TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF MODEL AND SIMULATION

Name of School: AURORA POLYTHECNIC COLLEGE

Name of Student: RODGER CYRUS A. CESAR

Table of Contents

Learning Objectives

1.1-1 Classification of Models

Formal versus Informal Models

Physical Models versus Abstract Models

Descriptive Models

Analytical Models

Hybrid Descriptive and Analytical Models

Domain-Specific Models

System Models

Simulation versus Models

Descriptive Model Example with Explanation

Analytical Modeling Example with Explanation

2.1-1 Simulation Types

Manikin Simulation

Skills Training Simulation

Tissue-Based Simulation

Virtual Reality Simulation

Standardized Patient Simulation

3.1-1 References
Information Sheet 1.1-1

Learning Objectives

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, STUDENT MUST be able to UNDERSTAND that:

1. How classification of models can be useful for selecting the right type of model for the

intended purpose and scope.

2. How Descriptive Model Process explanation via example

3. How Analytical Model Process explanation via example

4. What is the Different types of Simulation

5. How the different types of Simulation Sample Process

Classification of Models

Formal versus Informal Models

Since a system model is a representation of a system, many different expressions that

vary in degrees of formalism could be considered models. In particular, one could draw a picture

of a system and consider it a model. Similarly, one could write a description of a system in text,

and refer to that as a model. Both examples are representations of a system. However, unless

there is some agreement on the meaning of the terms, there is a potential lack of precision and

the possibility of ambiguity in the representation.

The primary focus of system modeling is to use models supported by a well-defined

modeling language. While less formal representations can be useful, a model must meet certain

expectations for it to be considered within the scope of model-based systems engineering

(MBSE). In particular, the initial classification distinguishes between informal and formal
models as supported by a modeling language with a defined syntax and the semantics for the

relevant domain of interest.

Physical Models versus Abstract Models

A physical model is a concrete representation that is distinguished from the

mathematical and logical models, both of which are more abstract representations of the system.

The abstract model can be further classified as descriptive (similar to logical) or analytical

(similar to mathematical).

Descriptive Models

A descriptive model describes logical relationships, such as the system's whole-part

relationship that defines its parts tree, the interconnection between its parts, the functions that its

components perform, or the test cases that are used to verify the system requirements. Typical

descriptive models may include those that describe the functional or physical architecture of a

system, or the three dimensional geometric representation of a system.

Analytical Models

An analytical model describes mathematical relationships, such as differential

equations that support quantifiable analysis about the system parameters. Analytical models can

be further classified into dynamic and static models. Dynamic models describe the time-varying

state of a system, whereas static models perform computations that do not represent the time-

varying state of a system. A dynamic model may represent the performance of a system, such as
the aircraft position, velocity, acceleration, and fuel consumption over time. A static model may

represent the mass properties estimate or reliability prediction of a system or component.

Hybrid Descriptive and Analytical Models

A particular model may include descriptive and analytical aspects as described above,

but models may favor one aspect or the other. The logical relationships of a descriptive model

can also be analyzed, and inferences can be made to reason about the system. Nevertheless,

logical analysis provides different insights than a quantitative analysis of system parameters.

Domain-specific Models

Both descriptive and analytical models can be further classified according to the

domain that they represent.

 properties of the system, such as performance, reliability, mass properties, power,

structural, or thermal models;

 design and technology implementations, such as electrical, mechanical, and software

design models;

 subsystems and products, such as communications, fault management, or power

distribution models; and

 system applications, such as information systems, automotive systems, aerospace

systems, or medical device models.

The model classification, terminology and approach is often adapted to a particular

application domain. For example, when modeling organization or business, the behavioral model
may be referred to as workflow or process model, and the performance modeling may refer to

the cost and schedule performance associated with the organization or business process.

A single model may include multiple domain categories from the above list. For

example, a reliability, thermal, and/or power model may be defined for an electrical design of a

communications subsystem for an aerospace system, such as an aircraft or satellite.

System Models

System models can be hybrid models that are both descriptive and analytical. They

often span several modeling domains that must be integrated to ensure a consistent and cohesive

system representation. As such, the system model must provide both general-purpose system

constructs and domain-specific constructs that are shared across modeling domains. A system

model may comprise multiple views to support planning, requirements, design, analysis, and

verification.

Simulation versus Model

The term simulation, or more specifically computer simulation, refers to a method for

implementing a model over times. The computer simulation includes the analytical model which

is represented in executable codes, the input conditions and other input data, and the computing

infrastructure. The computing infrastructure includes the computational engine needed to execute

the model, as well as input and output devices. The great variety of approaches to computer

simulation is apparent from the choices that the designer of computer simulation must make,

which include
  stochastic or deterministic;

 steady-state or dynamic;

 continuous or discrete; and

 local or distributed.

Descriptive Model Example with Explanation

Descriptive modeling, or clustering, also divides data into groups. With clustering,

however, the proper groups are not known in advance; the patterns discovered by analyzing the

data are used to determine the groups. For example, an advertiser could analyze a general

population in order to classify potential customers into different clusters and then develop

separate advertising campaigns targeted to each group. Fraud detection also makes use of

clustering to identify groups of individuals with similar purchasing patterns.

Analytical Modeling Example with Explanation

The analytical models developed for the token bus will be presented in an order

reflecting an increasing degree of complexity and, consequently, a relaxation of the

corresponding mathematical assumptions. In each of the models, a steady state, constant message

size, and equal spacing between processors will be assumed. In addition, once the IU has been

given control of the bus, it will be assumed that the message buffer for the interface unit will be

emptied instantaneously onto the bus. The underlying specific assumptions in each case will be

clearly outlined.
Information Sheet 2.1-2

Simulation Types

Simulation technology provides health care professionals with the opportunity to

practice procedures and diagnostic methods on computer-based models in realistic clinical

scenarios. This gives clinicians hands-on experience and an added benefit of eliminating the risk

to an actual patient.

Manikin Simulation

Simulation technology provides health care professionals with the opportunity to

practice procedures and diagnostic methods on computer-based models in realistic clinical

scenarios. This gives clinicians hands-on experience and an added benefit of eliminating the risk

to an actual patient.
 Skills Training Simulation

Skills training simulation allows the student to practice basic skills on task trainers to

ensure patient safety and comfort. At OHSU, physicians and students attain individual

improvement from the ability to practice a variety of skills, such as suturing, dissection, and

pattern cutting, and allows physicians in training to improve their visual, tactile and coordination

skills. These training procedures range from the basics, such as drawing blood to more

sophisticated procedures, such as endovascular surgery and trauma care.

This type of training improves critical thinking, decision making, and clinical

techniques all without risk to a real patient.

 Tissue-Based Simulation

VSSTC in partnership with the Body Donation Program (human tissue) and other

industry partners (animal tissue) offers learners hi-fidelity hands-on technical training.

As learners advance in their training, they are exposed to a graduated level of

difficulty in their simulation curriculum. Moving from dry-lab task trainers to wet-lab

experiences ensures learners the opportunity to practice procedural skills outside of the clinical

environment. This not only benefits the learners but also ensures patient safety and quality

clinical care.
 Virtual Reality Simulation

Advances in healthcare technology have created new advantages and opportunities for

surgical simulations. The Virtual Simulation and Surgical Training Center has available three

instrumental simulators that help learners practice technical surgical skills and related activities

in a low risk simulated environment that is as close to real-life as possible without impacting

patient care or a patient health.

 Standardized Patient Simulation

The Standardized Patient Program at OHSU has over 70 Standardized Patients in the

program. This program offers live-action simulation in clinical scenarios where patient

communication is the primary focus. This type of simulation pairs technical skill with

experiential learning to help learners build crucial communication soft-skills necessary for

patient care while administering medical care.

In more complex simulation scenarios, a standardized patient can be paired with a

task trainer providing learners an opportunity to perform more invasive skills on the task trainer

instead of an actual person. This provides a more realistic experience for learners.

Standardized patients may also be "made-up" to simulate traumatic injuries (see

Moulage) or to more closely match the patient bio-demographics.

 References

https://www.sebokwiki.org/wiki/Types_of_Models#Formal_versus_Informal_Models

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/analytical-model

https://www.britannica.com/technology/data-mining

https://www.ohsu.edu/simulation/skills-training-simulation

https://www.ohsu.edu/simulation/tissue-based-simulation

https://www.ohsu.edu/simulation/manikin-based-simulation

https://www.ohsu.edu/simulation/standardized-patient-program