2017 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)
An Interface Protection Relay for Networked
Microgrids with Inverter Based Sources
Anoop V Eluvathingal, K. Shanti Swarup
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
ee14d001@ee.iitm.ac.in, swarup@ee.iitm.ac.in
Abstract—Large scale integration of distributed generating
sources challenges the conventional protection schemes in the
distribution networks. The response of inverter interfaced sources
to network faults are different from the conventional generators
and hence need special protection systems. A new protec-
tion methodology for distribution networks with inverter based
sources is discussed in the present work. The proposed interface
protection relay algorithm uses instantaneous symmetrical volt-
age components for fault detection. The effectiveness of proposed
relay algorithm is evaluated by conducting simulation studies
using PSCAD/EMTDC software.
Index Terms—Fault protection, Distributed generation, In-
verter interfaced sources, Interface protection
I. I NTRODUCTION
The increased integration of renewable power generating
sources to existing distribution networks are extensively en-
couraged all around the world for reducing greenhouse gases
and harvesting cheaper energy[1]. These distributed generating
(DG) sources raises challenges to the power network operators
in terms of controllability and protection. The protection issues
remains as one of the prime concerns for increased integration
of DG sources to distribution networks. Conventionally, in
radial distribution networks, the main feeder substation is the
only source of fault current contribution. The time graded
settings for protective devices are done on this basic idea of a
radial distribution system. The introduction of DG sources on
the load side poses sensitivity and selectivity issues to existing
protection devices. Out of the various DG technologies In-
verter Interfaced DG (IIDG) technologies have gained greater
acceptance due to their flexibility in control options [1].
In conventional power distribution networks, fault protection
is based on detection of fault current magnitudes. The primary
purpose of network protection is to limit the fault currents
without crossing thermal limits of conductors by opening
the circuit breaker [2]. The challenge in designing protection
schemes for networks with IIDG sources is that the fault
currents are internally regulated by the source controller to
protect its power semiconductor switches. This causes the
network protection devices incapable of detecting the faults
based on fault current magnitudes. More over the maximum
fault current capacity of an IIDG is variable depending on
maximum power generation. This limits the off-line studies
to accurately predict the settings for network protection re-
978-1-5386-1379-5/17/$31.00
2017
c IEEE
lays. Hence a protection scheme independent of fault current
magnitude has to be designed.
Various researches have been carried out to address the
protection issues in active distribution networks [3]. The
variable nature of fault current levels and the demand for
cheaper protection system make the new designs challeng-
ing. In various research works, attempts have been made to
modify traditional relays to meet the protection requirements
of the active distribution networks. A the method that uses
zero sequence and negative sequence currents to distinguish
various fault types is discussed [4]. Another suggested method
is adaptive protection, in which over-current relay settings are
changed online with the aid of communication networks when
network conditions changes or when new DG sources are
added. A centralized or distributed computing facility is used
for conducting fault analysis to estimate the relay settings. But
the knowledge of DG status alone won’t be sufficient to
accurately predict the fault levels. The use of communication
systems and intelligent computing increases the cost of the
protection systems. The use of directional relays for addressing
bi-directional fault currents does not ensure flawless operation
in networks with IIDG sources, as the fault behavior of IIDG
sources are different from conventional generating sources
[1]. Distance relays can be an alternative, but have the similar
operational issues. Differential relays are reliable, but its costly
solution and possess various technical challenges when used
for network protection [3]. Despite the progress in research
towards new protection systems, an industry proven solution is
still lacking [1]. A protection technique using microprocessor-
based relays is proposed in reference [5]. This methodology
can address protection issues in the grid connected mode
and islanded mode of operation without using communication
network.
A promising way to address these issues is to group the
distributed loads and sources to a single controllable unit
called microgrid. These microgrids are capable of operating
as grid connected and stand alone modes. The distribution
networks can host a number of microgrids to form a networked
microgrid [6]. A new protection methodology for distribution
networks with inverter based sources are discussed in the
present work. The idea is to identify areas that can operate
as microgrids and design an Interface Protection Relay [IPR]
at its boundary. The controllers of inverter based sources are
envisaged to get modified for fault-ride through and allow
the network protection device to isolate faults. A protection
strategy for microgrids using microprocessor based relays is
proposed in [7] need further modifications. A fault detection
strategy based on voltage sag estimation is proposed in present
work. Voltage is a regulated network parameter and change
from the defined values indicates ill conditioning of the
network. Hence threshold settings can be done irrespective of
operating mode; islanded or grid connected. In the present
method instantaneous voltage symmetrical components are
used for sag detection. The positive sequence component from
the instantaneous voltages of the fundamental frequency is
estimated. The polar plot of positive sequence component has
the signature of type and intensity of faults. This is used as
the basis for fault detection. For a network fault protection
device, two thresholds to be decided are relay pickup setting
and trip time delay [2]. The threshold setting is made facile
by using voltage as fault detection parameter. The threshold
values are independent of the mode of operation and variable
power capacities of renewable sources. But the limitation with
the voltage based scheme is selectivity issue. As the voltage
being a universal parameter in distribution networks with short
spans, the voltage sags due to faults will be sensed in the
entire network. Hence discrimination of protection zones is
difficult. In the proposed method the fault discrimination is
done by estimating the changes in current magnitude after the
inception of voltage sag.
II. P ROTECTION ISSUES IN ACTIVE DISTRIBUTION
NETWORKS WITH IIDG SOURCES
In conventional distribution systems reclosers and fuses
are used as protection devices due to economic considera-
tions. The protective devices installed serially are time coor-
dinated to ensure selectivity. To avoid expensive rewiring fuse
saving scheme is commonly used in radial distribution feeders
[2]. The contribution of DG sources to faults creates issues
with this scheme of protection. Nuisance tripping is caused
when DG sources contributes fault currents to an upstream
fault. When a fault is being fed in parallel by two sources,
the fault current seen by a protective relay will be different
from the actual fault current. This is referred to as blinding of
protection in relay philosophy[1]. The fault currents depends
on the type of DG technologies. The IIDG sources behave dif-
ferently than conventional synchronous sources. Detail studies
of fault behavior of distributed sources are necessary to decide
correct protection schemes.
The DG sources integrated to distribution network through
voltage source converters (VSC) are considered for present
studies. The fault response of an IIDG source depends on the
inverter controller design [8]. In grid tied operation the primary
objective of the inverter controller is to deliver constant
power and in standalone mode the controller regulates output
voltage. The multi-loop control implemented in dq0 reference
frame is considered for present studies [9]. The output power
is regulated by outer power control loop and inner current
control loop follows the reference set by this power control
loop. The maximum current output of IIDG is regulated
to protect the power semiconductor switches. Following a
fault inception, when the current through the VSC reaches a
maximum threshold limit, the control loop switches to constant
current reference and behaves as a constant current source[9].
According to IEEE 1547 integration standard DG sources
have to be disconnected from the network following a fault
in the distribution feeder [10]. This is to restrict fault current
contribution from DG sources so that conventional network
protection is not affected and to avoid formation of uninten-
tional islands. The DG sources will be having anti-islanding
protection for detecting the islanding condition. A study of
commercially available VSCs by different vendors shows that
the IIDG sources trip in ten cycles after fault inception [1]. But
with increased integration, IIDG sources have to be equipped
with fault ride-through capacity thereby allowing the network
protection device to isolate the fault. This can increase prof-
itability by maximizing the renewable energy utilization. Also
it will increase reliability by ensuring isolation of minimum
faulty area and continued operation of remaining healthy
part. The controlled fault current should be supplied by IIDG
sources for a definite time decided by the standards.
III. I NTERFACE P ROTECTION R ELAY
A simplified block diagram for proposed interface protec-
tion relay logic is given in Fig 1. The relay algorithm is
classified into three functional modules - voltage module,
current module and direction module.
V oltage
Module
Re(v) Th1 td1
v3Φ
F ilter Mag
Im(v) Th2
td2
Direction
Module Th3
Trip T rip
Dir Logic
Select
Th4
Current td3
Module
Re(i) Th5
i3Φ
F ilter Mag
Im(i) Th6 td4
Delay
Fig. 1: Proposed Interface Protection Relay logic
The voltage module estimates voltage sags at the time of
fault inception. Generally low voltage (LV) distribution net-
works have short span and hence line impedances are of lower
magnitudes. Hence voltage sags induced by faults in network
will be sensed in the entire network. This creates difficulty in
discrimination of faults based on local voltage measurements
alone. The current module determines the faulty condition by
comparing change in current magnitude with threshold The
change in current magnitude followed by a fault is estimated
based on fault induced current components which ensures
a definite way to discriminate faults. Direction is estimated
based on phase angle difference between positive sequence
voltage and currents. The direction module identifies the fault
location as forward or reverse with respect to IPR. The fault
discrimination is done to select different time delays based
on zones of protection thereby increasing selectivity. Definite
time delays are selected based on the fault direction, severity of
fault and sensitivity of loads to under voltage. The delay block
ensures delay for ensuring coordination with other relays. In
present work delays are calculated based on off-line studies. It
can be made on-line with the help of a central computer to
change the delay settings in accordance with topology changes.
In the proposed method small areas with adequate gener-
ation for islanded operation is selected to operate as micro-
grids. The fuses which are used traditionally for feeder pro-
tection are assumed to be replaced by digital relays. The IPR
is envisaged to be placed at the boundary of a microgrid. The
IPR classify fault cases as forward or reverse faults based
on relative location of fault with respect to the relay. For a
fault in upstream feeder IPR operate in reverse mode isolating
the sustainable microgrid for ensuring islanded operation. It
is assumed that the source generation is adequate to meet the
load demand, or load management is done otherwise. This will
help to improve reliability of supply and better utilization of
resources. For a fault is inside microgrid the IPR operates
in forward mode as a conventional over-current relay, to
isolate the microgrid leaving the healthy upstream feeder. It
is assumed that the source protection will trip the individual
IIDG sources inside the microgrid. Fault in the neighboring
microgrid area which is considered as a reverse fault and
IPR ensures backup protection. Further after clearing fault
synchronization with main grid is done by IPR.
A. Voltage module
Various techniques are commonly used for detecting voltage
sags. Estimating peak amplitude and comparing with threshold
is an simple way of detecting voltage sag inception. This
method has an estimation time of nearly half a cycle. Another
common method is by estimating RMS value using a moving
window of fixed size. The estimation time depends on the
window size. Fourier methods are best suited if the measured
signals have harmonics and transient signals as it can estimate
magnitude and phase angle information of fundamental signal
accurately. Various signal processing methods like wavelet
transformation is also used in power system analysis. These
algorithms are single phase techniques and has to be applied
to each phase separately [11]. In present work instantaneous
positive sequence components are used for detecting volt-
age sags. Instantaneous measurements advantages that no
frequency estimation is required. Instantaneous line currents
are used for current differential protection of transmission
lines. It is asserted that phasor computation will be distorted
in presence of decaying DC component as well as character-
istic frequencies [12]. The three phase instantaneous voltages
measured at relay terminals are filtered to get fundamental
frequency components. The vector magnitude of instantaneous
positive sequence components and compared with thresholds
to detect voltage sags.
1) Instantaneous symmetrical components: The decompo-
sition of unbalanced steady state phasors to a set of balanced
phasors was introduced by Fortescue in 1918 and is tradi-
tionally used for analyzing unbalanced power systems. These
phasors are estimated when a steady state condition is reached
after transient states. The same is used in protection relay
algorithms, for estimating fault currents and voltages, by
transforming measured instantaneous components to phasor
domain. Instantaneous symmetrical components transforma-
tion of time dependent variables was introduced by Lyon in
1954 on the basis of same transformation matrix [13]. The in-
stantaneous symmetrical components can be used for dynamic
analysis of asymmetrical faults in power systems [14]. The
instantaneous symmetrical components transformation for an
arbitrary time signal can be expressed as in equation 1
fa0 (t)
    
1 1 1 fa (t)
1
fa+ (t) = √ . 1 B
B 2   fb (t)  (1)
fa− (t) 3 1 B2 B fc (t)
where the constant B=ej2π/3 , and the variables
fa (t), fb (t), fc (t) are the instantaneous voltages or currents
of a three phases system. Even though this transformation
can be applied to arbitrary time varying signals [15] analysis
on a single-frequency sinusoidal signals is considered in the
present work. Lyon vector in complex domain written as
1
fa+ (t) = √ [fa (t) + Bfb (t) + B 2 fc (t)] (2)
3
In the vector form, fa+ (t) can be written as sum of real and
imaginary components
fa+ (t) = Real[fa+ (t)] + jImag[fa+ (t)] (3)
where
1 1
Real[fa+ (t)] = √ [fa (t) − [fb (t) + fc (t)]] (4)
3 2
and
1
Imag[fa+ (t)] = [fb (t) − fc (t)] (5)
2
The vector magnitude can be calculated as,
q
mag[fa+ (t)] = (Real[fa+ (t)])2 + (Imag[fa+ (t)])2 (6)
The polar plot or Lyon graph is a circle under balanced condi-
tions and an ellipse in the presence of unbalance. The vector
magnitude will be constant under balanced states and during
unbalanced conditions it sinusoidally oscillates at double the
power frequency between maximum and minimum value. This
fundamental concept is used for estimating fault conditions.
 2) Threshold setting and time delays: The inception of fault when the microgrid is in grid connected mode (2) Low
sag is detected when RMS value of any one phase voltage fault currents for reverse faults and for forward faults in
falls below a threshold of 0.88 p.u. Considering a three phase islanded mode. Based on these two different cases delay time
system having a voltage sag in one phase, the relation with is selected.
positive sequence magnitude is derived as follows [11].
√ C. Direction module
va (t) = 2 × k × Sin(wt)
√ The fault direction is determined by estimating the phase
vb (t) = 2 Sin(wt − 120)
√ relationship between positive sequence voltage and current
vc (t) = 2 Sin(wt + 120) (7) components as it is commonly used in conventional re-
where, k is the fractional dip in voltage 0<k<1.The instanta- lays. This can discriminate forward or reverse faults. The
neous positive sequence components are as in equation 8 algorithm discussed in reference [5] is used along with the
proposed method. The definite time delays are selected based
1
va+ (t) = √ [va (t) + Bvb (t) + B 2 vc (t)] (8) on fault direction.
3
Utility Grid
Equation 8 can be simplified as 11 kV
√ 11/0.400 kV
Feeder
2 1 3
va+ (t) = √ {(K + )sinwt − j coswt} (9) Distribution
Transformer
3 2 2
F eeder1 CB F eeder2 CB F eeder3 CB
The vector manitude can be estimated as.
√ L1.1 L2.1 L3.1

2 1 1 − cos2wt 9 1 + cos2wt 1
|va1 | = √ {(K + )2 + } 2 (10)
3 2 2 4 2
F1
L1.2 L1.3 L3.2 L3.3
Equation 10 represents an ellipse whose maximum and mini- Load2.1
mum magnitudes will be
√ IPR CB
M icrogrid 1
IPR CB
M icrogrid 2
3
|va1 |max = √ (11) L1.4 Load1.2 L3.4 Load3.2
2 F2
√ IIDG IIDG
2 1 Load1.1 Load3.1
|va1 |min = √ (k + ) (12) L1.5 Load1.3
3 2 Load3.3

In the present work the under voltage trip settings for
grid connected distributed sources as mentioned by interfacing
standard IEEE 1547 is considered. The sources are given fault
ride through and will supply fault currents until fault is cleared
by IPR. Two cases are considered (1) Fault impedance is very
low and V<0.5 p.u. delay time of 6 cycles is considered (2) for
medium impedance faults 0.5pu ≤ V < 0.88pu and the time
delay selected is 120Cycles.
B. Current module
Fault generated current components are extracted by cal-
culating difference in the instantaneous currents during fault
and the pre-fault conditions [16]. This gives the estimate of
the the fault-generated current components. The advantage
of using fault components, is that it is independent of load
conditions. Mathematically it is expressed in equation.
xf k = xk − xk−4N (13)
where xf k is the fault component sample,xk represents the
present sample and N is the number of samples in one power-
frequency cycle. This algorithm is able to provide four cycles
of fault component data after inception of fault [16]. Two cases
are considered (1) High fault current magnitude,for a forward
Load1.4
Fig. 2: Single line diagram of test system for simulation studies
IV. R ESULTS OF SIMULATION STUDIES
The effectiveness of proposed IPR algorithm has been evalu-
ated by conducting simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC
software environment. A European Low voltage radial dis-
tribution network discussed in reference [5] and [17] with
modifications is considered for simulation studies. The single
line schematic diagram of the distribution test feeder under
consideration is shown in Fig 2. The distribution system
consists of three load feeders connected to the main utility grid
with system frequency 50Hz, through a 2 MVA, 11/0.4 kV ,
Dyn11 step-down transformer. The short-circuit capacity of the
11 kV bus is accounted as 80 MVA. The distribution system is
envisaged to have connected with IIDG sources in load feeder
1 and in load feeder 3,which is regarded as equivalent sources
in microgrid areas as shown in Fig 2. The proposed IPR is
in the boundary of microgrid and distribution feeder. Feeder
protection relays which are overcurrent relays are considered
at the beginning of the each load feeder.
 Va Vb Vc Va Vb Vc
Voltage(kV)

Voltage(kV)
0.2 0.2

0 0

−0.2 −0.2

2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 3.08 2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 3.08
(a) Time(Seconds) (a) Time(Seconds)

0.4 Vreal Vimag Vmag 0.4 Vreal Vimag

Voltage(kV)

Voltage(kV)
V
Vmag−minthreshold Vmag
Vthreshold
0.2 0.2
0 0
−0.2 −0.2

2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 3.08 2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 3.08
(b) Time(Seconds) (b) Time(Seconds)
1 1 Ia Ib Ic
Ia
0.5 Ib Ic
Current(kA)

Current(kA)
0 0
−0.5
−1
−1
−1.5
2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 3.08 2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 3.08
(c) Time(Seconds) (c) Time(Seconds)
1 Imag Imagmax 1 Ireal Iimag Imag Imagmax
0.5 Ithreshold 0.5 I
threshold
Current(kA)

Current(kA)

0
0
Iimag −0.5
−0.5
−1
−1 Ireal
−1.5
2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 3.08 2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 3.08
(d) Time(Seconds) (d) Time(Seconds)

Fig. 3: Interface Protection Relay mesurements for a single Fig. 4: Interface Protection Relay mesurements for a three
phase to ground fault at F1 phase to Ground fault at F1

A. A Single phase to ground fault in Feeder 1
A single line to ground fault is simulated at time t=3 seconds
at fault position F1 in feeder 1 with a fault resistance of
0.01 Ohm. Fig 3(a) shows three phase voltages and Fig 3(b)
shows the instantaneous symmetrical components of voltages
as estimated by equations (4) - (6). During normal operations,
the instantaneous magnitude will be constant, and during line
to ground faults, it oscillates between maximum and minimum
peak values. The Fault is triggered when the minimum peak
of instantaneous magnitude falls below the set threshold. The
fault induced currents estimated as in IPR algorithm using
equation 13 is given in Fig 3(c). The IPR senses the change
in current magnitude due to the fault current contribution
from source at the microgrid interface. The IPR trip command
triggers after a predefined delay time. Islanded operation of
the isolated microgrid is not considered in present work. It is
assumed that source is equipped with self-protection and stops
firing if conditions for islanded operations are not met.
B. A three phase to Ground fault in Feeder 1
Fig 4(a) shows the voltage and Fig 4(b) shows the in-
stantaneous symmetrical components of voltages, estimated
after three phase to ground fault inception at simulation time
t=3 seconds, at fault position F1, indicated in Fig 2 with a
fault resistance of 0.01 Ohm. The Fault is triggered when
the minimum peak of instantaneous magnitude falls below
the set threshold. Fig 4(c) shows the fault induced current
components estimated and Fig 4(d) shows the maximum peak
of instantaneous symmetrical component magnitude compared
with threshold. The change in current magnitudes confirms the
upstream feeder fault. The relay trip command is triggered
after the predefined delay time.
C. A Three line to Ground fault in Microgrid 1
A three phase line to ground fault is simulated inside
microgrid 1 at fault position F2 as in Fig 2. Fig 5(a) shows
voltage and current response. The fault impedance is con-
 Va Vb Vc crogrids with inverter based sources to distribution networks
Voltage(kV) 0.2 is proposed. The effectiveness of proposed IPR algorithm
has been evaluated by conducting simulation studies in the
0 PSCAD/EMTDC software environment. Islanded operation of
−0.2 microgrids after fault isolation is not considered in present
work. Further studies have to be conducted for ensuring time
2.98 3 3.02 3.04 3.06 3.08 coordination with other protection relays in the distribution
(a) Time(Seconds) network.
0.4 VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Vreal Vimag
Voltage(kV)

0.2 Vmag Vthreshold The authors acknowledge gratefully, the support provided
by Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen (MR) through the IGCS Re-
0 search Programme on Sustainable Power Engineering.
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V. C ONCLUSION
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