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New Terminologies

(write all the terminologies at the end of the pages in CH.6)


- Item analysis
- External validation
- Ogardus social distance scale
- Thurstone scale
- Likert scale
- Guttman scale

Practice to rank your universities, classes, or individuals base on IST


- Universities (colleges) at VNU
- FBA in UEB
- International Standard Program in FBA
- Groups in your class
- Individuals in your group

Chapter7: Probability Sampling


- Cluster (area)
Random
Sampling
Types of Sampling
- Probability Sampling
- Nonprobability Sampling

Two types of Sampling Methods


- Probability Sampling
The general term for samples selected in accord with probability theory,
typically, involving some random-selection mechanism.
- Nonprobability Sampling
Any technique in which sample are selected in some way not suggested by
probability theory.

Probability Sampling
- Multistage Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
- Accidental/ haphazard or convenience sampling

Considerations for choosing sample size


- The degree of precision required between the sample and population
+ Less precision = smaller sample
- Variability of the population
+ A more homogenous population requires a smaller sample
- Method of sampling
+ A stratified sample requires fewer cases for accuracy
- Way in which results will be analysed
+ A smaller sample puts limits on types of analyses possible.
Formulations
Sampling interval=
Population size/ Sample size
Sampling Ratio=
Sample size/ Population size

Chapter 8 What is Experiments?


- Experiments in Natural Sciences
- Experiments in Social Sciences
- Objects – Phenomena
- Things – Human
- ….
Definition
- An experiment is a mode of observation that enables researcher to
probe causal relationships. Many experiments in social research are
conducted under the controlled conditions of a laboratory, but
experimenters can also take advantage of natural occurrences to study
the effects of events in the social world.

Topics Appropriate for Experiments


- Experiments appropriate for hypothesis testing Ex
- Experiments in the study of small- group interaction Ex
- World- Wide- Web as a vehicle for conducting experiments Ex
Title
- Introduction
- Literature review
- Scope of the research
- Research methodology
- Content of the research ( CH1, Ch2, Ch3)
- Research outcome
- Conclusion

The Classical Experiment


- Independent & Dependent Variables
- Pretesting & Post- testing
- Experimental & Control Groups
- Double – blind Experiment

Selecting Subjects
- Probability Sampling
- Randomization
- Matching
- Matching or Randomization?
Variations on Experimental Design
- Pre- experimental Research Designs
- Validity Issues in Experimental Research
Alternative Experimental Settings
- Web-based Experiments
Ex: to find information of a person by key- word(s)
Natural Experiments in social Research
Ex: Fukushima disaster in Japan
Human behaviors – workers, people, children

What is Survey research?


- The methods for collecting data through surveys
- How to select an appropriate method
- How to use it
Topics Appropriate for servey research
- Questions
- Questionnaire
- Interview
- Computer- Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)
- Ex: TOEFL iBT : Internet – based Test
- ( test of English as a foreign language – internet – based test)
Guidelines for Asking Questions
- Choose appropriate questions
- Make Items clear
- Avoid double- barrel questions
- Respondents must be competent & willing to answer
- Questions should be relevant
Questionnaire Construction
- Purposes
- Targets
- Formats
- Questions order
- Questions instruction

Interview Surveys
- Interviewers:
Policeman, reporters, researchers,...
- Personal attitude
- Behavioral
- Targets
- Ethic and survey research
Good questions, Bad questions and Stupid questions
- Good questions
- Bad questions
- Stupid questions ( Bernard Shaw & Richman )
Practice of Survey research
- 8 groups standing for:
- Policeman
- Reporter
- Researcher
- Giving your questions
- Getting your answers
- Evaluating the results
Summary of the first half by survey research
- Research design
- Timetable
- Scale and typology
- Sampling
- Experiment

Qualtitative field research


What is field research?
- We do field research whenever we observe and participate in social
behavior and seek to understand social action and social situations.
What for?
- Leads to a deeper and fuller understanding of the phenomenon, when
we study it in its social context.
- Helps researchers recognize nuances of “ attitudes and behaviors” the
collectivity of social interaction as apposed to studying detached
variables.
- Helps study processes over time, when taken together with the
structure they are linked to.
Elements of social life appropriate to Field Research
1. Social Practices: Talking
2. Encounters: Meeting and interaction among people.
3. Roles and social types associated with those roles.
4. Small groups
5. Formal Organizations
6. Settlements and ‘habitats’ – small scale ‘ societies’
7. Social worlds of people
8. Subcultures and lifestyles
Reliability & Validity
Measurements should be
Reliable- consistency in measurement – objective
Valid – you are measuring what you are supposed to measure.
Researchers Relations to the Subject (things or people)
- How far of the distansce
- Your behaviors
- ......

Qualitative Filed Rresearch Paradigms


- Naturalism (positivism & interactionism )
- Ethnography: A study that focuses on detailed and accurate description
rather than explanation, preferably from an insiders point of view.
- Grounded theory
- Case studies
3. Grounded Theory Method
- Barney Glasser and Anselm strauss (1967)
- Inductive Theory building; building theory from data, from an analysis
of patterns, themes and common categories that are themselves discovered in
observational data. Hypothesis – no
- Think comparatively, multiple viewpoints, skepticism, follow
procedures involving comparison, sampling and asking questions, and
systematic coding.

Case Study and Extended


Case Study Method
- A case study focuses attention on a single instance of a social
phenomenon – cases need not be a place or a group of people, it can
also be a period of time.
- Case researchers seek an in depth idiographic understanding of the
particular case under examination.
- Extended case study: discoveering flaws in and then improving existing
theories, that are clearly stated before the investigation in order to fill
the “gaps and silences” in theory
- Cases cannot be generalized to the “whole”- have limited use other than
informing quantitative research based on probability samples.

Part 2: Practice

Interview.

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