DEFINITION OF HISTORY
According to Louis Gottschalk history is derived from the -In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters
greek word istola, meaning learning. As used by the greek philosopher
Aristotle, history meant a systematic phenomena whether or not
chronological factoring was a factor in the account. In the course of
time, the equivalent latin word Scientia (English, Science) came to bbe
used more regulary.
HISTORY study of beleifs, desires, practices and institutions of human
beings
HISTORIAN people or individual who critically studyhistory
Introduction: History as Reconstruction
-the historian is many times removed from the events under
investigation
-historians rely on surviving records
-“Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by
those who observed it; only a part of what was remembered was
recorded; only a part of what was recorded has survived; only a part
of what has survived has come to the historian’s attention.”
-“Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part of
what has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by the
historian.
What is the Historical Method?
-Historians have to verify sources, to date them, locate their place of
origin and identify their intended functions
-The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and
survivals of the past
Historical Sources
Sources – an object from the past or testimony concerning the past
on which historians depend in order to create their own depiction of
that past.
Tangible remains of the past
Written Sources
1. Published materials
-Books, magazines, journals, -Travelogue
-transcription of speech
2. Manuscript [any handwritten or typed record that has not been
printed]
-Archival materials -Memoirs, diary
Non - written Sources
-Oral history -Artifact
-Ruins -Fossils
-Art works -Videorecordings
-Audiorecordings
What are Primary Sources?
-Testimony of an eyewitness
-A primary source must have been produced by a contemporary of
the event it narrates
-A primary source is a document or physical object which was written
or created during the time under study.
-These sources were present during an experience or time period and
offer an inside view of a particular event.
-Primary sources are characterized by their content, regardless of
whether they are available in original format, in microfilm/microfiche,
in digital format, or in published format.
Four Main Categories of Primary Sources
1. Written sources 2. Images 3. Artifacts 4. Oral testimony
What are Secondary Sources?
-A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These
sources are one or more steps removed from the event.
-Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary
sources in them.
Examples: -History textbook -Printed materials (serials, periodicals
which interprets previous research)
What is Historical Criticism?
about its form and content must be settled
What is External Criticism?
-The problem of authenticity
-To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents
-To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation
Tests of Authenticity
1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are
anachronistic e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th Century
2. Determine the author e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
3. Anachronistic style e.g. idiom, ortography, punctuation
4. Anachronistic reference to events e.g. too early, too late, too
remote
5. Provenance or custody e.g. determines its genuineness
6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or word
7. Hermeneutics –determining ambiguities
What is Internal Criticism?
-The Problem of Credibility
-Relevant particulars in the document – is it credible?
-Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from a critical
examination of best available sources
Tests of Credibility
1. Identification of the author e.g. to determine his reliability; mental
processes, personal attitudes
2. Determination of the approximate date e.g. handwriting, signature,
seal
3. Ability to tell the truth e.g. nearness to the event, competence of
witness, degree of attention
4. Willingness to tell the truth e.g. to determine if the author
consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods
5. Corroboration i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest upon the
independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses
Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking
1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
2. Sensitivity to Context
3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human
affairs
The Magellan’s expedition (the first circumnavigation of the world)
-Also known as “Magellan-El Cano Circumnavigation.”
- The first voyage around the world in human history. It was a
Spanish expedition that sailed from Seville in 1519 under the
command of Ferdinand Magellan.
-A major breakthrough in perception of the Europeans towards world
geography.
-The objective was to discover the alternate path to Moluccas
because of 1494’s Treaty of Tordesillas, a decree from Pope Alexander
VI that had essentially divided the world in half between the Spanish
and the Portuguese.
-Lasted for 3 years (1519-1522)
- Chronicled by Antonio Pigafetta.
Ferdinand Magellan
• Portuguese explorer who sailed, under Spain, to reach Moluccas
without crossing Portuguese territory.
• Proposed an alternate route to Moluccas by sailing west and an
Atlantic passage to the Pacific could be found.
• Discovered Philippines (named it Archipelago of St. Lazarus)
• Introduced Christianity in the Philippines.
Preparation: The Fleet
-September 20, 1519 - a royal commission was sent, allowing
Magellan to head the expedition.
-The Spanish Armada de Molucca consisted of five ships with 237
men:
-Santiago under Juan Rodriguez Serrano.
-San Antonio under Juan de Cartageña;
-Concepcion under Gaspar de Quesada;
-Trinidad (flagship) under Ferdinand Magellan Captain General
-Victoria under Louis de Mendoza;
Preparation: the Crew
-The crew of about 237 men from several nations: including
Portuguese, Spanish, Italians, Germans, Flemish, Greeks, English and
French.
-Spanish authorities were wary of Magellan, so that they almost
prevented him from sailing, switching his mostly Portuguese crew to
mostly men of Spain. Nevertheless, it included about 40 Portuguese,
among them Magellan's brother-in-law Duarte Barbosa, João Serrão,
a relative of Francisco Serrão, Estêvão Gomes and also Magellan's
indentured servant Enrique of Malacca.
- Juan Sebastián del Cano, a Spanish merchant ship captain settled at
Seville, embarked seeking the king's pardon for previous misdeeds.
-Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian scholar and traveller, had asked to be
on the voyage accepting the title of "supernumerary" and a modest
salary, becoming a strict assistant of Magellan and keeping an
accurate journal.
-The only other sailor to report the voyage would be Francisco Albo,
who kept a formal logbook.
-Juan de Cartageña was named Inspector General of the expedition,
responsible for its financial and trading operations.
Strait of Magellan and Pacific Ocean
-After Santiago was shipwrecked, four ships began an arduous trip
through the 373-mile (600 km) long passage which Magellan called
the Estrecho (Canal) de Todos los Santos, ("All Saints' Channel"),
because the fleet travelled through it on 1 November or All Saints'
Day. The strait is now named the Strait of Magellan. Magellan first
assigned Concepcion and San Antonio to explore the strait, but the
latter, commanded by Gómez, deserted and returned to Spain on 20
November.
-On 20th of November the three remaining ships entered the South
Pacific. Magellan named the waters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean)
because of its apparent stillness. Magellan and his crew were the first
Europeans to reach Tierra del Fuego just east of the Pacific side of the
strait.
Arrival in the Philippines
-Arrival to Marianas and Guam
-March 17, 1521, sighted Samar, part of a group of islands they
called Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
-reached the island of Homonhon in the Philippines, (their first
meeting with the Filipinos)
-March 31, 1521 - First Catholic mass in Limasawa (Easter Sunday).
-April 1, 1521 – Arrival in Cebu, cordial relations with Raja Humabon
(conversion of 800 natives with Humabon, his wife and daughter to
Christianity), establishment of the Magellan’s Cross.
-April 27 – in a war with Lapu-lapu, chief of Mactan and Humabon’s
enemy, was fatally wounded with a poisoned arrow thus causing his
men to retreat.
Timeline
1519
-August 10: Departure from Seville.
-September 20: Departure from Sanlúcar de Barrameda.
-December 13: Entering the bay of Rio de Janeiro.
-December 27: Departure from Rio de Janeiro.
1520
-January 10: Entering the Río de la Plata.
-February 27: Entering Bahia de los Patos.
-March 31: Beginning of the overwintering stay at Puerto San Julián.
-April 1 and 2: Mutiny on Victoria, Concepcion and San Antonio;
death of Louis de Mendoza. Later execution of de Quesada,
marooning of de Cartagena. Alvaro de Mesquita becomes captain of
San Antonio, Duarte Barbosa of Victoria.
-End of April: Santiago was sent on a mission to find the passage.
The ship was caught in a storm and wrecked. Survivors return to
Puerto San Julián. Serrano becomes captain of the Concepcion.
-July: Encounters with the “Patagonian giants” (likely Tehuelche
people).
-August 24: Departure from Puerto San Julián.
-October 11: Arriving at the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Virgins,
entry to what would be known as Strait of Magellan.
-End of October: San Antonio, charged to explore Magdalen Sound,
fails to return to the fleet, instead sailed back to Spain under
Estêvão Gomes who imprisoned the captain de Mesquita. The ship
arrived in Spain on May 21, 1521.
-November 28: The fleet left the strait and entered the Pacific
Ocean.
1521
-March 6: Guam.
-March 17: Arrival at Suluan in the Philippines.
-April 7: Cebu.
-April 27: Death of Magellan participating in the Battle of Mactan.
Serrano and Barbosa were voted co-commanders.
-May 1: At a local banquet Barbosa was murdered and Serrano
captured, later killed. The three remaining ships escaped.
-May 2: There were not enough men to handle three ships, thus the
worm infested.
-Concepcion was burned down. Two ships remained: Victoria and
Trinidad. Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa became captain of the
Victoria.
-Joao Lopez Carvalho was Captain General. The ships sailed to
Mindanao and Brunei.
-September 21: Carvalho was replaced by Martin Mendez as Captain
General, Espinosa became captain of the Trinidad and Juan
Sebastián del Cano captain of the Victoria.
-November 8: Arrived at Tidore in the Moluccas.
-December 21: Victoria under the command of Elcano left the
Moluccas to return home sailing west towards the Cape of Good
Hope. Trinidad remained at Tidore for repair.
1522
-January 25: Victoria reaches Timor and started to cross the Indian
Ocean.
-April 6: Trinidad under the command of Espinosa left the Moluccas
heading home sailing east. After five weeks, Espinosa decided to
return to the Moluccas where he and his ship were captured by a
Portuguese fleet under Antonio de Brito.
-May 22: Victoria passed the Cape of Good Hope and entered the
Atlantic Ocean.
-July 9: Reaching Santiago, Cape Verde.
-September 6: Victoria returned to Sanlucar, completing the
circumnavigation.
-September 8: Victoria arrived in Seville.
Return and legacy
-The circumnavigation was completed by one ship, the Victoria,
under the command of Juan Sebastián el Cano and a crew of 18
men.
-Antonio Pigafetta's journal is the main source for much of what we
know about Magellan and el Cano's voyage. The other direct report
of the voyage was that of Francisco Albo, last Victoria's pilot, who
kept a formal logbook.
Significance of the Magellan’s Expedition
-The main significance of his voyage was that he showed it was
possible to sail around the world, and left a record of how to do it.
-Magellan’s voyage vastly increased the geographical knowledge of
mankind and proved once and for all that the earth is round.
-Considering the inadequacy of marine instruments at that time,
Magellan´s voyage can be considered as the greatest single trip ever
undertaken. In terms of the hardships the men endured and the
courage they displayed, Magellan’s maritime exploit has perhaps
never been surpassed. The route he took to reach the Philippines was
entirely new, and the Venetian monopoly of the trade route to the
east was thus broken. Spain became the supreme power in the
building of a colonial empire.
-His discovery of the Philippines brought the archipelago into the
awareness of Europe.
-Finally, the voyage paved the way to Spanish colonization and
Christianization of the Philippines. The later voyages of Fernando de
Villalobos and Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, to a certain extent, owed
their success to Magellan’s epochal voyage to the Far East.
-From the point of view of the Filipinos, Magellan’s expedition was
significant because it paved the way for contacts between the
Philippines and western civilization.
Customs of the Tagalogs
Las Costumbres de los Indios Tagalos de Filipinas
By: Juan de Plasencia
Juan de Plasencia
-Born in the 15th century to the illustrious family of the Portocarreros
in Plasencia in the region of Extremadura, Spain.
-His real name is Joan de Puerto Carrero, delconvento de Villanueva
de la Serena
-He was a Spanish Friar of the Franciscan order.
-He was said to have been inspired to become a Franciscan because
of his upbringing spent during a spiritual and religious resurgence
affected by Spain’s Siglo de Oro.
-Well reputed as the one who took the leading role in fostering the
spread of primary education.
-Converted natives, taught catechisms, and organized towns and
barangays in the Philippines.
-Promoted the understanding of both the Spanish language among
the natives, and the local languages among the missionaries, to
facilitate the task of spreading Christianity.
-Initiated the Reduccion Policy - Policy to reduce or resettle natives in
central locations
-Some of his works aimed to put an end to some injustices being
committed against the natives by certain government officials.
Arrival in the Philippines
-Came with the first batch of Franciscan missionaries in the
Philippines on 2nd of July 1578.
Life in the Philippines
-Started preaching in Laguna de Bay and Quezon areas as early as two
months upon arrival in Manila.
-He also preached in provinces of Bulacan and Rizal.
-He was elected as the custos of the friars in May 23, 1584 and held it
until 1588.
-Passed away in Liliw, Laguna in the year 1590.
Literary Works
-Arte de la Lengua (Art of Language)
-Vocabulario
-Coleccion de frases tagala (Collection of Tagalog Phrases)
-Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana (1581)
--Translated the Christian Doctrines in Tagalog
-Diccionario Tagalog (1580)
-La Santina (1585) - Opus on prayer and meditation
-Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos (1589) – First Civil Code
of the Philippines
-Customs of the Tagalogs
Historical Background of the Document
-Customs of the Tagalogs is a part (either chapters or subsections) of
longer monographs written by the chroniclers of the Spanish
expeditions to the Philippines during the early 16th and 17th
centuries. They appeared initially in Blair and Robertson’s 55 volumes,
The Philippine Islands (1903) and in the Philippine Journal of Sciences
(1958).
Content
DATUS – the chief who governed the people and captains in their wars
whom they obeyed and revered.
BARANGAY – a family of parents and children, relations and slaves.
THE THREE CASTES (Social Classes)
-NOBLES - COMMONERS - SLAVES
Mode of Dressing:
Male - Headgear is called Putong (symbolizes the number of persons
the wearer had killed) - (Upper) a jacket with short sleeves called
kanggan. - (Lower) bahag
Female - (Upper) Baro or Camisa - (Lower) Saya
Ornaments:
A decorative object or detail that adds quality or distinction to a
person, place or thing.
Government:
-The unit of government is called Barangay ruled by a chieftain, and
consist of 30 to 100 families together with their relatives and slaves.
Administration of Justice: The chieftain’s executive function includes
implementing laws, ensuring order and giving protection to his
subject. Disputes between individuals were settled by a court made
up of the chieftain and council of elders.
Inheritance:
-The 1st son of the barangay chieftain inherits his father’s position; if
the 1st son dies, the 2nd son succeeds their father; in the absence of
male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that becomes the chieftain.
Slaves - A person becomes slave
(1) by captivity in war, (2) by reason of debt, (3) by inheritance,
(4) by purchase, and (5) by committing a crime.
Slaves can be emancipated through:
(1) by forgiveness, (2) by paying debt,
(3) by condonation, and (4) by bravery (where a slave can possibly
become a Datu) or (5) by marriage.
Marriage Customs:
-Men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are called
Asawa
-Courtship begins with Paninilbihan
Prior to marriage the man requires to give a dowry:
(1) Bigay- kaya (a piece of land or gold);
(2) Panghihimuyat (a gift for the brides parents);
(3) Bigay-suso (for bride’s wet nurse).
-Marriage between couples belonging to different social classes were
not common.
Several grounds of divorce were:
(1) Adultery, (2) Abandonment on the part of the husband,
(3) Cruelty, and (4) Insanity.
Religious Beliefs:
They worship many gods and goddesses:
(1) Bathala, supreme being;
(2) Idayanale, god of agriculture;
(3) Sidarapa, god of death;
(4) Agni, god of fire;
(5) Balangaw, god of rainbow; (6) Mandarangan, god of war;
(7) Lalahon, god of harvest; and
(8) Siginarugan, god of hell.
-They also believe in sacred animals and tress.
Superstitious Beliefs:
-They believe in aswang, dwende, kapre, tikbalang, patyanak/tiyanak.
-They also believe in magical powers of amulets and charms such as
anting-anting, kulam and gayuma or love potion.
Economic Life:
-Agriculture in the plain lands: planting of rice, corn, banana, coconut,
sugar canes and other kinds of vegetable and fruits.
-Hunting in high lands.
-Fishing in river banks and sea.
-Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining and lumbering.
-Domestic trade of different barangays by boat.
-Domestic trade of different barangays by boat.
-Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, China, Japan, Cambodia,
Java, and Thailand.
Language and System of Writing
Major languages:
-Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,
Magindanaw and Samarnon these languages originated from the
Malayo-Polenisian language.
System of writing:
-The alphabets consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants called
Baybayi.
-They used tap of tress as ink and pointed stick as pencil. They wrote
on large plant leaves, bark of a tree or bamboo tubes
THE KATIPUNAN
Andres Bonifacio
-Supremo
-the founder and the third leader of the Katipunan
-On the night of July 7, 1892 at Deodato Arellano’s house at No.72
Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo,
Manila.
-Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga mga Anak ng
Bayan (Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of the People).
-a secret revolutionary society which was modelled in part on
Masonic Order.
-Known as K.K.K. or Katipunan, dedicated to national independence
through armed revolution.
-The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, signed their
membership papers with their own blood.
-The Triangle Method was utilized in recruiting the members.
-A payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte (twenty-five
centavos) and monthly due of medio real (twelve centavos).
The Triangle method
Two-tier sanggunian structure
-The triangle method was abolished in December 1892.
-The neophyte was made to swear to guard the secrets of the society.
-The Katipunan was a government itself with a constitution
promulgated in 1892, and another constitution replacing the first one
in 1894.
-The central government of the Katipunan was vested in a
Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council).
Province – Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)
Town – Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council)
Judicial power Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council)
Three Grades of Membership in the Katipunan
1. KATIPUN (associate) - wore black mask at the Katipunan meetings
Password: Anak ng Bayan (Sons of the People)
2. KAWAL (soldier) - wore green mask
Password: GOM-BUR-ZA
3. BAYANI (patriot) - wore red mask
Password: RIZAL
First Election the Supreme Council (1892)
President DEODATO ARELLANO Comptroller ANDRES BONIFACIO
Fiscal LADISLAO DIWA Secretary TEODORO PLATA
Treasurer VALENTIN DIAZ
Women Chapter of the Katipunan (The La Semilla)
Members:
-Gregoria De Jesus - Bonifacio’s wife, the Lakambini of the Katipunan
-Benita Rodriguez - the wife of Katipunero Restituto Javier
-Josefa and Trinidad Rizal - sisters of Dr. Jose Rizal
-The La Semilla was born during the presidency of Roman Basa
(second president) in July 1893.
-Josefa Rizal was elected president of the women’s chapter.
-On February 1893 Bonifacio deposed Arellano as president of the
Katipunan.
-Early in 1895, Bonifacio realized that Roman Basa was as ineffective
as Deodato Arellano.
-Bonifacio became the elected Supremo of the Katipunan.
-Bonifacio requested Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de
Jesus, made a flag, which consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth
with three white K’s arranged horizontally at the center.
The first official flag of the society.
-Emilio Jacinto decided to make a primer to teach the members of the
ideals of the Katipunan.
-The Kartilla was born.
- A word adopted from the Spanish cartilla.
-It meant a primer for grade school students.
EMILIO JACINTO
-He was born on December 15, 1875.
-District of Trozo, Tondo, Manila.
-Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon
Education:
-He took up his secondary education at Colegio de San Juan de Letran.
-He took up Law at the University of Santo Tomas.
-He joined the Katipunan in 1894 at the age of 18.
-He used the name “Pingkian” in the Katipunan.
-His pen name in the Kalayaan, the official organ of the Katipunan was
“Dimas Ilaw.”
Activities in the Katipunan:
-Secretary -Fiscal -Editor -Appointed General by Bonifacio in 1897.
-Adviser of Bonifacio
-He died on April 16, 1899 at the age of 24.
-The cause of his death was malaria, which he had contracted while
in Majayjay, Laguna.
About the Text: The Kartilla
-The best known of all Katipunan texts. (Jim Richardson)
-The only document of any length set in print by the Katipunan prior
to August 1896 that is known to be still extant.
-It presents not only the teachings of the neophyte Katipunero but
also the guiding principles of the society.
-These teachings are expected from the members even after the
attainment of freedom from the colonizers.
-The Kartilya was not just a document for the Katipunan.
-Its importance today is predicated on the teachings that embodied
the moral and nationalistic principles of a nation that fought for
independence.
-These principles are relevant as the sense of nationhood still holds
true when the cultural and historical values of every Filipino are
threatened by the onslaught of foreign influences brought about by
today’s globalization.
The 13 Teachings of the Katipunan
1. Life which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a
tree without a shadow, if not a poisonous weed.
2. A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit and not
from a desire to do good is not kindness.
3. True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one’s
fellowmen and in adjusting every movement, deed and word to true
reason.
4. All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white. One may
be superior to another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty, but cannot
be superior in being.
5. He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who is mean
prefers personal profit to honor.
6. To a man with a sense of shame his word is inviolate.
7. Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be recovered, but time lost
will never come again.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
9. An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how
to keep the secrets that must be guarded.
10. In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children;
if he who guides moves toward evil, they who are guided likewise
move toward evil.
11. Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away with time,
but as a helper and partner in the hardships of life. Respect her in her
weakness and remember the mother who brought you into this world
and who cared for you in your childhood.
12. What you do not want done in your wife, daughter and sister, do
not do to the wife, daughter and sister of another
13. The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in the
highness of the nose and the whiteness of the skin, nor in being a
priest representing god, nor in the exalted position on this earth, but
pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the woods is
possessed of an upright character; who is true to his word; who has
dignity and honor; who does not oppress and does not help those
who oppress; who knows how to look after and love the land of his
birth.
-When these doctrines spread and the sun of beloved liberty shines
with brilliant effulgence on these unhappy isles and sheds its soft rays
upon the limited people and brothers in everlasting happiness, the
lives, labors, and sufferings of those who are gone shall be more than
recompensed. (Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People,
Quezon City: Malaya Books, 1970, p. 181).
Relevance of the kartilya
-The current relevance of the Kartilya lies in the fact that it established
not only the rules for the members of the organization but the
principles for the citizens of a nation once independence had been
achieved.
-The Kartilya is significant to the lives of modern Filipino as it reads
like a simple creed for living in the light of the many changes occurring
at present.
THE ACT of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino people
Emilio F. Aguinaldo
Historical Context
December 14, 1897
-The Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed.
-It created a truce between Spanish Colonial Governor General
Primo de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine
Revolution.
- (First Phase of Revolution Ended)
The result of the Pact:
-Voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his men to Hongkong.
- Spaniards paid an indemnity for the damages caused as a result of
the conflict.
The Spanish-American War (1898)
The United States Becomes A World Power
Spanish-American War
-Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore where he had negotiations
with the American consul general Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, regarding the
Americans’ offer to support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards.
-Spencer advised Aguinaldo to meet Commodore George Dewey.
-George Dewey, commander of the Asiatic Fleet, had already left for
the Philippines to attack the Spanish fleet following America’s
declaration of war against Spain.
- It started on April 25, 1898 and ended on August 12, 1898.
Factors that contributed to the United States’ decision to open
hostilities.
-The Cuban struggle for independence.
-The efforts of the Americans to extend influence overseas.
-The sinking of the U.S. warship Maine.
The Battle of Manila Bay began on May 1, 1898.
-Admiral Patricio Montojo of the Spanish forces incurred heavy
casualties with 160 of his men killed and 210 wounded.
-The Spanish forces consisting of 12 ships, including the flagship Reina
Castilla were subdued.
-The U.S. naval squadron had no fatal casualties
Aguinaldo remained in Hongkong and met with the American Consul
General Rounseville Wildman.
-Aguinaldo paid Wildman a total of 117,000 to purchase rifles and
ammunition.
-The first shipment worth 50,000 was made but the other half was
never delivered.
-Wildman never returned the money given to him.
May 19, 1898
-Aguinaldo finally returned to the Philippines on board the U.S.
cruiser McCulloch.
-Aguinaldo conferred with Dewey on Philippine conditions and was
supplied with arms captured from the Spaniards.
-Aguinaldo announced the resumption of the revolution against the
Spaniards (Second phase of the revolution)
May 24, 1898
Aguinaldo announced the creation of the dictatorial government.
By the end of May
Aguinaldo was in command of 12,000 troops.
May 28, 1898
Aguinaldo’s new army repulsed the Spanish marines at Alapan, a
barrio in Imus, Cavite.
The Philippine Flag (The Sun and Stars Flag) was first unfurled in the
Battle of Alapan.
June 12, 1898
Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spanish rule.
The “Marcha Nacional Filipina” composed by Julian Felipe was
played by the Banda de San Francisco de Malabon.
About the Author
-Born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite.
-The second to the youngest of eight children of Carlos Aguinaldo
and Trinidad Famy.
-Carlos Aguinaldo was gobernadorcillo for several times and died in
1883.
-Emilio assisted his mother in the family business.
-Aguinaldo became capitan municipal of Kawit in 1894.
-He joined the Katipunan in the name Magdalo.
THE MAGDALO vs. THE MAGDIWANG
MAGDALO COUNCIL
-It was headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo’s cousin).
-They believed that with the outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan
had ceased to be a secret society and therefore should be replaced
with a new one.
-It was based in Imus, Kawit, Cavite.
MAGDIWANG COUNCIL
-It was headed by Mariano Alvarez (uncle of Gregoria de Jesus).
There was no need to create a new revolutionary government.
-It was based in Noveleta, Cavite.
March 22, 1897
Pamahalaang Panghihimagsik
Barrio Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon
President: Emilio Aguinaldo
V. President: Mariano Trias
Capt. General: Artemio Ricarte
Director of War: Emilio Riego de Dios
Director of the Interior: Andres Bonifacio
-Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio’s election.
Bonifacio felt insulted.
He declared the election null and void.
-The Magdalos, however, considered the election binding and the
new government was founded.
-Aguinaldo took his oath of office at the Catholic Church of Santa
Cruz de Malabon (Tanza) together with other newly elected officials.
March 23, 1897
-Bonifacio gathered his followers and drafted a document called
Acta de Tejeros.
-It was signed by Bonifacio and 44 other plotters.
The Acta de Tejeros
- is a document that rejected the revolutionary government of
Aguinaldo.
The following became the bases for rejection of the revolutionary
government of Aguinaldo:
1. The Tejeros Assembly lacks legality
2. There was Magdalo conspiracy to oust Bonifacio from leadership
3. The elections of officials was fraudulent
4. Actual pressure has been brought upon the presidency.
Naic Military Pact
-another document that rejected the Aguinaldo’s presidency.
- it was signed by 41 men including Bonifacio, Ricarte, Pio del Pilar,
and Severino delas Alas.
An army corps under the command of Gen. Pio del Pilar was created.
Bonifacio was arrested.
His case together with his brother Procopio evolved quite rapidly
after a Council of War headed by Gen. Mariano Noriel.
They were given the penalty of death.
The charges were:
1. Treason
2. Conspiracy to assassinate Pres. Aguinaldo
3. Bribery
May 10, 1897
-Gen. Mariano Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Makapagal to release
the Bonifacio brothers from prison.
-He ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio.
-Andres and his brother were executed at Mount Nagpatong,
Maragondon.
About the Text
-June 10, 1896
Emilio Aguinaldo issued a sentence decree appointing his Auditor
General of War Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, as
a “special commissioner” to write the Act of the Declaration of the
Independence.
THE ACT OF PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE is…
A sixteen-page document that contained:
1. The aspirations of freedom from Spanish rule
2. The sacrifices made
3. And the revolution that resulted from it.
-The actual author was Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and the initiator
was Emilio Aguinaldo.
Summary:
- At the town of Kavite-Viejo province of Cavite on June 12, 1898
- War Counselor and Special Delegate, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
proclaimed and solemnized the Declaration of Independence and by
decree of Dictator Emilio Aguinaldo.
- He mentioned the military chiefs and armies who could not attend
and the representatives of different towns.
Causes
- The people of this country are already tired of bearing the ominous
yoke of Spanish domination.
- Arbitrary arrests and abuses of civil guards.
- Deaths in connivance
- Unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos
- The people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi, Ferdinand Magellan and others.
- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi occupied Cebu Island by means of Pact of
Friendship with Chief Tupas.
- Taking possession of the city and the whole archipelago in the
name of Spain by virtue of an order by King Philip II.
-Unjust execution of Rizal and others who were sacrificed in order to
please the friars for vengeance against and extermination of all
those who oppose their Machiavellian ends.
- GOMBURZA were hanged due to the intrigues of these so-called
Religious corporations.
In International Law, the prescription established by law to legalize
the vicious acquisition of property is not recognized.
Effects:
-Started a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain
independence.
-The Pact of Biak-na-Bato proposed by Don Pedro Paterno with
Aguinaldo as President of the Republic and accepted by Governor-
General Fernando Primo de Rivera both written and oral.
-After the destruction of the Spanish squadron by the North
American Navy, and bombardment of the plaza of Cavite, Aguinaldo
returned to initiate a new revolution and several towns anticipated.
-Revolutionary movement spreading like wildfire coming from
Cavite, Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna and Morong.
-Spanish contingent of 178 men between Imus and Kavite-Viejo
under the command of a major of the Maritime Infantry
surrendered.
Treaty of Paris of 1898
- Agreement that Spain relinquished the remaining Spanish empire
especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam and the Phlippines to
the United States.
- The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million
from United States to Spain.
The Philippine Flag
Symbols:
The three stars
- symbolizes Luzon, Mindanao and Panay.
The sun
- symbolizes the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country
towards the path of progress and civilization.
The eight rays of the sun
-symbolize the 8 provinces that fought against the Spanish
government: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
Tarlac, Laguna and Batangas.
The colors Blue, Red and White
- commemorating the flag of US of North America
Relevance
-Declaration of independence from colonial rule.
- Proves that the Filipino people value their freedom.
-The independence we attained in 1898 was freedom that was
fought for with the lives of Filipinos.