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    23stan 1

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    23STAN~1

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    14th Designation: D $334 - 92 Standard Test Method for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soil and Soft Rock by Thermal Needle Probe Procedure’ “This standard i issu unser te fved designation D oesenptepaion «sie 1. Scope LL1 This test method oresents a laboratory procedure for determining the thermal conductivity ot soil and soft rock {sing a transient heat method. This test method is applicable for both undisturbed and remolded soil samples as well asia situ and laboratory soft rock samples. This test method is suitable only for isotropic materials. 1.2 This test method is applicable over the temperature range from 20 to 100°C (68 to 212°F) 1.3 For satisfactory results in conformance with this test ‘method, the principles governing the size, construction, and use of the apparatus described in this test method should be followed. If the results are to be reported as having been obtained by this test method. then all pertinent requirements prescribed in this test method shall be met 114 Itis not practicable in a method of this type to aim to establish details of construction and procedure to cover all Contingencies that might offer difficulties toa person without technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat flow, Temperature measurement, and general testing practices. Standardization of this test method does not reduce the need for such technical knowledge. It is recognized also that it would be unwise. because of the standardization of this test method. to resist in any way the further development of improved or new methods or procedures by research workers. 1.5, The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of she safety problems, if any, associated with its use, It is the responsibility of she user of this standard to establish appro- priate sajery and heaith practices and determine the applica Dility of regulatory limitations prior ro use 2. Referenced Document 1 ASTM Standard: 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock* 3. Terminology 3.1 Symbols: 3.1.1 E—measured voltage (volts). "This est method it under henson of ASTM Commitee D-18 on Sih and Rock and ithe it = ‘rteat edton approved Nov. 5, 1992. Published January 1992, Yad Book of AST Standards. Vo! 0808 tne numer edits io onthe year as evs 4 number i prenexs tees Me eat 8 J-current flowing through heater wire (amps). L—length of heater wire (mn. \—thermai conductivity (watts/m-"X). Q—power consumption of heater wire in watts per unit length that is assumed to be the equivalent of feat ‘output per unit length of wire 3.1.6 R—total resistance of heater wire (ohms) 3.1.7 p—thecmal resistivity ("K-m/wato. 3.8. T,—initial temperature (°K), 3.1.9 4 —initial time (seconds) 3.1.10 T,—final temperature (°K). 3.111 f—final time (seconds). 1. i I L 4, Summary of Test Method 4.1 The rate at which heat flows through a material is 2 measure of its thermal conductivity. In this test method the thermal conductivity is determined by inserting a relatively long needle of small diameter into the material. The needle consists of both heating and temperature measuring ele- ments, To perform the test a known amount of current is passed through the heater element and the resulting variation Of temperature is monitored as a function of time. 5, Significance and Use 3.1 The test method presented here is used to determine the thermal conductivity (2) of both undisturbed and remolded soil samples as well as in situ and laboratory soft rack samples, This parameter is used in the thermal analysis, of underground electrical transmission lines. oil pipelines. radioactive waste disposal. and solar thermal storage facili ties. 6. Apparatus 6.1 The apparatus shall consist of the following: 6.1.1 Thermal Needle Probe—A device that creates a linear heat source and incorporates a temperature measuring element (thermocouple or thermister) to measure the varia- tion of temperarure at a point along the line. The construc tion of the device is described in the annex. 6.1.2 Constant Current Source—A. device to produce 3 constant current. 6.1.3 Thermal Readou Unit—A device to produce a digital readout of temperature in degrees Celsius to the nearest 0.1°K. 6.14 Voliage-Ohm-Meter (VOM)—A device to read voltage and current to the nearest 0.01 V and ampere, 6.1.5 Timer, stopwatch or similar time measuring instru- ee to the nearest O.1 s for a minimum of 15 mun. 6.1.6 Equipment. capable of drilling a 2.3 mm (0.09 in.) yp ae i ecimen is undisturbed. remolded, or including whether the prepared in other we 11.1.2 Initial and inal water content and dry unit weight, its 3 Specimen dimensions, LL. 4 Description of consolidometer, LLL5 Applied vertical stress at inundation, and Percent compression or straia of the specimen at aca applied vertical stress prior to inundation, 11.2 The data shall be plotted strain versus logarithm of the applied verucal stress. vid ratio may be used instead of stra :f specif gravity is determined: Ui2.1 Figure [is an illustration of data from suits of test Sor measuring collapse potential, J. is calculated for the applied vertical stress of 100 kPa (1 t3f) by Eq (1a: 10 (96-15) = 81 where point C is at 9.6% strain and Point B is at 1.5% straia, Potential serdlement of a soil layer 3 m (10 ft) thick with this collapse potential is 8.1+3/100 = 0.24 m (0.81 ft 1.2.2 Collapse potential may be estimated for applied vertical stress less than 100 kPa (1 tsf) by calculating the difference in strain between the inundated (dotted) and uuninundated curves. For example, collapse poteatial at 40 KPa (0.4 ts!) [= (68-08) = 60 Settlement of the soil layer is 6.0-3/100 = 0.18 m (0.6 ft). 11.3 ll departures from these procedures including spe- cial loading sequences, special specimen preparation proce- dures, special specimen dimensions, and special wetting fluid. 11.4 Collapse index, 1, of collapse potential, J, which- ever is applicable as defined in Section 3, D5333 z STRAIN (dg a racing mm on) {= hal racing at seating stress, mm fn) 7g “ital spearnen rah, mm if.) Nove 49 ~ dif is muted by 100 to tan percent. FIG. 1 Example Compression Curve of the Collapse Potentia! Test 12. Precision and Bias 12.1 Data are being evaluated to determine the precision of this test method. In addition, Subcommittee 18.05 is, seeking pertinent data from users of the test method. 12.2 There is no accepted reference value for this test ‘method, therefore, bias cannot be determined. 13. Keywords 13.1 collapse; collapse index; collapse potential: com- pressibility; consolidation; soil The American Society for Testing and Matra aks no postion respecting te vay of any patent rights assaid in conneeen ‘wah any tem mertioned in he sanca’s, Users of hs Sanaard are erressyacvsea that etemiracn of te vlity of any sue” Date gts, andthe rak of miingeret of such gh, ae erry Mer own Papas “Ti standard suet to reiion at any tne By the reponse technical comme and mus be rovawee every ve yours arc ‘not rovaod, othe resoproved o wiarawn. You Commas ae sritad ahr fo rein of hs tacard or for atone sands [and shoud ba accrecs fo ASTM Headquarters. Your cammerts wil rcene care consieraion at # meting of he resoens6 ‘chr! commit, whic yor ay ate you fel that your comments ava re ecaved a fay wing you shouké make you ‘ws known otha ASTM Comme on Stanger, 100 Ba Harbor Drv, West Conshohocken, PA 8428. 1156 LigemaTony THOMA COMOLETMITY TEST ol me FIG. 2 Typical Laboratory Data Sheet 111.2 Boring aumber, sample or tube number, sample depth, 11.1.3 Initial moisture content and dry density LLL Time versus temperature plot ULLS Thermal conductivity, and I1LU6 Physical description of sample including soil or rock type. If rock, describe location and orientation of apparent weakness planes, bedding planes, and any large inclusions or inhomogeneities. FIG, 3 Typical Experimental Test Results (Idealized Curve) FIG. 4 Typical Experimental Test Results 12, Precision and Bias 12.1 Due to the nature of the soil or rock materials tested by this test method it is either not feasible or too costly at his time to produce multiple specimens that have uniform physical properties. Any variation observed on the data is just as likely to be due to specimen vanation as to operator ior laboratory testing variation. Data obtained from tests on ‘materials with known thermal conductivity indicate that precision of 5 to 10°% can be achieved. Subcommittee 18.12 welcomes proposals that would allow for develop- ment of a valid pfecision statement. There is no accepted reference value of soil or rock for this test method, therefore, bias cannot be determined. 13. Keywords 13.1 heat flow: temperature: thermal conductivity; thermal probe: thermal properties uso ” hole to a depth equal to the length of the needle, 6.1.7 Thermal Grease—A:% thermally conductive grease with A > 30 Wye" 6.1.3 Thermal Epoxy—Any thermally conductive epoxy with <> 50 W/mK, 6.1.9 Calibration Standard—A matevai vith known thermal sonductivity (1)pically fused silica, «X= 134 w LOC is used). Tie vauiorution standard saail %e the shape of a cylinder. The diameter of the cylinder shail bbe at east 40 mm and the fength shall be at least 10 cm ‘onger than the xe-le robe, + sale chall be 4e"led alone the axis of the cylinder to a depth equal ‘0 the length of the probe. The diameter of the hole shall be equal to the diameter of the proce so that che probe fits tightly into the bole. 7. Sample Preparation 7.1 Undisiurbed Samples 7.1.1 Thin Wall Tube or Drive Samples—Cut a 200 = ‘mm (8.0 = 1 in.) long section of a sampling tube containing, an undisturbed soil sample. The tube section should have a minimum diameter of $1 mm (2.0 in). 7.1.2 Weigh the sample in a sampling tube or brass rings. 7.1.3 Insert the thermal needle probe into the sample by either pushing the probe into a predrilled hole (dense sample) to 2 depth equal to the length of the probe or pushing the probe into the sample (loose sample). Care should be taken, to ensure that the thermal probe shaft is fully enbedded in the sample and not left partially exposed. (See Note 1.) Nove {To provide beter thermal contact between the sample and the probe, the probe may be coated with a thin layer of thermal seas. If a hole is prediled for the needle probe, the diameter of the hole shouldbe siphtly less an the diameter of the needle probe to ensue & tight ft. A device, such asa drill pres, shall be used 10 inser the probe to ensue that the probe is nsereed vertically and that a0 void spaces are formed between the specimen and the probe, 7.2 Remolded Samples 7.2.1 Compact sample to desired density and water con- teat (in. a thin-walled metal or plastic tube) using an appropriate compaction technique. For further guidance on the effect of the various compaction techniques on thermal conductivity the reader is referred to Mitchell etal. (1) The tube should have a minimum diameter of $1 mm (2.0 in.) and a length of 200 + 30 mm (8.0 | in). 7.22 Perform 7.1.2 and 7.1.3. 7.3 Soft Rock Samples—Insert the thermal needle probe into the sample by predrilling a hole to a depth equal to the length of the probe. (See Note |.) 8. Calibration 8.1 The thermal needle probe apparatus should be cali- brated before its use. Perform calibration by comparing the experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of a standard material to its known value, 8.2 Conduct the test specified in Section 7 using a calibration standard as specified in 6.1.9. 8.3 The measured thermal conductivity of the calibration specimen must agree within one standard deviation of the published value of thermai conductivity, oF 8:5 “he ue og thermal conductivity determined by an :ndependent method 9. Procedure 9.1 allow sample to come to equilibrium ‘ith coo temoeratute 9.2 Connect the heater sire of the thermal 2obe :0 che constant current source. (See Fig. 1.) 9.3 Connect the temperature measuring element lends -p se readout unit, 3.4 Apply a known constant current (for example, equal to 1.0 A) to the heater wire such that the temperature chanze is less than 10°K in 1000, 9.S Record the readings at 0. $. 10, 1S. 30, 23, and 60s, then take readings at 30 s time intervals for a minimum of 1000 s. A typical data sheet and a typical record of data are showa in Figs. 2 and 3 respectively. 9.6 Turn off constant current source, 9.7 Select linear portion of curve (pseudo steady state portion) and draw a straight line through the points, 9.8 Select times ¢, and /, at appropriate points on the line and read the corresponding temperatures T,, and T- 9.9 Remove soil ftom the thin wall tube or sampling sings 9.10 Perform 2 moisture comtent test (see Test Method D 2216) om a representative specimen of the sarapie. 9.11 Clean the thin wall tube or sampling rings and weigh. 10, Calculation 10.1 Compute the thermal conductivity (A) of the spec+ imen from the linear portion of the experimental curve shown in Fig. 4 using the following relationship: 230 d= Losittyit = Lait) (0 iT, T) ann where: ER EL Q= heat input =" _ 10.2 Derivation of Eq (1} is presented by Carslaw and Jaeger (2; and adapted to soils by VanRooven and Winterkora (@); VanHerzen and Maxwell (4); and Winterkorn (5), 11. Report 1.1 For each thermal conductivity test record, report the following observations: ULL.L Date of the test, een REFERENCES. (1) Mitchel, 4. K.. Rus, T. Cand AbdelHadi, .N. "Gacksill 16¢—Fundamental and Practical Como Matera for {-aderground Power Cpe” Decaniment of Civil siversiy of California at Berkeley. EPRI 6 and Massel 8 ° { Deep-Sea Sediments ~ resraie June 1977. ced,” a er % ie a eserruemamanenenitllin ena a eel ee Sneed. Seon of Tet cal and Resintity of Sul oy the Thermal Probe.” Spell Proceatres eee ASTM STP (9) Van Rooyen. M.. and Winterkowa. H. F. ~“Theore Pracical Concepts of the Thermal Conduetsity of Soils and Similar Granular Spsems.” Highwur 8 son Bneungerng Pr ip 2270, on esoectr tn valet of any patent ighsassenss m connneron tna tant are sxoress)sovced tal ceermion of ne vaREAY of any Such ‘wieaiy ener own respons. sean any eam marion Bee Mes and ne rk of rigamant sues ge. are &sensara eum 0 ensign aa Fee oat marann, Your crane are ves era Tr reson of hs Janae fr agonal sian Co ee im STAdweasauane’s. Your cman wil rave call consiran at mesing oe respons t are A re a atone you fal tht your commants nave fat raced 3 far wang yOu shu mare you

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