
Allium cepa       
Alloispermum     
integrifolium  

Aloe barbadensis             
 avonoids
Aloe vera               
   avonoids, terpens
Ambrosia artemisiifolia        
Anacardium occidentale       
Ananas comosus         
 
Annona cherimola       
Annona glabra             
 
Annona muricata     
Apodanthera buraeavi     

Aporocactus agelliformis       
  
Arachis hypogaea L. Cacahuate Fabaceae Seeds and oil Sterols, avonoids
Arceuthobium vaginatum    
   
  
Arctostaphylos pungens      
 
Argemone mexicana    Papaveraceae Plant (aerial) infusion Alkaloids, avonoids

Argemone ochroleuca      

Argemone platyceras      
 
Aristolochia     
asclepiadifolia

Aristolochia malacophylla    

Aristolochia sericea     
A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348 
  Continued 
 
Artemisia absinthium       
avonoids
Artemisia ludoviciana Estaate Asteraceae Plant (aerial) infusion

Artemisia vulgaris L. Ajenjo Asteraceae Leaf boil Sesquiterpens avonoids
Asclepias linaria        
Barosma betulina      
 
Bauhinia divaricata L. Pata de vaca Fabaceae Leaf boil, owers boil Normal rabbits (+)
Begonia heracleifolia       
  
Berberis moranensis      
   
Beta vulgaris L. Betabel Chenopodiceae Juice of the leaves Alkaloids, avonoids
Bidens aurea          

Bidens leucantha         

Bidens odorata         

Bidens pilosa           
Bocconia arborea       

Puemus boldus       
    
    
   
Bouvardia ternifolia       

Brickellia cavanillesii           
  
Brickellia squarrosa          
  
Brosimum alicastrum      
Buchnera pusilla     
Buddleia stachyoides        
    
Buddleja Americana       
Buddleja cordata      
Bursera simaruba      

Byrsonima crassifolia       

Cacalia decomposita         
 
Cacalia peltata         
Calamintha macrostema       

Calea hypoleuca       
 
Calea integrifolia       

Calea zacatechichi        
Calliandra anomala         
  
Callicarpa acuminata    

Capraria biora L. Sabadilla Scrophulariaceae Leaves infusion Alloxanic mice (+) Alkaloids, loiorin
Carica papaya     
Carya     
Casimiroa edulis          
    
Cassia stula   ıstula Fabaceae Fruit
 A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348
 
Cassia skinneri     
Cassia tomentosa       
Castela texana         

Castela tortuosa     
Castilleja Mutis          
Catharanthus roseus     
 
Cecropia peltata     
Ceiba pentandra        

Centaurium brachycalyx    
   
Centaurium calycosum    
 
Chamaecrista hispidula    
   

Chamaecrista hispidula    
   

Chenopodium glaucum        
Chromolaena bigelovii      
    

Cirsium mexicanum      
Cirsium rhaphilepis     
 
Cissampelos pareira       
Citrus aurantifolia      
   
Citrus limetta    
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Flor de azahar Rutaceae Ripe fruit infusion Essential oils, avonoids
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius     
  
Cnidoscolus multilobus Mala mujer Euphorbiaceae Leaves infusion Triterpenoids, avonoids,
   
Cnidosculus chayamansa      
 
Coix lacryma-jobi            
Combretum farinosum      

Conyza laginoides         

Conyza gnaphalioides     
 
Cordia elaeagnoides      

Cordia tinifolia       
  
Coriandrum sativum L. Cilantro Apiaceae Plant (aerial) infusion Coumarins, avonoids,
 
Costus mexicanus    ı Zingiberaceae Plant (aerial) infusion
 
Costus rubber        
 
Costus spicatus     ı Zingiberaceae Plant (aerial) infusion
Crataegus mexicana     
   
Crataegus pubescens  Tejocote Rosaceae Root infusion Normal rabbits (++) Tannins, avonoids
  
Crotalaria acapulcensis    
  
A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348 
 
Croton draco         
Croton torreyanus   

Cucurbita maxima Calabaza Cucurbitaceae Fruit juice Sterols, avonoids

Cucurbita mexicana          

Cuscuta jalapensis     
Cyathea fulva   
      
  
Cyathea fulva   
      
 
Cynara scolymus L. Alcachofa Asteraceae Fruit infusion, owers  
   
Cynodon dactylon           

Daucus carota L. Zanahoria Apiaceae Root juice Cumarines, avonoids,
  

Diospyros digyna     
Dorstenia contrajerva       
Dyssodia micropoides      
 
Elaphoglossum         
  
Equisetum giganteum        
Equisetum hyemale          
Eriobotrya japonica ıspero Rosaceae Leaves infusion, owers    ) Sesquiterpens, avonoids
  
Eucalyptus globules          
Euphorbia maculata       

Euphorbia prostrata        

Eysenhardtia polystachya            
  
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Hinojo Apiaceae Plant (aerial) infusion Essential oils, avonoids
Fouquieria splendens    

Fraxinus alba       
  Gordolobo Asteraceae Diterpens, avonoids

Guaiacum coulteri       
Guaiacum sanctum     
    
    

Guardiola tulocarpus     

Guazuma ulmifolia       
Haemahtoxylon brasiletto     
 
Hamelia patens      
Haplopappus venetus     
  
Hechtia melanocarpa         

Heterotheca inuloides       

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis  an Malvaceae Plant (aerial) infusion Sterols, avonoids
Hidalgoa ternata         
Hintonia latiora     Rubiaceae Bark infusion Alloxanic mice (++) Neoavonoid,
     
 A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348
 
Hippocratea excelsa      
Ipomoea starts         
Jatropha dioica       
Jatropha elbae   Sangre de grado Euphorbiaceae Bark infusion Terpens, avonoids

Juliania adstringens     
 
Justicia spicigera      
Kalanchoe pinnata       

Karwinskia humboldtiana    
   
 
Kohleria       
Larrea tridentata         
   
Lepechinia caulescens        
 
Lepidium virginicum     
Leucaena leucocephala     
  
Leucophyllum texanum     

Ligusticum porteri  ız de cochino Apiaceae Root infusion Essential oils
  
Ligustrum japonicum    

Loeselia coccinea          
 
Loeselia mexicana              

Lonchocarpus cruentus    

Lopezia racemosa      
Lophocereus schottii     
  

Lysiloma acapulcense      
  
Malmea depresa      

Malvastrum     
coromandelianum 

Mangifera indica          

Marrubium vulgare L. Marrubio Lamiaceae Leaves infusion, root infusion Normal rabbits (++) Terpens, avonoids
Melothria pendula      
Mentha piperita        
avonoids
Mentha rotundifolia        

Mentha suaveolens     
Mimosa zygophylla      
Mirabilis jalapa L. Maravilla Nyctaginaceae Plant (aerial) infusion Triterpens, avonoids
Momordica charantia       
avonoids
Morus nigra      
Musa sapientum       
Nasturtium ofcinale         

Nopalea cochenillifera     

A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348 
 
Nopalea inaperta     
ex Grifths.
Olea europaea L. Hierba de oliva Oleaceae Leaves infusion Alkaloids, avonoids,

Opuntia atropes      
Opuntia cus-indica  Nopal Cactaceae Steam raw Alkaloids, avonoids

Opuntia fulgida     
Opuntia guilanchi Grifths Nopal blanco Cactaceae Steam raw
Opuntia imbricata      

Opuntia leucotricha    
Opuntia megacantha     

Opuntia streptacantha       

Pachira aquatica       
Pachycereus      
   
Pachycereus pringlei     
   
Packera candidissima     
   
 

Parathesis lenticellata    

Parkinsonia aculeata       
Parthenium hysterophorus       

Pavonia schiedeana          
Persea americana Mill Aguacate Lauraceae Leaves infusion Sterols, avonoids
Petroselinum crispum Perejil Apiaceae Plant (aerial) infusion Essential oils, avonoids
   

Phaseolus vulgaris  ıjol Fabaceae Fruit infusion Normal rabbits (+) Essential oils, avonoids,

Phlebodium aureum       

Phoradendron bolleanum     
 
Phoradendron tomentosum      
   

Phragmites australis     
   
Physalis coztomatl     
Physalis philadelphica        

Piper auritum Kunth Acoyo Piperaceae Leaves infusion Terpens, avonoids,
 
Piper hispidum     
Piper sanctum         
   
Piper schiedeanum     
Pithecellobium dulce     
 
Plantago australis       
Plantago major L.      
Plumbago scandens     
Plumeria rubra       
Polygonum acre     
Populus alba      
 A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348
 
Porophyllum punctatum    
  
Portulaca denudata      
Portulaca oleracea        
Pouteria hypoglauca    
 
Prosopis juliora     

Prunus serotina subsp. ın Rosaceae Fruit infusion Terpens
capuli  
Psacalium sinuatum    
   

Pseudosmodingium      
pemiciosum 

Psidium guajava L. Guayaba Myrtaceae Fruit Terpens, avonoids
Psidium yucatanense    

Psittacanthus calyculatus erdago Loranthaceae Plant infusion, owers   
   
Quassia amara       
Quercus acutifolia e Encino Fagaceae Bark infusion Terpens, avonoids
Quercus rugosa     
Randia echinocarpa     
   
Randia echinocarpa    
   
Raphanus sativus     
Rhipsalis baccifera       
 
Rhizophora mangle      
Ricinus communis       
Rosa centifolia       
Rubus adenotrichus    

Russelia equisetiformis       
  
Salix taxifolia     
Salpianthus arenarius       
  
Salvia leucantha        
Samvitalia procumbens        

Saurauia pringlei     
Sechium edule       
Sedum dendroideum       
   
Sedum moranense      
Sedum praealtum      
Selaginella lepidophylla       
   Spring
Selaginella pallescens        
 
Selloa plantaginea        
Senecio albo-lutescens    
 
Senecio palmeri      
Senecio peltiferus     
Senna multiglandulosa     
   

A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348 
 
Senna obtusifolia         
   
Senna occidentalis       

Serjania racemosa        

Serjania triquetra        
Simira        

Smilax aristolochiifolia     

Solandra nitida       
Solanum americanum         
Solanum brevistylum     

Solanum diversifolium       

Solanum nigrescens       
  
Solanum rostratum      
Solanum torvum     
        
 
Sonchus oleraceus      
Spartium junceum     
Sphaeralcea angustifolia       
  
Stachytarpheta      
jamaicensis  Vahl
Stenocereus marginatus      
   
Struthanthus densiorus    
 
Swietenia humilis     
Tagetes erecta           
 
Tamarindus indica        
Taraxacum qfcinale        
   
Taxodium mucronatum     

Tecoma starts             
      
Terminalia catappa     
Teucrium cubense        
Thriallis glauca       

Tillandsia usneoides          

Tournefortia hirsutissima      
 
Tournefortia petiolaris       

Tradescantia pendula      
Schnizl  
Trigonella   
foenum-graecum 
Tropaeolum majus     
Turnera diffusa        

Urtica dioica            
Urtica mexicana     
 A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348
  
Valeriana edulis      
   
Valeriana procera         
Verbesina crocata        

Verbesina persicifolia          
Zaluzania angusta      
 
Zantoxylum fagara      
Zea mays       
Zexmenia gnaphalioides    
 
Zizyphus acuminate       
                   
             
  Psacalium                 
               
                 
        
      3.1.2. Distribution
                 
                     
       exico, and from Sinaloa to Chiapas on the Pacic side.
                
                     
  tainably by collecting material in the rst few years after a
milpa (corn eld) has been given up.
3. Ethnopharmacology of commonly used 3.1.3. Ethnobotany

antidiabetic plants in México          
          
        ltrated and drunk as “agua de uso”. The cold infusion is
                
                 
              
le of activity and demonstrated safety prole is analysed        
  “Guarumbo”, “Chancarro”, “Hormiguillo”, “Chion” and
  
3.1. Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. (Cecropiaceae)
3.1.4. Main constituents
               
              n
            
                 
  pounds has not been specied. From the butanolic extract
     
3.1.1. Botanical description       1  2  
                 
           
hollow trunk and a stratied treetop with few large branches 3.1.5. Pharmacology
                   
                    
                  
A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348 
      

      
         
          
effect as a central depressor, anti-inammatory and analgesic
          
         
          
          
           
       
           
        
        
         
         
           
(4 ml/kg) using a gastric tube showed a signicant hypogly-
          
            
        
         
             
        
        
        
           
      
           
with statistical signicance. However, according to 
         
        
            

        
betic type 2 people, they conclude that the plant has a signi-
        
           
        
           
          
           
       
   
3.1.6. Possible mechanism of action

Chlorogenic acid was identied as a specic inhibitor
     
        
      
       
         
       
        
            
         
 A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348
            A et al. (1999)      
                
                    
                     
                    
            Gentiana olivieri     
                   
                   
                     
          to these authors, the benets of antioxidants in the prevention
                  
         
              
                 
                
A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348 
  Continued 
                
             
          
       
         3.1.7. Toxicity
                
                 
451 A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348
bvui pst dpodm vef ; ï ui f n f ejbo m

f ui bmept f )ME 61* pgbr vf pvt 3.2.4. Main constituents
f yusbdugspn Cecropia obtusifolia bguf s j/q/ ben jojt usbujpo jt Gspn ui f cvubopm jd boe ui f x buf s f yusbdut x jui i zqphm z.
2561 n h0l h bojn bm)22/32 h pgqm bou0l h pgx f jhi u*ñ/ Ui jt jt dbf n jd bdujwjuz ui f gpm mpx joh dpot ujuvf out x f sf jt pmbuf e;
ui f f r vjwbmf ouup 784 h gpsb 71 l h qf st po- gbsi jhi f sui bo ui f l bf n qgf spm.4.O.t pqi pspt jef - l bf n qgf spm .4-8.ej.O. .hm v.
dpn n pom z vt f e ept f pg26 h qf sqf st po boe ebz/ Ui f bvui pst dpt jef -dbggf pzm .n f ui zmbuf .5. .hm vdpqvsbopt jef boe l bf n q.
dpodm vef ui buui f br vf pvt f yusbdupgui f qm boui bt mpx upyjdjuz/ gf spm .4.O.t pqi pspt jef .5ı̌-O. .hm vdpt jef )Gjh/ 2- dpn qpvoe
3- X jf ef ogf me f u bm /- 3111*/ Qjopdf n csjo- di szt jo- .
3.1.8. Cecropia obtusifolia—conclusion t jupt uf spm
- . .hm zdpt zm .t jupt uf spm- . .hm vdpt f boe gbuuz
Tpn f f wjef odf n pt um z gspn in vivo bojn bmt uvejf t jt bdjet x f sf bm t p n f oujpof e bt dpot ujuvf out pg Equisetum
bwbjm bcm f x i jdi wbm jebuf ui f vt f pg Cecropia obtusifolia jo myriochaetum )Dbn bdi p f ubm /- 2: : 3*/
ejbcf uf t / N psf t uvejf t bsf of f ef e po uzqf 3 ejbcf ujd boj.
n bm t boe jo qbujf out up f m vdjebuf ui f dpn qm f uf i zqphm zdbf n jd
3.2.5. Pharmacology
n f di bojt n pg Cecropia f yusbdu/ Ui f f yusbdu i bt ux p n bjo
Ui f i zqphm zdbf n jdf ggf dux bt ef n pot usbuf e jo Tusf qup{ p.
cjpbdujwf dpn qpvoet - di m psphf ojd bdje n bz x f m mcf sf t qpo.
updjo ejbcf ujdsbut )Boesbef .Df uup f ubm /- 3111-boe jo ejbcf ujd
t jcmf jo qbsu gps ui f pct f swf e f ggf duô ui f t uspohm z sf evdf e
uzqf 3 qbujf out )Sf wjm mb.N pot bm wf f u bm /- 3113*/ Bm ui pvhi
hm vdpt f qspevdujpo cz ui f m jwf s jo b gbt ujoh t ubuf / I px f wf s-
ui f qm boujt sf qpsuf e n bjom z gps l jeof z ejt f bt f t jut i px f e
t jodf Boesbef .Df uup boe X jf ef ogf m e )3112* boe Spn b∂o.
b sf n bsl bcm f i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf du jo cpui uf t uf e n pef m t/
Sbn pt f ubm / )2: : 2* sf qpsuf e bo f bsmz i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf du-
Ui f sf bm sf bez f yjt u sf qpsut bcpvui zqphm zdbf n jd bdujwjujf t
ui jt bdujpo dboopucf evf up di m psphf ojd bdje/ Gvsui f sn psf
pgwbsjpvt l bf n qgf spmef sjwbujwf t dpoubjojoh qm bouf yusbdut ;
t uvejf t gpdvt joh po di spojdbqqm jdbujpo pwf sm pohf sujn f qf sj.
L bf n qgf spm4.O.hbm bdupt jef boe L bf n qgf spm4.si bn op.
pet )bum f bt upof ps ux p n poui t * n bz bm tp i fm q up f m
vdjebuf
hm vdpt jef gspn Bauhinia variegata )Boesbef .Df uup- 2: : : *-
ui f n f di bojt n pgbdujpo/ Jo t vdi b t uvez- ebub po ui f jot vm jo
L bf n qgf spm4.O.si bn opt jef gspn Zizhyphus rugosa )L i pt b
qspevdujpo t i pvm e cf sf dpsef e- upp/ Bo f yusbdu gspn ui jt
f u bm /- 2: 94*- L bf n qgf spm4.O.cf ub.hm vdpqzsbopt jef gspn
t qf djf t i bt b hsf buqpuf oujbmup cf gvsui f s ef wf m pqf e joup b
Morus insignis )Cbt of uf ubm /- 2: : 4*- boe L bf n qgf spm .4.O.
qi zupn f ejdjof up usf buuzqf 3 ejbcf uf t jo i vn bot /
)3hbm .si bn opt jm pcpopt jef * gspn Sterculia rupestris )Ef t pl z
boe Zpvt t f g- 2: : 8*/
3.2. Equisetum myriochaetum Schlecht ' Cham
(Equisetaceae) Bm px f s sjt l pguzqf 3 ejbcf uf t i bt cf f o bt t pdjbuf e x jui
avonoid intake specially quercetin and myrcetin (L of l uf u
Ui f qm bou jt t pm e jo t f wf sbmn bsl f ut jo N f∂yjdp up usf bu bm /-3113*/ Ui f bvui pst t vhhf t ubojowf st f bt t pdjbujpocf ux f f o
l jeof z ejt f bt f t )n bmef psjo* boe ejbcf uf t / avonoid intake and subsequent occurrence of ischemic heart
ejt f bt f - df sf cspwbt dvm bs ejt f bt f - mvoh boe qspt ubuf dbodf s-
3.2.1. Botanical description type 2 diabetes, and asthma. The potential benecial effect
Uf ssf t usjbmqm bou x jui bf sjbmt uf n t 3ò6 n )up 9 n * i jhi - x bt bt t pdjbuf e x jui r vf sdf ujo )ui f t uspohf t uboujpyjebou* cvu
csbodi f e x jui sf hvm bs wf sujdjm
jf t 3ò34 n n jo ejbn f uf s x jui bm t p x jui l bf n qgf spm /
27ò59 di boof m t - uf sn jobmt uspcjm f jo ui f csbodi f t boe jo ui f Ui f qi bsn bdpm phjdbmuf t ujoh jo Tusf qup{ pupdjo ejbcf ujd
n bjo t uf n 21 n n m poh boe 5 n n jo ejbn f uf s)Qbm bdjpt .Sjpt - rats showed a signicant activity from 60 to 180 min,
2: : : */ gps ui f x buf s boe ui f cvubopm jd f yusbdu/ Ui f n pt u qpuf ou
f ggf du x bt t i px o cz l bf n qgf spm .4.O.t pqi pspt jef .5 .O. .
hm vdpt jef / Ui f x buf sf yusbdux bt bm t p uf t uf e jo uzqf 3 ejbcf ujd
3.2.2. Distribution
Jujt l opx o gspn ui f gpm mpx joh N f yjdbo t ubuf t ; Obzbsju- patients. The results obtained in this study show a signicant
f ggf dupo ui f sf evdujpo pgui f hm vdpt f m f wf m t jo ui f t f qbujf out
N jdi pbd∂ bo- Hvf ssf sp- Ovf wp Mf po- Tbo Mvjt Qpupt∂ı,
bguf s ui f psbmben jojt usbujpo pgbo Equisetum myriochaetum
Ubn bvm jqbt - I jebmhp- Qvf cmb- N f∂yjdp- Wf sbdsv{ - Pbybdb boe
Di jbqbt / Bhbjo- jujt b x f f ez t qf djf t boe ui f sf t f f n t up cf x buf sf yusbdu/ Ui f i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dut ubsuf e : 1 n jo bguf s
ui f ben jojt usbujpo pg ui f ef dpdujpo boe x bt n bjoubjof e gps
bn qm f pqqpsuvojuz gps dpm m
f dujoh n buf sjbmgpsn ui jt t qf djf t
another 90 min. Insulin levels did not signicantly change
jo b t vt ubjobcm f x bz/
evsjoh ui f t uvez-jn qm zjoh ui buui f n f di bojt n pgbdujpo jt opu
hm jcf odm bn jef .m jl f )opuevf up t ujn vm bujpo pg jot vm jo t f dsf .
3.2.3. Ethnobotany
ujpo*/
Tqf djf t pgf r vjt f uvn - n bjomz Equisetum hymale- Equise-
tum laevigatum boe Equisetum myriochaetum- bsf usbejujpo.
bmmz vt f e bhbjot ul jeof z ejt f bt f t / Ui f z bsf t pm
e joejt ujodum
z 3.2.6. Toxicity
po ui f n bsl f ut / Usbejujpobm mz- b ef dpdujpo pg ui f bf sjbmqbsu Jo f yqf sjn f out qf sgpsn f e x jui 311 n bm f pg Drosophila
pg ui f qm bou jt qsf qbsf e boe dpot vn f e bt ïBhvb ef vt pñ melanoganster (r3/TM3,BdS), the traditionally used aque-
)Bshvf ub- 2: : 5* Ui f vt f bt usf bun f oupguzqf 3 ejbcf uf t x bt pvt f yusbdueje oput i px o boz upyjdjuz- jo vq up 4811 qqn op
ef t dsjcf e cz Boesbef .Df uup f ubm / )3111*- ui f gpsn pgqsf qb. ME 61 x bt pct f swf e )C∂ bsdf obt .Spes∂ıguez, 2004*/ Ui f sf m
f.
sbujpo jt ui f t bn f bt gpsCecropia obtusifolia/ wbodf pgui f t f ebub jt - pgdpvst f - mjn juf e/
A. Andrade-Cetto, M. Heinrich / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 (2005) 325–348 452
3.2.7. Equisetum species—conclusion updjo ejbcf ujd sbut / Gps bm muf t uf e f yusbdut ui f i zqphm zdbf n jd
The antioxidant effect of avonoids cannot explain the effect was statistically signicant with respect to the control
bdvuf f ggf dupgui f qmbou/ Gpsef wf m
pqjoh b n psf x jef m z vt f e bu 231 boe 291 n jo/ Ui f n bjo dpot ujuvf out pg ui f usbej.
qi zupn f ejdjof gps vt f jo uzqf 3 ejbcf uf t - n psf t uvejf t bsf ujpobm mz vt f e x buf s f yusbdut bsf ui f jt pm buf e qzspof t - t jn j.
vshf oumz sf r vjsf e/ mbs qzspof t bsf gpvoe jo Piper methysticum Gpst u/ g/ )L bwb
L bwb* vt f e voujmsf df oum z bt )pguf o m jdf ot f e* qi zupn f ejdjof t
3.3. Acosmium panamense (Benth.) Yacolev (Fabaceae) gps ui f usf bun f ou pg boyjf uz ejt psef st ; 22.n f ui pyz.6-7.
eji zespzbohpojo- 22.n f ui pyzuf usbi zespzbohpojo- uf usbi z.
Ui jt t qf djf t jt x jef m z vt f e f t qf djbm
mz jo ui f t pvui f so espzbohpojo- ef t n f ui pyzzbohpojo boe zbohpojo- x jui ui f
mpx mboe pg N f∂yjdp gps usf bujoh gf wf s- n bm bsjb boe jo sf df ou mbt uux p cf joh ui f n pt ubcvoebou-)Sbokjui f ubm /-3113*/ Ui f t f
ef dbef t - ejbcf uf t )I f josjdi - 2: 9: */ dpn qpvoet i be qsf wjpvt m z opucf f o f wbm vbuf e gps i zqphm z.
dbf n jd bdujwjuz/
3.3.1. Botanical description
Acosmium panamense )Cf oui /* Zbdpm f w- )t zo- Sweetia
3.3.6. Acosmium panamense—conclusion
panamensis Cf oui - x jui usbejujpobmobn f t ï Hvbzbd∂ boñ boe
Mjn juf e in vivo f wjef odf f yjt ut gps ui f usbejujpobm mz vt f e
ï C∂bmt bn p bn bsjm mpñ* jt b usf f vq up 51 n i f jhi u- hspx joh jo
x buf s f yusbdu/ Ui f jt pm
buf e qzspof t i bwf i zqphm zdbf n jd
ui f uspqjdbmsbjo gpsf t ubt b dp.epn jobou t qf djf t x jui Ter-
bdujwjuz- cvun psf t uvejf t bsf of f ef e up dm bsjgz ui f n pef pg
minalia amazonia boe Vochysia guatemalensis )Qf oojohupo
bdujpo/
boe Tbsvl i b ∂o- 2: : 9*/ Ui f n bjo di bsbduf sjt ujd pgui f usf f jt b
ubm m
-t usbjhi uusvol qzsbn jebmusf f upqx jui bt df oeboucsbodi f t /
3.4. Cucurbita cifolia Bouché (Cucurbitaceae)
Ui f f yuf sobmdpsuf y jt qm bjo boe ebsl hsf z- ui f joof sdpsuf y jt
zf mmpx boe cjuuf s/ Mf bwf t pcuvt f boe qvcf t df out vsspvoef e
cz t ujqvm f t x jui b t qjsbmejt qpt jujpo/ Gsvjuhsf f o up ebsl hsf f o
Bu ui f f oe pg ui f 2: ui boe ui f cf hjoojoh pg ui f 31ui
mf hvn f t - 6ò21 dn m poh )Qf oojohupo boe Tbsvl i b ∂o- 2: : 9*/
df ouvsz- t pn f bvui pst x f sf t vhhf t ujoh bo Bt jbujd psjhjo gps
3.3.2. Distribution Cucurbita cifolia/ Tjodf ui f n jeem f pgui f m bt udf ouvsz- ui f
Juhspx t bm poh ui f Hvm gdpbt ugspn Wf sbdsv{ up Zvdbubo boe dpot f ot vt i bt cf f o ui bujujt pgBn f sjdbo psjhjo/ I px f wf s- jut
along the Pacic from Oaxaca to Chiapas. It is a co-dominant df ousf pgpsjhjo boe epn f t ujdbujpo bsf t ujm mvol opx o/ Tpn f
t qf djf t gspn ui f uspqjdbmsbjo gpsf t u/ Jujt pguf o n bobhf e cz bvui pst i bwf t vhhf t uf e Df ousbmBn f sjdb pst pvui f so N f∂yjdp
mpdbmqf pqm f )I f josjdi - voqvcm jt i f e ebub*- t f f n t up cf r vjuf bt qm bdf t pgpsjhjo- x i jm f pui f st t vhhf t uTpvui Bn f sjdb- boe
bcvoebou- cvuop jogpsn bujpo po ui f qpuf oujbmpgt vt ubjobcm f more specically the Andes (Qvsevf Vojwf st juz- 3115*/
i bswf t ujoh- f t qf djbmmz jgui f cbsl jt up cf vt f e- jt bwbjm bcm f/ Cucurbita cifolia jt bdsf f qjoh psdm jn cjoh qm bou- n popf .
djpvt - boovbm -vq up 21 n m poh/ Jujt wjm m
pt f up t pgumz qvcf t df ou
3.3.3. Ethnobotany x jui t pn f t i psut i bsq t qjof t ejt qf st f e pwf s ui f wf hf ubujwf
Jo Pbybdb ui f qm boujt vt f e usbejujpobm mz gpsui f usf bun f ou parts. It has ve vigorous, slightly angular stems and ovate-
pgt upn bdi qbjo-sf t qjsbupsz qspcm f n t -ejbssi pf b-n bm bsjbboe dpsebuf up t vcpscjdvm bs.dpsebuf m f bwf t x jui 6ò36 dn m poh
ï n bst i gf wf sñ/ Ui f qmboun f ejdjof jt qsf qbsf e bt bo jogvt jpo petioles. The owers are pentamerous, solitary, and axillary.
pgui f cbsl boe jujt ubl f o psbm mz 2ò3 ujn f t qf s ebz/ Jo beej. The fruit is globose to ovoid-elliptical. The esh is sweet and
ujpo- Acosmium panamense jt vujm j{ f e up usf buejbcf uf t jo ui f the seeds are ovate-elliptical, attened, and of a dark brown
wjmm bhf pg Tpuf bqbo- Wf sbdsv{ )Mf pouj f u bm /- 3112<Mf pouj- up cm bdl psdsf bn z x i juf dpm pvs)Qvsevf Vojwf st juz- 3115*/
3113*- boe jo Pbybdb )Boesbef .Df uup boe X jf ef ogf m e- 3115<
I f josjdi - 2: 9: <I f josjdi f ubm /- 2: : 3*/ 3.4.2. Ethnobotany
Ui f qpqvm bsobn f gpsui f qm boujt ï Di jmbdbzpuf ñ/ Ui f gsvju-
3.3.4. Main constituents jt vt f e f yuf sobmm
z up usf bubx psn ui busvot voef sui f t l jo )m jl f
Qi zupdi f n jdbmt uvejf t pgui f qm bouzjf m ef e t f wf sbmr vjop. larva migrans* jo I jebm hp )Bshvf ub- 2: : 5*/ Jo N f∂yjdp- ui f
mj{ jejof bm l bmpjet mjl f bdpt n jof boe bdpt n jojof - i zespyz. qm bout jt dpot vn f e x jef m z boe t f wf sbmejt i f t boe dboejf t
t qbsuf jof bt x f m mbt m vqjobof bm l bm pjet )Cbm boesjo boe bsf qsf qbsf e x jui ui f t f f et ps gsvju/ Bhvjm bs f u bm
/ )2: : 5*
L johi pso-2: 93<Bshvf ub-2: : 5<Wf judi f ubm /-2: : 8<Ov{ jm mbse t vn n bsjt f ui f vt f pgui f gsvjubt b usf bun f oupgejbcf uf t ; ui f
f ubm /- 2: : : */ Gspn ui f x buf sf yusbdupgui f usbejujpobm m
z vt f e i f bmf st sf dpn n f oe ui f johf t ujpo pg ui f gsvjun bdf sbuf e jo
cbsl )X jf ef ogf m e boe Boesbef .Df uup- 3114* dbggf jd bdje boe x buf s/
ui sf f qzspof t x f sf jt pm buf e; ef t n f ui zmzbohpojof jut P 5 .
n pop bt x f m mbt ui f ej)2ò7*hm vdpt jef )Gjh/ 2- dpn qpvoet 3.4.3. Main constituents
4ò6*/ Mf dujot x f sf jt pmbuf e gspn t uf n t boe spput pg7.ebz pm e
seedlings by precipitation with ethanol, afnity chromatogra-
3.3.5. Pharmacology phy on Con A-Sepharose, gel ltration on Bio-gel P100 and
Ui f x buf s boe cvubopmf yusbdu bt x f m mbt b n jyuvsf pg t f qbsbuf e cz f m f duspqi psf t jt po qpm zbdszmbn jef hf m
/ Ui sf f
ui f jt pm
buf e t vct ubodf t )5 boe 6* x f sf uf t uf e jo Tusf qup{ p. puried lectins (RLA(1), RLA(2), RLA(3)) were obtained
gspn spput boe gpvs gspn t uf n t )TMB)2*- TMB)3*- TMB)4*- uf sf e ebjmz gps25 ebzt up bm
mpybo.ejbcf ujd sbut - ui f ME61 x bt
TMB)5** )Mpsf od.L vcjt f ubm /- 3112*/ Bdpt ub.Qbujop )3112* 761 n h0l h x jui mjn jut pg629/3 boe 864/ 9 n h0l h- x i jm f ui f
reports 90% of edible portion, 94% moisture, 0.3% bre con- ben jojt usbujpo pg2361 n h0l h dbvt f ui f ef bui pg211& pgui f
uf ou- 2/3& qspuf jo- 28 n h dbmdjvn - 1/7 n h jspo-8 n h bt dpscjd bojn bm t/
bdje- 1/14 n h ui jbn jof - 211 h pgCucurbita cifolia qspevdf t
4/45 L kpvm f )25 L dbm */ I px f wf s- ui f sf jt op sf qpsubcpvuui f 3.4.6. Cucurbita cifolia—conclusion
n bjo dpot ujuvf out pgui f gsvjuf yusbdu/ Ui f gsvju t i px f e b i zqphm zdbf n jd bdujwjuz jo bm mui f
sf qpsuf e t uvejf t - ui f m bdl pg qi zupdi f n jdbmjogpsn bujpo po
3.4.4. Pharmacology ui f kvjdf )f yusbdu*- qsf wf out bo bt t f t t n f ou pg ui f pct f swf e
Ui f qi bsn bdpm phjdbmbdujwjuz pg ui f qm boux bt uf t uf e jo f ggf du po b qi zupdi f n jdbmm f wf m/ Jo ui f dm jojdbmt uvez- ui f
i zqf shm zdbf n jd sbccjut )Spn b ∂o.Sbn pt f u bm /- 2: : 2*/ Ui f authors conclude: “Due to the negligible content of ber in
sbccjut x f sf t vcn juuf e up hm vdpt f upm f sbodf uf t uboe b qsf qb. Cucurbita cifolia boe ui f ef t jho pgui f t uvez- ui f pct f swf e
sbujpo pg ui f qm bou ps upm cvubn jef x bt ben jojt usbuf e- ui f f ggf dut po hm vdpt f m f wf m
t bsf opub dpot f r vf odf pg hm vdpt f
bojn bm t sf df jwf 3 h0l h pghm vdpt f t vcdvubof pvt m z buui f t ubsu. bct psqujpo di bohf t jo ui f jouf t ujof ñ )Bdpt ub.Qbujop- 3112*/
joh qpjouboe 71 n jo m buf s/ X buf s x bt vt f e bt dpouspm / Ui f Jo bm mdbt f t - ui f ept f t vt f e x f sf i jhi boe ui f ui f sbqf vujd
authors report a statistically signicant hypoglycaemic effect sf mf wbodf pgui jt f ggf dut i bt up cf r vf t ujpof e/
pgui f qm bougspn 71 n jo voujm411 n jo/ Ui f bn pvoupgf yusbdu Fyusbqpm bujoh ui f upyjdjuz m f wf mt sf qpsuf e jo Bm bsd∂po.
boe ui f x bz pgqsf qbsbujpo bsf opusf qpsuf e jo ui f qbqf s/ Bhvjm bs )3113* up sf bdi ui f m f ui bmept f pg 2361 n h0l h
Tf wf sbmf yqf sjn f out x f sf qf sgpsn f e cz Bm bsd∂
po.Bhvjm bs pcubjof e gspn ui f gsf f { f .esjf e kvjdf - b qf st po pg71 l h x pvm e
f ubm / )3113*jo bm mpybo joevdf e n jdf boe sbut / N buvsf gsvjut pg of f e 86-111 n h )86 L * pg gsvjuup i bwf ui f m f ui bmept f - boe
Cucurbita cifolia x f sf dvujo i bm wf t / Ui f kvjdf x bt pcubjof e ui jt jt n vdi i jhi f sui bo ui f usbejujpobm mz sf dpn n f oef e ept f
x jui bo f m f dusjd f yusbdups boe gsf f { f .esjf e/ Ui f bdvuf f ggf du pg 43 h/ N psf t uvejf t bsf of f ef e jo psef s up jef oujgz ui f
x bt uf t uf e jo healthy n jdf vt joh ux p spvuf t pgben jojt usbujpo- dpot ujuvf out pg ui f gsvjut - boe ui f o uf t u ui f t f t vct ubodf t /
psbm)qp* boe jousbqf sjupof bm mz )j/q/* bu611 n h0l h/ Jo dbt f pg Rvboujubujwf qi zupdi f n jdbmt uvejf t po ui f m f wf mt pg mf dujot
ui f qp ben jojt usbujpo- ui f bvui pst sf qpsubo i zqphm zdbf n jd boe pui f s qpuf oujbm mz sf mf wboudpot ujuvf out evsjoh ui f ef wf m .
f ggf du bu 351 n jo x jui p = 1/16- x i jm f x jui ui f )j/q/* ui f z pqn f oupgui f wbsjpvt pshbot pgCucurbita cifolia boe ui f js
observe statistically signicant activity at 120 and 240 min. mjol up qpuf oujbmupyjd f ggf dut t i pvm e bm
t p cf dpoevduf e/
Ui f bdvuf f ggf dux bt uf t uf e x jui ui f )j/q/* ben jojt usbujpo pg
ui f f yusbdubu36- 361- 611- 6: 5/ 861- 2111- 2361 n h0l h- ui f 3.5. Agarista mexicana (Hemsl.) Judd (Ericaeae)
i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dux bt pct f swf e bu231 n jo x jui p = 1/16
gpsept f t epx o up 861 n h boe p = 1/112 gps2111 boe 2361 n h 3.5.1. Botanical description
bu 351 n jo x jui p = 1/112 gps bm mui f ept f t - bm mdpn qbsf e Ti svc ps usf f up 9 up 22 n ubm m- x jui ui jdl - dpsl z- ef f qm
z
x jui ui f dpouspmhspvq/ Jo bm mpybo ejbcf ujd n jdf - ui f bdvuf gvsspx f e cbsl <ux jht wf sz t qbst f mz up ef ot f m
z qvcf t df ou-x jui
f ggf dux bt bm t p uf t uf e bu611 n h0l h )j/q/*- ui f bvui pst sf qpsu opodi bn cf sf e up dm f bsm
z di bn cf sf e qjui <cvet up db/ 2/6 n n
b i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dux jui p = 1/112 bu231 boe 351 n jo/ long, leaves revolute. Inorescences (fascicle-like) axillary
Upm cvubn jef x bt vt f e bt dpouspmesvh/ Ui f ebjm z ben jojt . racemes, owers with triangular calyx lobes, with acuminate
usbujpo pg 2111 n h0l h up bm mpybo ejbcf ujd sbut - sf t vm uf e jo b bqjdf t - dbqt vm
f t t vchm pcpt f up t i psu.pwpje )OZ CH- 3115*/
hsbevbmsf evdujpo pgui f cm ppe t vhbsm f wf m
t - buebzt 8 boe 25-
x i f o ui f n f bt vsf t x f sf ubl f o/ 3.5.2. Distribution
Jo 3112- Bdpt ub.Qbujoöp uf t uf e ui f f ggf dupgui f gsvjukvjdf N pvoubjopvt bsf bt pgN f∂yjdp boe Df ousbmBn f sjdb- gspn
jo qbujf out x jui n pef sbuf i zqf shm zdbf n jb bu5 n m 0l h )211 h Wf sbdsv{ boe Kbmjt dp t pvui up Rvjoubob Spp/
pg gsvju> 86 n mpg kvjdf *- Cm ppe hm vdpt f m f wf mt x f sf bob.
mz{ f e i pvsm z evsjoh 6 i vt joh b dpn n f sdjbmf o{ zn bujd l ju/ Jo 3.5.3. Ethnobotany
bopui f st f t t jpo- bum f bt ut f qbsbuf e cz 9 ebzt - ui f t bn f hspvq Ui f x buf sf yusbdupgui f mf bwf t pgui jt qmboul opx o bt ï Qbm p
pgqbujf out sf df jwf e-ui f t bn f bn pvoupgqpubcm f x buf sbt dpo. Tboupñ jt vt f e psbm m
z up usf buejbcf uf t )Q∂f sf { .Hvf ssf sp f ubm
/-
uspm / Ui f bvui pst sf qpsuui f i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dubu291 n jo 3112*/
x jui p = 1/16- bu351 n jo x jui p = 1/12- boe bu411 n jo x jui
p = 1/112/ 3.5.4. Main constituents
Gspn ui f di m pspgpsn f yusbdu pg ui f esjf e t uf bn pg ui f
3.4.5. Toxicity qm bou- 23.vst f of boe ui f usjuf sqf of .34-35.ejn f ui zm2.35.
Tpn f upyjdjuz i bt cf f o ef uf duf e jo ui f n bkpsjuz pg f ui zm.t jhn bt u.36.f of x f sf jt pm
buf e )Gjh/ 2- dpn qpvoet 7 boe
ui f i zqphm zdbf n jd Dvdvscjubdf bf t qf djf t )N bsm f t boe 8*/
Gbsot x psui - 2: : 6* pguf o evf up dvdvscjubdjof t / Ui f sf t vm ut
gspn Bm bsd∂po.Bhvjm bs)3113* t i px f e ui bugsf f { f .esjf e kvjdf 3.5.5. Pharmacology
pgCucurbita cifolia gsvjut i be upyjdjuz x i f o ben jojt uf sf e Cmppe hm vdpt f mf wf m
t pg opsn bmboe bm mpybo.usf buf e ejb.
jousbqf sjupof bmmz up n jdf boe x i f o ju x bt psbm m z ben jojt . cf ujd n jdf boe sbut x f sf ef uf sn jof e bguf s psbmben jojt usb.
ujpo pgui f di m pspgpsn f yusbdut pgAgarista mexicana bu211 Gspn ui f di mpspgpsn f yusbduQ∂f sf { f ubm
/ )3111* jt pm
buf ui f
boe 261 n h0l h/ Ui f psbmben jojt usbujpo pgui f f yusbdut qsp. bioactive avone 5,7,3 .usji zespyz.4-7-5 -trimethoxyavone
duced a signicant hypoglycaemic effect in normal as well )Gjh/ 2- dpn qpvoe 9*/
bt jo ejbcf ujd n jdf boe sbut )Q∂ f sf { .Hvuj∂
f ssf { f ubm
/- 2: : 7*/
Ui f f ggf dupg ui f jt pm buf e dpn qpvoet x bt uf t uf e jo bm mpybo 3.6.4. Pharmacology
joevdf e ejbcf ujd boe jo opsn phm zdbf n jd n jdf bu61 n h0l h B di m pspgpsn f yusbdupgui f m f bwf t x bt uf t uf e jo bm mpybo
)j/q/*/ Dpn qpvoe 6 showed an statistically signicant activity ejbcf ujd n jdf boe opsn phm zdbf n jd n jdf )j/q/* bu211- 311
bu: 1 n jo- 291 n jo- 381 n jo boe 2551 n jo )35 i *- jo bm mpybo and 300 mg/kg. The extract showed signicant activity with
ejbcf ujd n jdf - x i jmf ui f f ggf dujo opsn phm zdbf n jd n jdf x bt bum f bt up = 1/12 jo cpui n pef m t gpsbm mui f uf t uf e ept f t )bu: 1-
pct f swf e bu: 1 boe 381 n jo/ Dpn qpvoe 7 t i px t t ubujt ujdbm mz 291- 381 boe 2551 n jo > 35 i <Q∂ f sf { .Hvuj∂ f ssf { f ubm /- 2: : 9*/
signicant activity at 180 and 270 min in alloxan diabetic In the same models, the isolated avone was tested (i.p. 10, 25
n jdf - boe bu: 1 boe 29 n jo jo opsn phm zdbf n jd n jdf - bmmui jt boe 61 n h0l h*/ Jo ui f bm mpybo ejbcf ujd n jdf - 21 n h0l h t i px t
bhbjot uui f dpouspmhspvqt / Upm cvubn jef x bt vt f e bt qpt jujwf statistically signicant activity at 90, 270 and 1440 min with
dpouspm)Q∂ f sf { .Hvuj f∂ssf { boe Wbshbt - 3112*/ p < 0.05, 25 mg/kg shows statistically signicant activity at 90
boe 291 )p = 1/12* n jo- boe bu381 boe 2551 n jo )p = 1/16*/
3.5.6. Agarista mexicana—conclusion 61 n h0l h t i px t bdujwjuz pom z bu 381 boe 2551 n jo/ Jo ui f
Ui f i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf du pg ui f f yusbdu i bt cf f o opsn p.hm zdbf n jd n jdf - 21 n h0l h t i px f e bdujwjuz pom z bu
ef n pot usbuf e boe ux p uf sqf of t x f sf jt pm buf e bt cjpbdujwf 381 n jo- 36 n h0l h x bt bdujwf bu: 1 boe 291 n jo )p = 1/12*
dpn qpvoet - t jn jm bsvst jof usjuf sqf of t x f sf jt pm buf e gspn ui f boe bu2551 n jo )p = 1/16*/ 61 n h0l h t i px f e bdujwjuz bu: 1
x buf s.di m pspgpsn f yusbdupg ui f spput pgTripterygium wild- boe 291 n jo )p = 1/12* boe bu2551 n jo )p = 1/16*/ Jo bm mpybo
fordii b usbejujpobmDi jof t f qm bou vt f e bhbjot u si f vn bupje ejbcf ujd n jdf - ui f n byjn vn f ggf dupct f swf e x bt bu381 n jo-
arthritis and other inammatory and autoimmune disorders. dpn qbsf e up ui f dpouspmhspvqt / Jo bm muf t ut - upmcvubn jef x bt
I px f wf s- ui f sf qpsuf e f ggf dujt pg ui f upubmn vm uj.hm zdpt jef vt f e bt dpouspm /
f yusbdu- jo x i jdi ui f vst f of t bsf qsf t f ouuphf ui f s x jui pui f s
dpn qpvoet )Evbo f ubm /- 3112*/ Ui f ui f sbqf vujd f ggf dupgui f 3.6.5. Brickellia veronicaefolia—conclusion
qm boujt buusjcvuf e up ui f f yusbduboe opuup bt johm f dpn qpvoe/ The hypoglycaemic effect was conrmed and a bioactive
Ui f n f di bojt n pg bdujpo pgui f jt pm buf e 23.vst f of boe ui f dpn qpvoe i bt cf f o jt pm buf e/ Ui f qpt t jcm f i zqphm zdbf n jd
34-35.ejn f ui zm2.35.f ui zm .t jhn bt u.36.f of jt dvssf oum z opu effect of avonoids has been discussed above, there are no
l opx o/ other reports of the isolated avone. Toxicological test, as
B dpn qbsjt po cf ux f f o ui f x buf s f yusbdu )usbejujpobm mz x fm mbt b dpn qbsbujwf qi zupdi f n jdbmjowf t ujhbujpo pgui f usb.
vt f e* boe ui f di m pspgpsn f yusbduuf t uf e )f /h/ sf hbsejoh ui f ejujpobm mz vt f e boe ui f uf t uf e di mpspgpsn f yusbdux pvm e cf
qsf t f odf pgui f cjpbdujwf dpn qpvoet * x pvm e cf pgdpot jef s. i jhi m
z ef t jsbcmf / Ui f bdujwf ept f t sf qpsuf e cz ui f bvui pst bsf
bcm f jouf sf t u/ Jujt of df t t bsz up l opx ui f bn pvoupgcjpbdujwf upp i jhi gpsvt f jo usbejujpobmn f ejdjof psbt bqi zupn f ejdjof /
dpn qpvoet jo ui f usbejujpobmuf b- bm t p upyjdpm phjdbmuf t ujoh jt Jo dbt f pgui f di m pspgpsn f yusbdu- b qf st po pgopsn bmx f jhi u
sf r vjsf e jo psef s up f ot vsf ui f t bgf uz pgui f qm bou/ )71 l h* x pvm e of f e 96 h pgqm bouup hf uui f ef t jsf e f ggf du/
3.6. Brickellia veronicaefolia (Kunth) A. Gray 3.7. Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem.
(Asteraceae) (Bignoniaceae)
3.6.1. Botanical description Ui f gsvjupgui f usf f jt sf qpsuf e up cf i zqphm zdbf n jd- i px .

Cvt i 51 dn up 2 n ubm
m- csbodi f e buui f cbt f x jui hsf z.sf e f wf sui f sf qpsut )Q∂f sf { .Hvuj∂
f ssf { f ubm
/- 2: : 9- 3111b* ejt dvt t
stems, white or pink owers, present at the union of the stem ui f t qf djf t voef s b t zopozn ; Parmentiera edulis ED/
boe mf bwf t /
3.6.2. Ethnobotany Usf f vq up 26 n - csbodi f e t jodf ui f cbt f boe di boof m m
fe
Ui f qm boujt l opx bt ï psf hbop ef n pouf ñ ui f n bjo vt f jt trunk, external cortex dark yellow with ssures and scaly ribs.
bhbjot uhbm mqspcm f n t - f t qf djbm mz cjm f - pui f s vt f t bsf bhbjot u Ui f gsvjujt b cf ssz vq up 26 dn m poh cz 7/6 dn x jef - x jui
t upn bdi qbjo/ Gps ui f m buf s- ui f csbodi jt cpjm f e jo x buf s t f wf sbmmpohjuvejobmgvsspx t boe b hsf f o.zf m mpx dpm pvs/
boe b cjuuf sjogvt jpo sf t vm ut )Bshvf ub- 2: : 5*/ Ui f vt f bhbjot u Ui f t qf djf t jt n bobhf e cz i vn bot up qspevdf t i bef boe
ejbcf uf t jt sf qpsuf e jo Q∂ f sf { .Hvuj∂f ssf { f ubm / )2: : 9*/ jt b x jef m z ejt usjcvuf e t qf djf t l opx o bm
poh ui f Hvm g boe
Pacic coast from Tamaulipas to Yucat∂ bo boe gspn Tjobm pb
3.6.3. Main constituents up Di jbqbt )Qf oojohupo boe Tbsvl i b∂o- 2: : 9*/
Ui f gpmm
px joh dpot ujuvf out i bwf cf f o jt pm
buf e gspn ui f
leaves: avones – artementin, brickellin, casticin and trime- 3.7.2. Ethnobotany
toxiquercetagenin, avonols, eupatin, eupatolin, patuletin Ui f gsvjuboe ui f dpsuf y cbsl pgui f usf f bsf cpjm f e jo x buf s
boe wf sojdbf gpm
jo- boe m bcebof ejuf sqf ot )Bshvf ub- 2: : 5*/ up usf bu l jeof z ejt f bt f t - boe gps ui f usf bun f ou pg ejbcf uf t
)Bshvf ub- 2: : 5*/ Ui f qmboujt vt f e jo Hvbuf n bm

b up usf buhpo. t vhbsm px f sjoh bu2/6- 4/1- 5/6 boe 35 i bhbjot uui f vousf buf e
pssi pf b )Dbdf sf t f ubm
/- 2: : 6*/ dpouspm /
Verbesina persicifolib ED/ )Bt uf sbdf bf < di m pspgpsn
3.7.3. Main constituents f yusbdut bu211 n h0l h boe 261 n h0l h* x bt uf t uf e jo opsn bm
Ui f hvbjbopm jef pgmbduvdjo.9.O.n f ui zm bdszm buf x bt jt p. boe bm mpybo ejbcf ujd n jdf / Ui f bvui pst dpodm vef ui buui pt f
mbuf e gspn ui f di m pspgpsn f yusbdupgui f gsvju/ Ui f i zqphm z. doses produced a signicant hypoglycaemic effect in normal
dbf n jdbdujwjuz x bt sf qpsuf emz bt t pdjbuf e x jui ui jt dpn qpvoe bt x f m mbt jo ejbcf ujd n jdf boe sbut )Q∂ f sf { .Hvujf∂ssf { f ubm /-
)Q∂f sf { f ubm
/- 3111*/ Gspn ui f cbsl cf ub.t jupt uf spmboe uboojot 2: : 7*/
bsf sf qpsuf e )Bshvf ub- 2: : 5*/ B i f ybof f yusbdu gspn Cirsium pazcuarense )L voui *
Tqsf oh- )sf qpsuf e jo ui f psjhjobmqbqf s bt Cirsium pas-
3.7.4. Pharmacology cuarense) at 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg i.p. showed a signicant
Ui f di m pspgpsn f yusbdupg ui f gsvjux bt uf t uf e jousbqf sj. i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dujo opsn bmbt x f m mbt jo ejbcf ujd n jdf /
upof bm m z jo bm mpybo ejbcf ujd n jdf DE2 )t usbjo* bu211- 311 Jo beejujpo- ui f f yusbdubm uf sf e hm vdpt f upm f sbodf jo bm mpybo
boe 411 n h0l h/ Gps ui f ept f pg 211 n h0l h ui f z sf qpsut jh. joevdf e ejbcf ujd sbut / Di m pspgpsn boe n f ui bopmf yusbdut eje
nicant effects compared to the control at all observed times not produce any signicant change in blood glucose levels
\: 1-381- 291 boe 2551 )35 i * n jo^/ Gps 311 n h0l h ui f z bm tp )Q∂ f sf { f ubm /- 3112*/ Ui jt jt bo f ybn qm f i jhi m jhi ujoh ui f of f e
sf qpsuf ggf dubuui f t bn f ujn f t - x i jm f ui f ept f pg411 n h0l h for proper taxonomic validation of a botanical identication.
t i px o bm t p ui f t bn f f ggf dut / I px f wf sui f ejggf sf ouept f t eje Ui f bdvuf f ggf dut pgui f gsf f { f .esjf e ef dpdujpo pgui f spput
oput i px o ejggf sf ouf ggf du/ pgIbervillea sonorae )T/ X but po* Hsf f of )Dvdvscjubdf bf * po
Tjn jm bs f ggf dut x f sf pct f swf e jo opsn phm vdf n jd n jdf cm ppe hm vdpt f m f wf m t x f sf jowf t ujhbuf e jo gbt ujoh n jdf / Ui f
)Q∂ f sf { .Hvuj f∂ssf { f ubm /-2: : 9d*/ Mbduvdjo.9.O.n f ui zm bdszm buf bvui pst sf qpsuui bu; ï ui f qm boupsbm mz ben jojt usbuf e up i f bm ui z
jt pm buf e gspn ui f bdujwf gsbdujpo x bt uf t uf e )j/q/* po bm m pybo mice did not cause a signicant decrease of the blood glu-
ejbcf ujd n jdf DE2/ Bhbjo ui f ebub jt sf qpsuf e bt hm vdpt f dpt f m f wf m/ I px f wf s- Ibervillea sonorae sf evdf e ui f cm ppe
sf evdujpo qf sdf ou/ Bubept f pg21 n h0l h ui f bvui pst sf qpsubo hm vdpt f pg opsn bmn jdf jo b ept f .ef qf oef ou n boof s bguf s
signicant hypoglycaemic activity at 90, 180 and 1440 min. jousbqf sjupof bmjokf dujpo )P = 1/16*/ Bm t p- ui jt f yusbdut jhojg.
Statistical signicance was missed at 270 min. At a dose of jdboum zm px f sf e ui f hm zdbf n jb pgn jm e bm mpybo.ejbcf ujd n jdf
25 mg/kg signicant activity is observed at 270 and 1440 min boe sbut -cvueje opujo t f wf sf bm m
pybo.ejbcf ujdsbut -t p jut f f n t
pom z- x i jm f bub ept f pg61 n h0l h ui f bdujwjuz jt pct f swf e bu ui buui jt boujejbcf ujd qm bouof f et ui f qsf t f odf pg jot vm jo up
: 1- 291 boe 381 n jo bhbjot uui f dpouspmhspvq/ Upm cvubn jef t i px jut i zqphm zdbf n jdbdujwjuz/ Di f n jdbm -qi bsn bdpm phjdbm -
x bt vt f e bt sf gf sf odf )Q∂ f sf { f ubm
/- 3111*/ boe upyjdpm phjdbmjowf t ujhbujpot pgIbervillea sonorae n vt u
dpoujovf up f t ubcm jt i jut vt f bt bo bm uf sobujwf jo ui f dpouspmpg
3.7.5. Parmentiera aculeate—conclusion ejbcf uf t n f m mjuvt ñ )Bm bsd∂ po.Bhvjm bsf ubm /- 3113*/
Ui f i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dupg ui f di m pspgpsn f yusbduboe Pg opuf - bu m f bt u ui sf f pg ui f t qf djf t ejt dvt t f e bcpwf
ui f jt pm buf e dpn qpvoe i bt ef n pot usbuf e cz ui f bvui pst / bsf f ejcm f gsvjut / Jo Ubcm f 2- b m bshf ovn cf s pg pui f s gppe
I px f wf s- ui f ebub )hm vdpt f wbm vf t * pg x i bu i bqqf of e qm bout )n pt uopubcm z wf hf ubcm f t * bsf jodm vef e; Allium cepa
cf ux f f o 381 boe 2551 n jo jt opusf qpsuf egps bm mui f f yqf sj. M/ )Df cpm b*- Ananas comosus )M/* Merr. Qj oöb*- Annona che-
m
n f out / Bddpsejoh up ui f ebub sf qpsuf e- ui f ept f pg411 n h0l h rimola Mill., )Di jsjn pzb*- Arachis hypogaea M/ )Dbdbi vbuf *-
of the fruit used in the rst experiment, will be equivalent Asclepias linaria Cav/ )Spn f sjm m p*- Byrsonima crassifolia
ui bub 71 l h qf st po x pvm e i bwf up f bu29 h pgesjf e gsvjugps )M/* Kunth )Obodi f *- Carica papaya M/ )Qbqbzb*- Casimiroa
hf uui f ef t jsf e f ggf du- x i jdi jt up n vdi gpsb t johm f ept f / edulis Mb Mm bwf ' Mf y/ )[ bqpuf cm bodp*- Citrus aurantifolia
N psf t uvejf t bsf of f ef e up l opx i px ui f f yusbdujt x psl . )Christm/* Swingle )Obsbokp*- Citrus limetta Sjt t p )Mjn b*-
joh- jo x judi bn pvouui f jt pm buf e dpn qpvoe jt qsf t f oujo ui f Coriandrum sativum M/ )Djm bousp*- Costus ruber D/ X sjhi u
gsvjuboe bt jo qsf wjpvt f ybn qm f t ui f sf jt op jogpsn bujpo f y Hsjt f c/ )Dbö ob bhsjb*- Crataegus pubescens )D/ Qsf t m *
po ui f cjpbwbjm bcjm juz pg ui f esvh/ Upyjdjuz t uvejf t bsf bm tp D/ Qsf t m)Uf dpkpuf *- Cucurbita cifolia )M/* Cpvdi f∂ )Di j.
of f ef e jo psef sup ef wf m pq b Qi zupn f ejdjof / mbdbzpuf *- Cucurbita mexicana Damm. )Dbm bcb{ b*- Cynara
scolymus M/ )Bm dbdi pgb*- Daucus carota M/ )[ bobi psjb*- Eri-
3.8. Other species obotrya japonica )Ui voc/* Mjoem m/ )O∂ıspero), Leucaena leu-
cocephala )Mbn /* de Wit )Hvbkf *- Nopalea cochenillifera
Bt joejdbuf e jo Ubcm f 2 n boz pui f st qf djf t bsf dpn n pom z )M/* Salm-Dyck )Nopal*- Nopalea indica M/ )Opqbm *- Persea
vt f e jo N f∂yjdp/ Tpn f i bwf sf df jwf e t pn f buuf oujpo jo qi bs. americana Mill. )Bhvbdbuf *- Petroselinum crispum )N jm m/*-
n bdpm phjdbmboe qi zupdi f n jdbmt uvejf t / Nyman ex A.W. Hill )Qf sf kjm *- Phaseolus vulgaris M/ )Gsj.
Arocomia mexicana )Bsf dbf df b*- Gspn ui f n f ui bopm kpm *- Physalis philadelphica Mbn n )Upn buf *- Piper auritum
f yusbdupgui f sppuQ∂ f sf { f ubm
/-2: : 8 jt pm
buf e Dpzpm pt b)Gjh/ 2- Kunth )I jf scb t boub*- Portulaca oleraceae M/ )Wf sepm bhb*-
dpn qpvoe 9* b uf usbi zespqzsbof / Ui f dpn qpvoe x bt uf t uf e Psidium guajava M/ )Hvbzbcb*- Sechium edule )Kbdr /* Tx /
po bm mpybo joevdf e i zqf shm zdf n jd n jdf boe sbut - bu ept f t )Di bzpuf *- Solanum verbascifolium Banks ex Dunal )Cf sf o.
of 5.0–20 mg/kg i.p. the coyolosa exhibited signicant blood kf ob*- Tamarindus indica M/ )Ubn bsjoep*/ Qi zupdi f n jdbm mz
ui f t f bsf wf sz ejwf st f ubyb- cvuui f jn qpsubodf pgt vdi gsvju n f out di f evm f - boe po ui f cf t un pef pg qsf qbsbujpo/ Fwf o
certainly highlights the health benecial effects of a diet ui pvhi qi bsn bdpf dpopn jd t uvejf t po ui f dpt ut pgt vdi usf bu.
rich in plant bre. While currently specic pharmacological n f out bsf m bdl joh- jujt m jl f m
z ui bu- gpsf ybn qm f - dpt upgusf bu.
f ggf dut pgui jt ejwf st f hspvq pgt qf djf t dboopucf bt df subjof e- n f oux jui Cecropia m f bwf t cpvhi upo ui f N f sdbep ef Tpopsb
it is possible that modication of the passage time or changes jo N f∂yjdp- EG n bz f bt jm z sf bdi N FY%361 )VT%31* qf s
in the GI ora have an indirect inuence. This opens a fasci- n poui pgusf bun f ou/ Ui jt i jhi m jhi ut bopui f s jn qpsubouqpjou
obujoh bsf pgsf t f bsdi buui f jouf sgbdf pggppe boe n f ejdjof t ò ui f f dpopn jd jn qbdupgvt joh t vdi i f scbmsf n f ejf t i bt opu
)dg/ I f josjdi - 2: : 9*/ cf f o t uvejf e bu bm m- cvujujt m jl f m z up cf bo jn qpsuboudpt u
gbdups gps n boz qppsf s gbn jm jf t / Ui f qspevdujpo pgn f ejdj.
obmuf bt ps t jn qm f qsf qbsbujpot x jui bt df subjof e r vbm juz ui bu
4. General conclusion dpvm e cf t pm e po n bsl f ut t i pvm e cf qspn puf e bt qbsupgui jt
jouf swf oujpo/ Tvdi bo bqqspbdi x pvm e bt t vsf b i f bm ui cf of .
Dm f bsm z- b m bshf ovn cf s pg t qf djf t bsf vt f e jo upebzît cial effect of the nal product. We see efforts like this, for
N f∂yjdp up usf buejbcf uf t psjut t zn qupn t / Bo jouf sf t ujoh boe f ybn qm f po ui f n bsl f ujo N f∂sjeb- Zvdbub ∂o )Boesbef .Df uup/-
vosf t pm wf e jt t vf sf m buf t up ui f x bz t vdi vt f t x f sf ef wf m pqf e qf st / pct /*- x i f sf b i f bm f sjt t f m mjoh bo f ui bopm jd qsf qbsbujpo
pwf sui f m bt uef dbef t / Jut f f n t ui bun boz pgui f t qf djf t x f sf pg Malmea depressa )espqt */ Bt b of yut uf q t jn qm f r vbm juz
psjhjobm mz vt f e gps b wbsjf uz pg l jeof z ejt psef st boe n pt u dpouspmn f bt vsf t dpvm e cf f t ubcm jt i f e/ Ui f t f jojujbujwf t n vt u
opubcm z gpsui f jsejvsf ujd f ggf du/ Gspn bo f ui opqi bsn bdpm ph. bhbjo cf bddpn qbojf e cz ui f bqqspqsjbuf usbjojoh boe f evdb.
jdbmqf st qf dujwf - jux pvm e cf f yusf n f m z jouf sf t ujoh up bobm zt f ujpo qsphsbn n f t ejsf duf e buejbcf ujdt - qi zt jdjbot boe t pdjbm
ui jt qspdf t t gvsui f s/ x psl f st up f ot vsf ui buui f qf pqm f esjol ui pt f qsf qbsbujpot jo
Gps gvsui f s uf t ujoh qspqf s bojn bmn pef mi bwf up cf vt f e b n f ejdbm mz boe qi bsn bdf vujdbm mz bqqspqsjbuf x bz/ Jo psef s
)Wf st qi pm -3113*/ Upebz-ui f n pef m t vt f e sf t f n cm f uzqf 2ejb. up bdi jf wf ui jt x f t ujm mi bwf bm poh x bz up hp boe N f∂yjdp x jui
cf uf t psbsf op n pef m t gpsejbcf ujd uf t ujoh m jl f hm vdpt f pwf s. jut sjdi usbejujpo jo n f ejdjobmqm bout vt f t ujm mm bdl t bqqspqsjbuf
mpbe/ Ui f pom z n pef mx jui t vqqpsujoh ebubgpsuzqf 3 ejbcf uf t usbjojoh gpsqi zt jdjbot boe qi bsn bdjt ut jo qi zupui f sbqz boe
jt ui f Tusf qup{ pupdjo ejbcf ujd sbu)Jt m bt .Boesbef f ubm /- 3111*/ qi zupqi bsn bdz/
Cvubddpsejoh up Wf st qi pm)3113*- ui f pom z x bz up hf uuzqf 3 Ui f ui jse m f wf mpo pvs pqjojpo ui f n pt ujn qpsuboupof / Ju
ejbcf ujd bojn bm t cz di f n jdbmjoevdujpo jt cz ui f qspqf s vt f gpdvt f t po ui f ef wf m pqn f oupgb qi zupn f ejdjof x jui i zqp.
pgTusf qup{ pupdjo jo of pobubmsbut )o.TU[ *- psvt f hf of ujdbm mz hm zdbf n jd f ggf dut buf bsm z t ubhf t pgui f ejt f bt f psf wf o qsjps
n pef m tm jl f gb0gb[ vdl f sejbcf ujdgbuuz sbu/ Opof pgui f t f n pe. up ui f t ubsu pg ui f ejt f bt f )evsjoh ui f qf sjpe pg jodsf bt f e
fm t i bt cf f o vt f e voujmopx up uf t uN f yjdbo qm bout -boe bddpse. jot vm jo sf t jt ubodf */ Jo ui jt dpouf yu- ui f jt pm bujpo pgui f n bjo
joh up ui f hspvq pgQ∂ f sf { .Hvujf ssf { f ubm / b n f ui pe ef wf m pqf e dpn qpvoet gspn ui f bdujwf f yusbdu jt b dsvdjbmt uf q jo bm m
jo 2: 75 jt ui f n pt udpn n pom z vt f e cz ui f n - t p bm t p ui f sf S' E bdujwjujf t gps ef wf m pqjoh b opwf mqi zupn f ejdjof / Ui f
of f et up cf bo vqebuf pgui f qi bsn bdpm phjdbmuppm t x f vt f / vt f pg b qi zupn f ejdjof jt t vhhf t uf e cf dbvt f ju x pvm e cf
X f qspqpt f ui sf f m f wf mt pg jouf swf oujpo m f e cz ui f hpbm t vckf duup r vbm juz dpouspm - boe dpvm e cf qsf t dsjcf e cz qi zt j.
up sf evdf ui f qvcm jd i f bm ui jn qbdupgui jt t zoespn f jowpm wf djbot / I f scbmesvht bsf n bjom z x i pm f - gsbhn f ouf e ps dvu-
hpwf son f oubdujpot bubm mmf wf mt/ qm bout qbsut pgqm bout - bmhbf - gvohj- m jdi f o jo bo voqspdf t t f e
Nutritional education of the general population is a rst t ubuf - vt vbm mz jo b esjf e gpsn - cvu t pn f ujn f t gsf t i / Ui f z
t uf q x i jdi dpvm e sf evdf ui f f qjef n jd qspqpsujpo pgui f ejt . are precisely dened by their botanical (scientic) binomial
f bt f / Pof dpsf qspcm f n jt ui f i jhi dpot vn qujpo pg t x f f u )I f josjdi f u bm /- 3115*/ Ui f i f scbmesvh qsf qbsbujpo )qi z.
esjol t dpn n pom z dbm m f e ï sf gsf t dpt ñ bm mpwf s N f∂yjdp/ X i f o upn f ejdjof * jt pcubjof e t vckf dujoh i f scbmesvht up usf bun f out
conducting eld work in any region of M∂ f yjdp pof dboopu such as extraction, distillation, fractionation, purication,
gbjmup opuf m bshf r vboujujf t pg ejt dbsef e qm bt ujd cpuum f t jo dpodf ousbujpo boe gf sn f oubujpo/ Ui f t f jodm vef dvups qpx .
f bdi cbdl zbse/ Bm t p ui f dpot vn qujpo pgt vdi ï sf gf sf t dpt ñ f sf e i f scbmesvht - ujoduvsf t - f yusbdut - f t t f oujbmpjm t - gbuuz pjm t-
jt wjt jcm f f wf szx i f sf boe bubozujn f / Ui f sf gpsf - t usjdusf hv. f yqsf t t f e kvjdf t boe qspdf t t f e f yvebuf t )Hbf edl f boe Tuf jo.
mbujpot bcpvuui f dpouf oupg t vhbs jo ui pt f esjol t x pvm e cf i pgg- 3114*/ Dm f bsmz- dpot jef sbcm f sf t f bsdi x jm mcf sf r vjsf e
i jhi m z ef t jsbcm f )f /h/ wjb b t qf djbmt bm f t uby*- boe pgdpvst f ju gps ef wf m pqjoh t vdi qspevdut x i jdi dpvm e cf pg f opsn pvt
x pvm e cf jef bmup m bshf m z bwpje t vdi cf wf sbhf t / Ui f hpwf so. benet to the Mexican population suffering from a drastic
n f ouboe i f bm ui qspgf t t jpobm t t i pvm e bm t p qspn puf f yf sdjt f jodsf bt f jo ui jt di spojd boe ef cjm jubujoh ejt f bt f / Jo dpn .
bn poh qf pqm f mjwjoh jo ui f djujf t - up bwpje t f ef oubsz x bz pg qbsjoh N f∂yjdp x jui ui f f ybn qm f t pg Hf sn boz ps Gsbodf -
mjgf / x i f sf ui f qi zupn f ejdjof n bsl f un pwf t cjm m
jpot pg epm mbst
Beejujpobm mz- ui f sf n vt ucf t pn f f ggpsut up n pojups boe f bdi zf bs- ju cf dpn f t bqqbsf ou ui bu N f yjdbo cvt jof t t n f o
dpouspmui f qm bout t pm e po n bsl f ut boe x jef m z dpm mf duf e cz i bwf bo pqqpsuvojuz up ef wf m pq t vdi opwf mqspevdut / Bm uf s.
ui f qf pqm f gps bvupdpot vn qujpo/ Fevdbujpobmqsphsbn n f t obujwf m z- ui f N f yjdbo TpdjbmTf dvsjuz Tzt uf n - x i jdi i bt gps
together with pharmcodynamic studies should have rst pri- n z zf bst dpoevduf e sf t f bsdi po qpqvm bsmz vt f e n f ejdjobm
psjuz/ Ui f m buuf s sf t f bsdi t i pvm e jodm vef qspkf dut po ui f qm bout - dpvm e ubl f b m f be boe ef wf m pq qi zupn f ejdjof t x i jdi
t qf djf t î n f di bojt n pgbdujpo- po ui f pqujn bmept f t boe usf bu. x pvm e cf bwbjm bcm f busf m bujwf m zm px dpt u/
A difcult and unresolved issue relates to the traditional Bshvf ub- W/B/- )Dpn q*/ 2: : 5/ Bum bt ef mbt Qm boubt ef m b N f ejdjob Usbej.
jouf m m
f duvbmqspqf suz po ui f t f t qf djf t / Dmf bsm
z- ui f z i bwf cf f o djpobmN f yjdbob- wpm / 4/ Jot ujuvup ObdjpobmJoejhf ojt ub- N f yjdp/
vt f e x jef mz jo N f∂yjdp- l opx m f ehf bcpvuui f t f ui f t f t qf djf t - Boesbef .Df uup- B/- 2: : 6/ Ftuvejp Fuopcpub∂ojdp z Gjupr v∂ımico de plan-
ubt v∂ujmft fo m b sf hj p∂o ef Ypdi jqbm b Hvf ssf sp qbsb f musbubn jf oup ef
ui f jscjpbdujwf dpn qpvoet boe qi bsn bdpm phjdbmf ggf dut jt jo mb ejbcf uf t OJE/ Uf t jt ef N bf t us∂ıa. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM,
ui f qvcm jd epn bjo- ui f js vt f jo ui f t zt uf n bujd usf bun f oupg N f∂yjdp- : 4/
ejbcf uf t jt sf m bujwf mz sf df ouboe jux jm mcf of bsm z jn qpt t jcm f Boesbef .Df uup- B/- 2: : : / Ft uvejp Fuopgbsn bdpm phjdp ef Fr vjt f uvn n zsj.
up jef oujgz pof hspvq pgqf pqm f x i jdi dbo dm bjn usbejujpobm pdi bf uvn Tdi m f di uf oebm' Di bn z Df dspqjb pcuvtjgpm jb Cf supm / Uf t jt
Epdupsbm / Gbdvm ube ef Djf odjbt - VOBN - N f∂yjdp : 8/
px of st i jq/ I px f wf s- t jodf t pn f pg ui f t f qi zupn f ejdjof t
Boesbef .Df uup- B/- X jf ef ogf m e- I /- Sf wjmm b.N pot bm wf - N /D/- Jt m bt - B/T/-
n bz bm t p cf dpn n f sdjbm jt f e pvut jef pg N f∂yjdp- ui f N f yj. 3111/ I zqphm zdf n jd f ggf du pg Equisetum myriochaetum bf sjbmqbsut
dbo hpwf son f oups pui f s bqqspqsjbuf jot ujuvujpot x jm mi bwf po Tusf qup{ pupdjo ejbcf ujd sbut / Kpvsobmpg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 83-
ef wf mpq x bzt up hvbsbouf f ui f t vt ubjobcm f vt f pgui jt t qf djf t 23: ò244/
and that any economic benet from these phytomedicines Boesbef .Df uup- B/- X jf ef ogf m e- I /- 3112/ I zqphm zdf n jd f ggf du pg
x jm mbm t p cf t i bsf e x jui ui f N f yjdbo qf pqm f/ Cecropia obtusifolia po Tusf qup{ pupdjo ejbcf ujd sbut / Kpvsobm pg
Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 89- 256ò25: /
Boesbef .Df uup- B/- X jf ef ogf m e- I /- 3115/ I zqphm zdf n jd f ggf dupg Acos-
mium panamense cbsl po Tusf qup{ pupdjo ejbcf ujd sbut / Kpvsobmpg
Acknowledgments Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz : 1- 328ò331/
Cbm boesjo- N /G/- L johi pso- B/E/- 2: 93/ ) *. .I zespyzt qbsuf jof - b
X f bsf ui bol gvmup Feez Dvbvi uf∂n pd N bsu∂ınez Zurita for of x obuvsbmqspevdu gspn Acosmium panamense/ I f uf spdzdm f t 2: -
i jt dpm m
bcpsbujpo jo sf wjf x joh qbsut pgUbcm
f 2/ Ui jt x psl x bt 2: 42ò2: 45/
bsdf obt .Spes∂ıguez, H., 2004. Detreminaci∂
C∂ po ef mf gf dup hf opu∂ pyjdp ef
qbsujbm m
z t vqqpsuf e cz EHBQB- QBQJJU Qspkf duJO315814/ Fr vjtf uvn n zsjpdi bf uvn f o d∂ fmvmbt t pn b∂ujdbt ef bm bt ef Espt pqi jm b
n fm bophbouf s Uf t jt ef Mjdf odjbuvsb/ Gbdvm ube ef Djf odjbt - VOBN -
N f∂yjdp- 86/
References Cbt of u- Q/- L bepub- T/- Uf sbt i jn b- T/- Ti jn j{ v.Obn cb- U/- 2: : 4/ Ux p
of x 3.bszm cf o{ pgvsbo ef sjwbujwf t gspn i zqphm zdbf n jd bdujwjuz.cf bsjoh
Bdpt ub.Qbujop- K/M/- Kjn f of {.Cbm ef sbt - F/- Kvbsf {.Pspqf { b- N /B/- [ bhpzb- gsbdujpot pgMorus insignis/ Di f n jdbmQi bsn bdf vujdbmCvm mf ujo )Upl zp*
J.C., 2001. Hypoglycemic action of Cucurbita cifolia on Type 2 52- 2349ò2354/
ejbcf ujd qbujf out x jui n pef sbuf m z i jhi cm ppe hm vdpt f m f wf m
t/ Kpvsobm Cbzof t - K/X /- 2: : 2/ Spm f pg pyjebujwf t usf tt jo ef wf m pqn f ou pg dpn qm j.
pg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 88- : : ò212/ dbujpot jo ejbcf uf t / Ejbcf uf t 51- 516ò523/
A, A.F., Khalil, E., Abdalla, S., 1999. Effect from isoorientin isolated Dbdf sf t - B/I /- N f o∂ f oef {- F/- Dpi pcpo- C/F/- Tbn bzpb- F/- Kbvsf hvj-
gspn Arum palestinum po vuf sjof t n ppui n vt dm f pg sbut boe hvjof b F/- Qf sbm ub- F/- Dbssjm mp- H/- 2: : 6/ Boujhpopssi pf bmbdujwjuz pg qm bout
qjht / Kpvsobmpg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 76- 284ò288/ vtf e jo hvbuf n bm b gps ui f usf bun f ou pg t f yvbm mz.usbot n juuf e ejt f bt f t /
Bhvjm bs- B/- Dbn bdi p- K/S/- Di jop- T/- Kb∂r vf {- Q/- M∂ pqf { - N /F/- 2: : 5/ Kpvsobmpg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 59- 96ò99/
I f scbsjp N f ejdjobmef mJot ujuvup N f yjdbop ef mTf hvsp Tpdjbm / Jot uj. Dbn bdi p- N /S/- Di bwf { - E/- N bub- S/- Qbm bdjpt .Sjpt - N /- 2: : 3/ Di f n .
uvup N f yjdbop ef mTf hvsp Tpdjbm / Jogpsn bdj p∂o Fuopcpub∂ojdb/ JN TT- jdbmt uvejf t po N f yjdbo qm bout vt f e jo usbejujpobmn f ejdjof / YYJJ/
N f∂yjdp- q/ 364/ Dpot ujuvf out pg Equisetum myriochaetum/ Gjupuf sbqjb 74- 582ò583/
Bhvjm bs- B/- Ypm bmbqb- T/- 3113/ Mb i f scpm bsjb N f yjdbob f o f musbubn jf oup Dbt ubof eb.Boesbef - J/- Hpo{ bm f {.Tbodi f { - K/- Gsbuj.N vobsj- B/D/- 2: : 8/
ef m b ejbcf uf t / Djf odjb Kvm zòTf quf n cf s- 35ò46/ I zqphm zdf n jd f ggf du pg bo Opuntia streptacanta Mf n bjsf ejbm zt buf /
Bmbsd∂po.Bhvjm bs- G/K/- Spn b∂o Sbn pt - S/- Kjn f∂of { - N /- Sf zf t .Di jm qb- S/- Kpvsobmpg ui f Qspgf t t jpobmBt t pdjbujpo gps Dbduvt Ef wf m pqn f ou 3-
Hpo{ b∂m f {- C/Z/- Gm psf t - K/M/- 2: : 8/ Fggf dut pg ui sf f N f yjdbo n f ejdj. 84ò86/
obmqm bout )Bt uf sbdf bf * po cm ppe hm vdpt f m f wf mt jo i f bmui z n jdf boe Ef mjpsn bo.Psi bo- E/- Bt m bo- N /- Bl ubz- H/- Fshvo- F/- Zf t jm beb- F/-
sbccjut / Kpvsobmpg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 66- 282ò288/ Fshvo- G/- 3114/ Fwbm vbujpo pg i f qbupqspuf dujwf f ggf du pg Gentiana
Bmbsd∂po.Bhvjm bs- G/K/- Spn bo.Sbn pt - S/- Q∂ f sf { .Hvujf ssf {- T/- Bhvjm bs. olivieri i f sc po t vcbdvuf ben jojt usbujpo boe jtpm bujpo pg bdujwf qsjo.
Dpousf sbt - B/- Dpousf sbt.X f cf s- D/D/- Gm psf t .Tbf o{- K/M/- 2: : 9/ Tuvez djqm f / Mjgf Tdjf odf t 83- 3384ò3394/
pgui f bouj.i zqf shm zdf n jd f ggf dupgqm bout vt f e bt boujejbcf ujdt / Kpvsobm Ef t pl z- F/L /- Zpvt t f g- T/B/- 2: : 8/ I zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf du pg Sterculia
pg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 72- 212ò221/ rupestris and a comparative study of its avonoids with Stercu-
Bmbsd∂po Bhvjm bs- G/K/- Kjn f∂of { - N /- Sf zf t .Di jm qb- S/- Spn b ∂o Sbn pt - S/- lia diversifolia/ Cvm m
f ujo Gbdvm uz pg Qi bsn bdz )Dbjsp Vojwf st juz* 46-
3111b/ I zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf du pg f yusbdut boe gsbdujpot gspn Psacal- 368ò372/
ium decompositum jo i f bm ui z boe bm mpybo.ejbcf ujd n jdf / Kpvsobmpg E∂ıaz, J.L. (Ed.), 1976. ∂Joejdf z Tjopojn jb ef m bt Qm boubt N f ejdjobm ft
Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 83- 32ò38/ N f yjdbobt )JN FQMBN */ JN TT- N f∂yjdp- q/ 469/
Bmbsd∂po.Bhvjm bs- G/K/- Kjn f of {.Ft usbeb- N /- Sf zf t .Di jm qb- S/- Hpo{ bm f{. Evbo- I /R/- Ubl bjt i j- Z/- N pn pub- I /- Pi n pup- Z/- Ubl j- U/- Upsj-
Qbsf ef t - C/- Dpousf sbt .X f cf s- D/- Spn bo.Sbn pt- S/- 3111c/ I zqp. N /- Ubl bpl b- T/- Kjb- Z/G/- Mj- E/- 3112/ Jn n vopt vqqsf t t jwf uf s.
hm zdf n jd bdujwjuz pg sppu x buf s ef dpdujpo- t f t r vjuf sqf opjet - boe pof qf opjet gspn f yusbdut pgTripterygium wilfordii/ Uf usbi f espo 68- 9524ò
qpm zt bddi bsjef gsbdujpo gspn Psacalium decompositum jo n jdf / Kpvs. 9535/
obmpg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 7: - 318ò326/ Fsot u- F/- 2: : 8/ Qm bout x jui i zqphm zdf n jd bdujwjuz jo i vn bot / Qi z.
Bmbsd∂po.Bhvjm bs- G/K/- I f soboef { .Hbm jdjb- F/- Dbn qpt.Tf qvm wf eb- B/F/- upn f ejdjof 5- 84ò89/
Ypm bm qb.N pm job- T/- Sjwbt.Wjm di jt - K/G/- Wb{ r vf { .Dbsjm m p- M/J/- Spn bo. Gsbuj.N vobsj- B/D/- G∂ f soboef { .I bsq- K/B/- Cbö obmf t - N /- Bsj{b- S/- 2: 94/
Sbn pt - S/- 3113b/ Fwbm vbujpo pg ui f i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dupg Cucur- Ef dsf bt f e cm ppe hm vdptf boe jot vm jo cz opqbm)Opuntia t q/*/ Bsdi jwpt
bita cifolia Cpvdi f - )Dvdvscjubdf bf * jo ejggf sf ou f yqf sjn f oubmn pe. ef Jowf t ujhbdj p∂o/ N f∂ejdb N f∂yjdp 25- 37: ò385/
fm t / Kpvsobmpg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 93- 296ò29: / Gsbuj.N vobsj- B/- Rvjsp{ - K/- Bm ubn jsbop- Q/- Cbö obm f t - N /- Jtmbt .Boesbef -
Bmbsd∂po.Bhvjm bs- G/K/- Dbn qpt.Tf qvm wf eb- B/F/- Ypm bm qb.N pm job- T/- T/- Bsj{ b- S/- 2: 98/ Ui f f ggf du pg ejggf sf ou ept f t pg qsjdl m f z.qf bs
I f soboef {.Hbm jdjb- F/- Spn bo.Sbn pt- S/- 3113c/ I zqphm zdbf n jd dbduvt )Opuntia streptacantha Mf n bjsf * po ui f hm vdpt f upm f sbodf uf t u
bdujwjuz pg Ibervillea sonorae spput jo i f bm ui z boe ejbcf ujd n jdf boe jo i f bmui z joejwjevbm t / Bsdi jwpt ef Jowf t ujhbdj p∂o/ N f∂ejdb- N f∂yjdp 2: -
sbut / Qi bsn bdf vujdbmCjpm phz 51- 681ò686/ 254ò259/
Gsbuj.N vobsj- B/- Ef mWbm mf N bsu∂ınez, L.M., Ariza, C.R., Islas-Andrade, Mf pouj- N /- Wjcsbot - I /- Tujdi f s- P/- I f josjdi - N /- 3112/ Fui opqi bsn b.
T/- Di bwf {- B/- 2: 9: b/ I zqphm zdf n jd bdujpo pg ejgf sf ou ept f t gspn dpm phz pg ui f qpqpm vdb- N f∂yjdp; bo f wbm vbujpo/ Kpvsobmpg Qi bsn bdz
opqbm)Opuntia streptacantha Mf n bjsf * jo uzqf JJ ejbcf ujd qbujf out / boe Qi bsn bdpm phz 64- 2764ò277: /
Bsdi jwpt ef Jowf t ujhbdj p∂o/ N f∂ejdb N f∂yjdp 31- 2: 8ò312/ Mf pouj- N /- 3113/ N pl p0Mb Spt b Of hsb- Fui opcpuboz pg ui f Qpqpm vdb
Gsbuj.N vobsj- B/- Ef Mf p∂o- D/- Bsj{ b- S/- Cbö obmf t - N /- M∂pqf { - S/- Mp{ pzb- Wf sbdsv{ / N f∂yjdp/ Ejt t f subujpo Epdups pg ObuvsbmTdjf odf t/ Tx jtt
X., 1989b. Inuence of a dehydrated extract of the nopal (Opuntia Gf ef sbmJot ujuvuf pg Uf di opm phz )FUI *- [ vsjdi - : 1/
cus-indica N jm m/* po hm zdf n jb/ Bsdi jwpt ef Jowf t ujhbdj p∂o/ N f∂ejdb Mf ujujb- N /- Dvof - N d/- Ujn pui z- U/- 3113/ Boujpyjeboubdujwjuz jo n f ejd.
N f∂yjdp 31- 322ò327/ jobmqm bout bt t pdjbuf e x jui ui f t zn qupn t pg ejbcf uf t n f m mjuvt vt f e cz
Gsbuj.N vobsj- B/- Bm ubn jsbop- F/- Bsj{b- D/S/- Jt m bt .Boesbef - T/- Di bwf {- ui f Joejhf opvt Qf pqm f t pg ui f Opsui Bn f sjdbo cpsf bmgpsf tu/ Kpvsobm
B/- 2: 9: d/ I zqphm zdf n jd f ggf du pg Opuntia streptacantha Mf n bjsf pg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 93- 2: 8ò316/
x jui dsvef f yusbdut / Bsdi jwpt ef Jowf t ujhbdj p∂o/ N f∂ejdb N f∂yjdp 31- Mpsf od.L vcjt- B/- Mpqvt l b- B/- L bm jopx t l b- N /- 3112/ Jn n vopm phjdbm mz
432ò436/ sf m buf e m f dujot gspn t uf n t boe spput pgef wf m pqjoh t f f em joht pgCucur-
Gsbuj.N vobsj- B/- Mjdpob- S/- Bsj{ b- S/- M∂ pqf { - S/- Di bwf {- B/- 2: : 1/ bita cifolia: purication and some properties of root and stem lectins.
Ui f bdujpo pg Opuntia strepthacantha po i f bm ui z t vckf dut x jui Bdub Tpdjf ubujt Cpubojdpsvn Qpm pojbf 81- 42ò48/
joevdf e i zqf shm zdf n jb/ Bsdi jwpt ef Jowf t ujhbdj p∂o/ N f∂ejdb N f∂yjdp N bsm f t - S/K/- Gbsotx psui - S/M/- 2: : 6/ Boujejbcf ujd qm bout boe ui f js bdujwf
32- : : ò214/ dpot ujuvf out / Qi zupn f ejdjof 3- 248ò29: /
Gsbuj.N vobsj- B/- Hpsejm mp- C/- Bm ubn jsbop- Q/- Bsj{b- S/- Dpsuf {.Gsbodp- N bsu∂ınez, M., 1954. Plantas v∂ujm f t ef N f∂yjdp/ Cpubt - N f∂yjdp- 511/
R., Chavez-Negrete, R., Islas-Andrade, S., 1991a. Inuence of nopal N jt tpvsj CpubojdbmHbsef o- X 4 Uspqjdpt / 3115/ X f c qbhf bu; i uuq;00
joubl f vqpo gbt ujoh hm zdf n jb jo uzqf JJ ejbcf ujdt boe i f bm ui z t vckf dut / n pcpu/n pcpu/psh0X 4U0Tf bsdi 0wbt u/i un m)bddf t t f e N bzòKvm z 3115*/
Bsdi jwpt ef Jowf t ujhbdj p∂o/ N f∂ejdb N f∂yjdp 33- 62ò67/ Of x Zpsl - CpubojdbmHbsef o- 3115/ X f c qbhf bu; i uuq;00x x x /ozch/
Gsbuj.N vobsj- B/- E∂ıaz, X., Altamirano, P., Ariza, R., L∂ pqf { - S/- 2: : 2c/ psh0ct dj0sf t 0m vu30bhbsjt ub n f yjdbob/i un m)bddf t t f e N bz- 3115*/
Ui f f ggf du pg ux p tf r vf oujbmept f t pg Opuntia streptacantha vqpo Ov{ jm mbse- K/N /- Dpopm m
z- K/E/- Ef m boef - D/S/C/- [ f di f t .I bospu- N /- N f o.
hm zdf n jb/ Bsdi jwpt ef Jowf t ujhbdj p∂o/ N f∂ejdb N f∂yjdp 33- 444ò447/ Pm jwjf s- M/- 2: : : / Dpn qvuf s.bt t jt uf e t usvduvsbmf m vdjebujpo/ Bm l bmpjef t
Hbf edl f - Gsbvl f - Tuf joi pgg- C/- 3114/ I f scbmN f ejdjobmQspevdut / N f e. x jui b opwf mEjb{ b.bebn boubof t l f m f upo gspn ui f t f f et pg Acosmium
qi bsn - DSD- Tuvuuhbsu- Hf sn boz- q/ 288/ panamense )Gbcbdf bf */ Uf usbi f espo 66- 22622ò22629/
Heinrich, M., 1989. Ethnobotanik der Tieandmixe (Oaxaca, M∂ f yjdp* voe Qbm bdjpt .Sjpt - N /- 2: : : / Fr vjt f ubdf bf / Fo; S{f epx t l j- K/- ef S{ f epx t l j-
qi zupdi f n jt di f Vouf st vdi voh wpo Capraria biora M/ )Tdspqi vm bs. D/ )Fet /*- Gm psb ef mCbkjp z sf hjpot bezbdf ouf t / Jot ujuvup ef Fdpm ph∂ıa,
jbdf bf */ Ejtt f subujpof t Cpubojdbf Op/ 255/ Cf sm jo voe Tuvuuhbsu/ K/ N f∂yjdp- qq/ 2ò7/
Dsbn f s jo Hf cs/ Cpsousbf hf s Wf sm bht cvdi i em h/ Qf oojohupo- U/E/- Tbsvl i b ∂o- K/- 2: : 9/ Bscpm ∂ f t uspqjdbm f t ef N f∂yjdp/
I f josjdi - N /- 2: : 9/ Qm bout bt boujejbssi pf bm t jo n f ejdjof boe ejf u/ Jo; VOBN .GDF- N f∂yjdp- qq/ 267ò268/
I /E/W/ Qsf oef shbtu- O/M/ Ful jo- E/S/ I bssjt - boe Q/K/ I pvhi upo )f et/*/ Q∂
f sf { - H/- Pdf hvf eb- B/- N vop{- K/M/- Bwjm b- K/H/- N psspx - X /X /- 2: 95/
Qm bout gps Gppe boe N f ejdjof / Qspdf f ejoht gspn b kpjou n f f ujoh pg B t uvez pg ui f i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dupgt pn f N f yjdbo qm bout / Kpvsobm
ui f Tpdjf uz gps Fdpopn jd Cpuboz boe ui f Jouf sobujpobmTpdjf uz gps pg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 23- 364ò373/
Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz- Mpoepo- 2ò7 Kvm z 2: : 7/ SpzbmCpubojd Hbsef ot - Q∂
f sf { .Hvf ssf sp- D/N /- I f ssf sb- S/- Psuj{ - N /- Bm ∂ wbsf { ef - Tpupn bzps/-
L f x - VL - qq/ 28ò41/ Gf so∂ boef {- N /B/- 3112/ B qi bsn bdpm phjdbmt uvez pg Cecropia obtusi-
I f josjdi - N /- Sjn qm f s- I /- Boupojp- O/C/- 2: : 3/ Joejhf opvt qi zupui f sbqz folia Cf supm br vf pvt f yusbdu/ Kpvsobm pg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 87-
pghbt uspjouf t ujobmejt psef st jo b N jyf m px m boe dpn n vojuz/ Kpvsobmpg 38: ò395/
Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 47- 74ò91/ f sf { .Hvujf∂ssf { - S/N /- Q∂
Q∂ f sf { - T/- [ bwbm b- N /B/- Q∂ f sf { - T/D/- 2: : 7/ Fggf du
I f josjdi - N /- Cbsof t - K/ Hjccpot - T/- X jm mjbn t po- F/N /- 3115/ Gvo. pg Agarista mexicana boe Wf scf t job qf st jdjgpm jb po cm ppe hm vdpt f
ebn f oubm t pg Qi bsn bdphopt z boe Qi zupui f sbqz/ Mpoepo- Di vsdi jm m mf wf mpg opsn phm zdbf n jd boe bm mpybo.ejbcf ujd n jdf boe sbut / Qi z.
Mjwjohtupo- Fm t f wjf s- Fejocvshi - q/ 41: / upui f sbqz Sf t f bsdi 21- 462ò464/
I f n n f sm f - I /- Cvshf s- I /K/- Cf m px - Q/- Tdi vcf su- H/- Sjqqf m - S/- Tdi joem f s- f sf { .Hvujf∂ssf { - S/N /- Q∂
Q∂ f sf { - T/D/- Q∂ f sf { - T/- [ bwbm b- N /B/- 2: : 9b/ Fggf du
Q/X /- Qbvm vt - F/- I f sm joh- B/X /- 2: : 8/ Di m psphf ojd bdje boe t zoui f ujd pg Usjuf sqf opjet pg Bouvardia terniora po cm ppe tvhbs m f wf m
t pg ops.
di m psphf ojd bdje ef sjwbujwf t ; opwf mjoi jcjupst pg i f qbujd hm vdpt f . n bmboe bm mpybo ejbcf ujd n jdf / Qi zupn f ejdjof 6- 586ò589/
7.qi pt qi buf usbot m pdbtf / Kpvsobmpg N f ejdbmDi f n jtusz 51- 248ò f sf { .Hvujf∂ssf { - S/N /- [ bwbm
Q∂ b- N /B/- Q∂ f sf { - T/- Q∂
f sf { - D/- 2: : 9c/ Boujej.
256/ bcf ujd f ggf du pg dpn qpvoet jt pm buf e gspn qm bout / Qi zupn f ejdjof 6-
I f ssf sb.Bsf m mbop- B/- Bhvjm bs.Tboubn bsjb- M/- Hbsdjb.I f soboef {- C/- 66ò86/
Ojdbtjp.Upssf t - Q/- Upsupsjf m m
p- K/- 3115/ Dm jojdbmusjbmpg Cecropia f sf { .Hvujf∂ssf { - S/N /- Q∂
Q∂ f sf { .Hpo{ b∂m f {- D/- [ bwbm b.T∂ bodi f { - N /B/- Q∂ f sf { .
obtusifolia boe Marrubium vulgare m f bg f yusbdut po cm ppe hm vdpt f Hvuj∂ f ssf { - T/- 2: : 9d/ Bdujwjebe i jqphm vdf n jbouf ef Bouvardia terni-
boe t f svn m jqjet jo uzqf 3 ejbcf ujdt/ Qi zupn f ejdjof 22- 672ò ora- Brickellia veronicaefolia z Parmentiera edulis/ Tbm ve Qvcm jdb-
677/ N f∂yjdp 51- 465ò469/
Jon bo- X /E/- L joh- T/S/- Fwbot - K/M- Mvp- K/- 2: : 9/ Gvsbopf sf n pqi jm bof f sf { .Hvujf∂ssf { - S/N /- Q∂
Q∂ f sf { - D/- [ bwbm b- N /B/- Q∂ f sf { - T/- I f soboef { -
boe f sf n pqi jm bopm jef t f t r vjuf sqf of t gps usf bun f oupg ejbcf uf t Vojuf e I /- Mbhvof t - G/- 3111b/ I zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dut pg m bduvdjo.9.O.
Tubuf t Qbuf ou6-858-638/ n f ui zm bdszm buf pg Parmentiera edulis gsvju/ Kpvsobmpg Fui opqi bsn b.
Jt m
bt .Boesbef - T/- Sf wjm m
b.N pot bm wf - N /D/- Ef m b Qf oöb- K/F/- Qpm bodp- dpm phz 82- 4: 2ò4: 5/
B/D/- Qbm pn jop- N /B/- Wf m bt dp- B/G/- 3111/ Tusf qup{ pupdjo boe bm mpybo f sf { .Hvujf∂ssf { - S/N /- Df swbouf t - I /N /- [ bwbm
Q∂ b- B/- Tbodi f { - T/K/-
jo f yqf sjn f oubmejbcf uf t; Dpn qbsjt po pg ui f ux p n pef m t jo sbut / Bdub Q∂f sf { - T/- Q∂ f sf { - D/- 3111c/ Jt pm bujpo boe i zqphm zdbf n jd bdujwjuz pg
I jt updi f n jdb f u Dzupdi f n jdb 44- 312ò319/ 6-8-4 .usji zespyz.4-7-5 -trimethoxyavone from Brickellia veronicae-
L of l u- Q/- L vn qvm bjof o- K/- Kb™ swjof o- S/- Sjt t bof o- I /- I f m j p™
wbbsb- N /- gpm jb/ Qi zupn f ejdjof 8- 36ò3: /
Sf vobof o- B/- I bl vm jof o- U/- Bspn bb- B/- 3113/ Gm bwpopje joubl f boe f sf { .Hvujf∂ssf { - S/N /- Sbn ∂ırez, E., Vargas, R., 2001. Effect of Cirsium
Q∂
sjt l pg di spojd ejt f bt f t / Bn f sjdbo Kpvsobmpg Dm jojdbmOvusjujpo 87- pascuarense po cm ppe hm vdpt f m f wf m t pg opsn phm zdbf n jd boe bm m
pybo.
671ò679/ ejbcf ujd n jdf / Qi zupui f sbqz Sf t f bsdi 26- 663ò665/
L i pt b- S/M/- Qboebdz- W/C/- Tjohi - K/Q/- 2: 94/ Fyqf sjn f oubmt uvejf t po f sf { .Hvujf∂ssf { - S/N /- Wbshbt - S/- 3112/ Usjuf sqf of t gspn Bhbsjt ub n f y.
Q∂
Zizyphus rugosa )m bn * cbsl / Joejbo Esvht 31- 352ò354/ jdbob bt qpuf oujbmboujejbcf ujd bhf out / Qi zupui f sbqz Sf t f bsdi 27-
Mbn cb- T/T/- Cvdi - L /Z/- Mf x jt - I /- Mbn cb- K/- 3111/ Qi zupdi f n jdbm t bt 66ò69/
qpuf oujbmi zqphm zdbf n jd bhf out / Tuvejf t jo ObuvsbmQspevdut Di f n . Q∂
f sf { - T/- Q∂ f sf { - N /- Q∂ f sf { - D/- Wbshbt - S/- 2: : 3/ I zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf du
jt usz 32- 568ò5: 6/ pg Acrocomia mexicana L bsx / Qi zupo 64- 4: ò53/
Q∂
f sf { - T/H/- Qf sf { .Hvujf ssf { - S/N /- Q∂ f sf { - H/- [ bwbm b- D/T/- Wbshbt - S/- TTB- 3115/ Q∂ bhjob ef m b Tf dsf ubsjb ef Tbm ve- Hpcjf sop ef N f∂yjdp/ X f c
2: : 8/ Dpzpm pt b- b of x i zqphm zdf n jd gspn Acrocomia mexicana/ qbhf i uuq;00x x x /t t b/hpc/n y )bddf t t f e Kbovbsz 3115*/
Qi bsn bdf vujdt Bdub I f m wf ujbf 83- 216ò222/ Wf judi - O/- Hppex jo- C/M/- L juf - H/D/- Tjn n poet - N /T/K/- 2: : 8/ N f ui pyz.
Qvsevf Vojwf st juz- 3115/ X f c qbhf ; i uuq;00x x x /i psu/qvsevf /f ev0of x dspq0 mbuf e r vjopm j{ jejof bm l bm
pjet gspn Acosmium panamense/ Qi zupdi f n .
25: 30dvdvscjut /i un m)bddf t t f e N bz 3115*/ jt usz 56- 958ò961/
Sbokjui - X /I /- Ei bsn bsbuof - O/Q/- Ei bn n jl b- O/- Jl i m bt - B/L /- 3113/ Wf st qi pm - F/K/- 3113/ Sf dpn n f oef e uf t ujoh jo ejbcf uf t sf t f bsdi / Qm boub
L bwbm bdupof t gspn Piper methysticum- boe ui f js 24 D ON S t qf dusp. n f ejdb 79- 692ò6: 1/
t dpqjd bobm zt f t / Qi pupdi f n jt usz 6: - 53: ò544/ X jf ef ogf m e- I /- Boesbef .Df uup- B/- Qf∂sf { .Bn beps- N /D/- 3111/ Gm bwpopm
Sf wjm mb.N pot bm wf - N /D/- Boesbef .Df uup- B/- Jt m bt .Boesbef - T/- X jf ef o. hm zdptjef t gspn Equisetum myriochaetum/ Cjpdi f n jdbmTzt uf n bujdt
gf me- I /- 3113/ I zqphm zdf n jd f ggf dupgEquisetum myriochaetum bf sjbm boe Fdpm phz 39- 4: 6ò4: 8/
qbsut po uzqf 3 ejbcf ujd qbujf out / Kpvsobmpg Fui opqi bsn bdpm phz 92- X jf ef ogf m e- I /- Boesbef .Df uup- B/- 3114/ Qzspof hm zdpt jef t gspn Bdpt .
228ò231/ n jvn qbobn f ot f )Cf oui /* Zbdpwm f w/ [ f jutdi sjgu gvs Obuvsgpst di voh
Spn b∂o.Sbn pt - S/- Gm psf t .Tbf o{ - K/M/- Qbsujeb.I f so∂ boef {- H/- Mbsb. D.B/ Kpvsobmpg Cjptdjf odf t 69- 748ò74: /
Mf n vt - B/- Bm bsdpo.Bhvjm bs- G/- 2: : 2/ Fyqf sjn f oubmt uvez pg ui f X juuf st - M/- 3112/ Ui f cm ppn joh pg ui f Gsf odi m jm
bd/ Kpvsobmpg Dm jojdbm
i zqphm zdbf n jd f ggf dupg t pn f boujejbcf ujd qm bout / Bsdi jwpt ef Jowf t . Jowf t ujhbujpo 219- 2216ò2218/
ujhbdj p∂o/ N f∂ejdb- N f∂yjdp 33- 98ò: 4/ Word Health Organization, 1999. Denition, diagnosis and classication
Spn b∂o.Sbn pt - S/- Dpousf sbt .X f cf s- D/D/- Opi qbm .Hsbkf eb- H/- Gm psf t . pg ejbcf uf t n f m mjuvt boe jut dpn qm jdbujpot / Sf qpsu pg X I P dpot vm ub.
T∂bf o{ - K/M/- Bm bsdpo.Bhvjm bs- G/K/- 3112/ Cm ppe hm vdptf m f wf mef dsf bt f ujpo/ Hf of wb- q/ 77/
dbvt f e cz f yusbdut boe gsbdujpot gspn Lepechinia caulescens jo X pse I f bm ui Pshboj{ bujpo- 3115/ X f c qbhf i uuq;00x x x /x i p/psh )bddf t t f e
i f bmui z boe bm mpybo.ejbcf ujd n jdf / Qi bsn bdf vujdbmCjpm phz 4: - 428ò Kbovbsz 3115*/
432/ Zf i - H/Z/- Fjt f ocf sh- E/N /- L bqudi vl - U/K/- Qi jm m
jqt - S/T/- 3114/ Tzt uf n .
Ti bof .N d X i psuf s- M/- 3112/ Cjpm phjdbmdpn qm f n f oubsz ui f sbqjf t ; b gpdvt bujd sf wjf x pg i f sct boe ejf ubsz t vqqm f n f out gps hm zdf n jd dpouspmjo
po cpubojdbmqspevdut jo ejbcf uf t / Ejbcf uf t Tqf dusvn 25- 2: : ò319/ ejbcf uf t / Ejbcf uf t Dbsf 37- 2388ò23: 5/

Berberidaceae On Diabetes

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Berberidaceae On Diabetes

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     

Keywords:         

 Equisetum myriochaetum     

3. Ethnopharmacology of commonly used 3.1.3. Ethnobotany

      

3.1.6. Possible mechanism of action

bvui pst dpodm vef ; ï ui f n f ejbo m

3.6.1. Botanical description Ui f gsvjupgui f usf f jt sf qpsuf e up cf i zqphm zdbf n jd- i px .

)Bshvf ub- 2: : 5*/ Ui f qmboujt vt f e jo Hvbuf n bm

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