INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Before understanding artificial intelligence, let’s have a look on one question
We can say that this one question changed the entire course of future technology

Here is the question which was arise in the mind of Alan Turing

Can machines think?

• During World War II, Alan Turing served the Allied forces by breaking German
military codes, particularly those used by the German navy, he was able to break
Nazi encryption machine Enigma and helping the Allied Forces win World War II

• Alan Turing changed history a second time with a simple question: "Can machines
think?"

What is artificial intelligence?

• It is the endeavour to replicate or simulate human intelligence in machines

• Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation
of intelligent machines that work and react like humans.
• AI can be divided in two parts as follows:

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Comparison of Human intelligence Vs Artificial intelligence

Human intelligence Artificial intelligence

Most intelligent creature on earth
Humans Speak & listen to communicate
through language
Humans Write & read in language
Humans see with their eyes and process
what they see
Humans recognise scene around them
through their eyes, which create images of
that world
Humans can understands their environment
and move around fluidly
Humans has ability to see patterns, such as a
grouping of several items
Human brain is a network of neurons and we
use this to learn new things
Replica of human intelligence
Field of speech recognition (part of
statistical learning)
Field of natural language processing (part
of statistical learning)
Field of computer vision (part of symbolic
learning)
Field of image processing
Field of robotics (part of symbolic
learning)
Field of pattern recognition, it can work
with more data and dimensions hence
better than human intelligence (part of
machine learning)
Layers of neuron networks, field of deep
learning

• If neurons use spatial information

to identify patterns/solve
classification problems, then they
are called as convolutional neural
networks
• Humans can remember stuff,
specialised neurons networks for
this are called as recurrent neural
networks

Humans can work with 1,2 or 3 dimensions It can work with 100s, 1000s and many
more dimensions

• Machine learning: it use to solve two different kind of problems

1. Classification
2. Prediction
• Symbolic learning: in this you teach the computer symbols that humans can
understand
• Statistical learning: in this you just feed it a lot of information and the computer
decides by itself what is important for making a decision and what’s not.

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Brief history of artificial intelligence

1943 first mathematic model for building a neural network was proposed by Warren
McCullough and Walter Pitts
1950 Introduction of turing test a method for determining if a machine is intelligent,
creation of SNARC, the first neural network computer
1952 Arthur Samuel develops a self-learning program to play checkers
1954 The Georgetown-IBM machine translation experiment automatically translates
60 carefully selected Russian sentences into English

1956 The word “artificial intelligence” given by john McCarthy

1966 First chatbot “ELIZA” developed by Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT
1969 Creation of “Shakey” - the first general purpose mobile robot
1991 U.S. forces deploy DART, an automated logistics planning and scheduling tool,
during the Gulf War
1997 IBM’s chess Super computer “deep blue” defeats world chess champion Garry
Kasparov
2002 Creation of first commercially successful robotic vacuum cleaner
2005 DAPRA organised race for autonomous vehicles
2011 IBM’s Cognitive computing engine Watson defeated champion players of the
TV game show Jeopardy!
2012 Researchers at Stanford and Google including publish a paper on Large Scale
Unsupervised Learning which was the first step towards building “artificial
brain”
2015 Machines defeated humans in recognizing and describing a library of 1,000
images in annual ImageNet challenge
2016 AlphaGo, created by Deep Mind (now a Google subsidiary) defeated world Go
champion Lee Sedol over five matches
2018 launch of Google spin-off Waymo’s self-driving taxi service in Phoenix, Arizona

Categories of AI
Artificial intelligence generally false under three broad categories:

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Narrow AI (ANI)
• Sometimes referred to as "Weak AI," this kind of artificial intelligence operates within a
limited context
• Narrow AI is the only type of AI we can achieve so far. It’s the type of intelligence that’s only
good for a certain task (or a few certain tasks)
• It’s sometimes referred to as “weak AI”, but not due to actually being weak — they’re just
not intelligent at a human, or near-human level
• Narrow, or weak AIs can still perform tasks that would take a regular human (or a team of
humans) years to achieve, even if they’re not good for anything else.
• A few examples of Narrow AI are:
1. Google search
2. Google translate
3. Google assistant
4. Google news
5. Apple’s SIRI
6. Alexa
7. IBM's Watson
8. Microsoft’s CORTANA
9. Image recognition software
10. Self-driving cars
11. Android phone apps
12. Social media sites
And many more are available in market

• General AI (AGI)
• Sometimes referred to as “strong AI” is the AI type that’s closest to human intelligence.
• So far it has been unachievable, even though it’s quite complicated to define what human
intelligence actually entails.
• General AIs would relate to their environment the same way a human would, they would be
able to perform various, sometimes simultaneous, tasks, just like we do.
• AGI is a machine with general intelligence and, much like a human being, it can apply that
intelligence to solve any problem
• Even though computers are millions of times better than us at analysing and processing raw
data, they’ve never been able of thinking abstractly or coming up with original ideas.
• AGI are available in sci-fi movies only

• Super AI (ASI)
• If narrow AI is a weak AI, and general AI is a strong, human-level AI, then it’s quite obvious
what a super AI Like the name indicates, a super AI would theoretically surpass human
intelligence in ways we can’t imagine.
• A super AI would be better than us at everything, from more academic and scientific efforts,
all the way to creative and social endeavours.
• Of course that if general AI is still an unattainable dream, super AIs won’t be coming any
time soon

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• A few examples of AGI & ASI from fictions sci-fi movies are:
1. Terminators
2. JARVIS from AVENGERS
3. ULTRON from AVENGERS
4. Allie from THE 100
5. Westworld
6. Star-Trek
7. Ex Machina
8. Star Wars
9. Alien
10. I-robot
11. Transcendence
And many more sci-fi movies

Artificial Intelligence Vs Machine Learning Vs Deep Learning

• Sometimes peoples get confused between AI, ML & DL, and thought that they are
same but they are totally different from each other

Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning

Set of algorithms and
intelligence to try to mimic
human intelligence, When
machines carry out tasks
based on algorithms in an
“intelligent” manner, that is
AI.
Machine learning is a subset
of AI and focuses on the
ability of machines to
receive a set of data and
learn for themselves,
changing algorithms as they
learn more about the
information they are
processing
This field is a special kind of
machine learning which is
inspired by the functionality
of our brain cells called
artificial neural network.
The neural networks
contain a number of hidden
layers through which the
data is processed, allowing
the machine to go "deep" in
its learning, making

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

connections and weighting

input for the best results.

• What is algorithm
• An algorithm is a set of rules to be followed when solving problems. In machine
learning, algorithms take in data and perform calculations to find an answer. The
calculations can be very simple or they can be more on the complex side.
• Algorithms should deliver the correct answer in the most efficient manner.
• Algorithm must be
1. Fast enough to analyse data then humans do
2. It should provide correct information

• Machine learning
• It is basically feeding data to a computer to train it.
• the machine — or, more specifically, the algorithm — improves itself based on the
data it has been fed and it learns
• Most machine learning requires constant input by humans
• It’s easy to understand machine learning if we think of an example
Think of a software built to predict the risk of fire in a given area.

This software predicts the possibility of a fire happening in the area based on the
data it has (stats from previous fires, correlations between temperature rise and fire,
etc.) — the more data you feed the system, the more accurate the model becomes.

The program learns and adjusts its model according to the data you provide.

As it fails to predict a fire, or as it successfully predicts it, you then feed that data
back into the system, allowing it to optimize itself and to become better at
predicting fires.

Another example is whenever you have to solve a picture-based Captcha those

where you’re asked to click on every car, or every street sign – you’re effectively
optimizing a system that recognizes the objects you’ve tagged

• In machine learning Training computers to think like humans is achieved partly

through the use of neural networks. Neural networks are a series of algorithms
modelled after the human brain. Just as the brain can recognize patterns and help us
categorize and classify information, neural networks do the same for computers. The
brain is constantly trying to make sense of the information it is processing, and to do
this, it labels and assigns items to categories. When we encounter something new,
we try to compare it to a known item to help us understand and make sense of it.
Neural networks do the same for computers

• Deep learning

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Deep learning goes yet another level deeper and can be considered a subset of machine
learning. The concept of deep learning is sometimes just referred to as "deep neural
networks," referring to the many layers involved. A neural network may only have a single
layer of data, while a deep neural network has two or more. The layers can be seen as a
nested hierarchy of related concepts or decision trees. The answer to one question leads to
a set of deeper related questions

• While machine learning mostly requires being fed labelled data, deep learning breaks
unlabelled data into smaller chunks and hierarchizes it, trying to figure out which parts are
more relevant to the task at hand.

• For instance, let’s say we want to differentiate pictures of squares from pictures of triangles.
• With machine learning we would need to tell the algorithm that squares have four sides
while triangles just have three.
• The algorithm would then look at the pictures provided, count the number of sides and sort
them accordingly.
• With a deep learning algorithm we wouldn’t need to tell the algorithm how many sides each
geometrical figure has.
• A deep learning algorithm would look at a square, break the square down into lines, count
the number of lines, figure out how each line relates to each other and then do the same to
the triangle, differentiating them.

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• It would move from the simpler task (breaking figures down into their basic components) to
the more complicated ones (telling them apart).
• After a while the algorithm would be able to instantly tell if new pictures were of triangles or
squares.
• Of course that for this to happen, deep learning algorithms need loads of data — way more
than regular machine learning algorithms.
• Data is at the Heart of the Matter, Whether you are using an algorithm, artificial
intelligence, machine learning or deep learning, one thing is certain if the data being used is
flawed, then the insights and information extracted will be flawed data cleansing is used to
avoid it

• What is data cleansing: “The process of detecting and correcting (or removing) corrupt or
inaccurate records from a record set, table, or database and refers to identifying incomplete,
incorrect or irrelevant parts of the data and then replacing, modifying or deleting the dirty or
coarse data.”

Applications of AI

• AI has been dominant in various fields such as –

• Gaming
• Natural Language Processing
• Expert Systems
• Vision Systems
• Spying and military applications
• Medical & Healthcare
• Speech Recognition
• Handwriting Recognition
• Intelligent Robots
• Entertainment
• Marketing
• E-commerce
• Telecommunications
• Finance

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Data security
• Manufacturing
• Automotive industry
• Education
• Human resources and recruiting
And many more

“Any problem which seems impossible to Resolve at this time, can be solved by the help of AI in the
future”

Peoples have different views on AI, some thought that it is good, while some says it is bad

❖ Here are the some quotes on AI

• Former US president Barrack Obama

“We’ve been seeing specialized AI in every aspect of our lives, from medicine and
transportation to how electricity is distributed, and it promises to create a vastly more
productive and efficient economy … But it also has some downsides that we’re gonna have
to figure out in terms of not eliminating jobs. It could increase inequality. It could suppress
wages.”

• Vladimir Putin – The Russian president

“Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russian, but for all of humankind. It comes
with colossal opportunities, but also threats that are difficult to predict. Whoever becomes
the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world.”

• Physicist Stephen Hawking

“The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race … it
would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever increasing rate. Humans, who are
limited by slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete, and would be superseded.”

• Elon Musk - Entrepreneur and technologist though a keen investor in AI technology

“I think we should be very careful about artificial intelligence. If I had to guess at what our
biggest existential threat is, I’d probably say that. So we need to be very careful.”

• Mark Zuckerberg - Facebook founder

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

“Whenever I hear people saying AI is going to hurt people in the future I think, yeah,
technology can generally always be used for good and bad and you need to be careful
about how you build it … if you’re arguing against AI then you’re arguing against safer
cars that aren’t going to have accidents, and you’re arguing against being able to better
diagnose people when they’re sick.”

Prepared & presented by: Ramesh gagal (AJ122673)

Designation & Dept.: procurement engineer – material dept.

Plant: Welspun steel ltd. - anjar

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY: RAMESH GAGAL (AJ122673), WELSPUN STEEL LTD. - ANJAR