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Present perfect
Use the present perfect when an action or event at an unspecified time in the past has an impact on the
present. Form the present perfect with have +past participle.
The past participle form of many regular verbs is the same as the past tense form.
The past participle form of some irregular verbs, such as these, is also the same as the past tense form.
Make negative statements with have not and has not. Use the contractions haven't and hasn't in spoken English,
unless you are emphasizing the word not.
Form questions in the present perfect with have + subject + past participle. Notice also the short-form replies.
A: Has she packed her bags? Has she packed her bags?
B: Yes, she has. Yes, she has.
A: Have the Taylors bought their tickets? Have the Taylors bought their tickets?
B: No, they haven't. No, they haven't.
Use expressions like these to talk about flight information. In this case, a person is flying from Chicago to Paris.
You can use have to + verb to express something you need to do.
Danielle's flight leaves in an hour. She'll have to catchthe express Danielle's flight leaves in an hour.
train. She'll have to catch the express train.
You can also use have to + verb to express something you feel obliged to do.
From
karlx@ggc.net
Hi, Martin!
I have to fly to Budapest on Thursday. After I arrive, I have to go to Vaci Utca and then find
Parliament. I also want to eat at an interesting restaurant, but it doesn't have to be fancy. Then I
have to check in to my hotel. And I'd like to go to a good museum. Do you have any
recommendations?
Thanks.
Karl
Presenting options
Use expressions like these to tell someone how many choices or options there are.
You can take the shuttle. You can take the shuttle.
You could take a taxi. You could take a taxi.
Use expressions like these to recommend one of the choices as the best.
Reduced forms
Remember that, in spoken English, not every sound of every word is always pronounced. Vowel sounds,
especially, are often shortened or reduced. These forms are not used in written English, but it's important to be
able to recognize them when you hear them.
Listen to the reduced forms for have to. Notice the differences between how they are written and spoken. Have
like 'hafta'. Has to sounds like 'hasta'. Had to sounds like 'hadta'.
Have to
Has to
Had to
The past participle form of some irregular verbs is different from the past tense form.
Remember to use these past participles to form the present perfect. Also, remember that the present perfect is used to
talk about something that happened in the past at an unspecified time.
Language note: In American English, I've got indicates possession, as in I've got my ticket. Saying I've
gotten a ticket. means you've just obtained or bought one. In British English, got is used in both cases.
I've got terrible jet lag shock transport after those long flights.
Did you have any trouble going through immigration dinner plane ?
Use the adverbs yet, already, never and ever with the present perfect to indicate a period of time up until the
present.
'Yet'
Use the adverb yet to refer to something that has not happened yet, or to ask if something has happened yet.
The adverb usually comes at the end of the sentence.
I haven't printed my boarding pass yet. I haven't printed my boarding pass yet.
They haven't packed their bags yet. They haven't packed their bags yet.
Has she left for the airport yet? Has she left for the airport yet?
'Already'
Use the adverb already to refer to something that has already happened, or to ask if something has already happened.
The adverb usually comes directly before the main verb.
You can't come? But I've already booked the tickets! You can't come? But I've already booked the tickets!
Carly has already been to Paris, but I haven't. Carly has already been to Paris, but I haven't.
Has John already been to the Louvre? Has John already been to the Louvre?
Use the adverb ever to ask if something has happened, or to ask about someone's experiences. For negative responses,
use never. The adverbs usually come before the main verb.
A: Have you ever lived in another country? Have you ever lived in another country?
B: No, I've never lived in another country. No, I've never lived in another country.
Language note: A common learner error is to use the adverb ever in affirmative statements. Notice the correct response
in the example.
A: Have you ever been to Paris? Have you ever been to Paris?
B: Yes, I have been to Paris. Yes, I have been to Paris.
Susan and Dane have already yet ever hiked the Grand Canyon.
The bad news is that I've still got terrible jet lag after my 26-
hour flight on Monday. The good news is that, yesterday, I hiked the red coast of Tasmania. It's the
most beautiful place I've ever camped, and the night sky is gorgeous. I've been to the Atacama
Desert in Chile. I've visited Valentia Island in Ireland. And I've traveled in Australia before, but I've
never seen so much light in the night sky. Tonight, I'll have to go for a walk and look for Tasmania's
special animals, like wombats and kangaroos. I haven't seen any of them in the wilderness yet.
The bad news is that I've still got terrible jet lag after my 26-hour flight on Monday. The
good news is that, yesterday, I hiked the red coast of Tasmania. It is the most beautiful
place I've ever camped, and the night sky is gorgeous. I've been to the Atacama Desert in
Chile. I'vevisited Valentia Island in Ireland. And I've traveled in Australia before, but I've
never seen so much light in the night sky. Tonight, I'll have to go for a walk and look for
Tasmania's special animals, like wombats and kangaroos – I haven't seen any of them in
the wilderness yet.