Beruflich Dokumente
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Lecture 1 :
Key words :
Scalar, Vector, Field, position vector, dot product, cross product, Right hand rule
1. A scalar quantity
a. is specified only by its magnitude
b. does not have unit
c. always has a mass
d. is not dimensioned.
2. Which of the following is a scalar?
a. velocity
b. current density
c. electromotive force
d. electric field
3. If |⃗ A+ ⃗ B|=|⃗A−⃗ B| , then the angle between the vectors ⃗ A and ⃗ B is
a. zero
b. 450
c. 600
d. 900
4. When two vectors ⃗ A and ⃗ B having magnitudes a and b are added, the magnitude of the
resultant vector
a. is equal to a+b
b. is equal to a-b
c. cannot be greater than √ a2 +b2
d. cannot be greater than a+b
5. If two vectors ⃗ A and ⃗ B are such that the magnitude of their dot product is equal to
magnitude of their cross product, the angle between the vectors is
a. zero
b. 450
c. 600
d. 900
6. A vector ⃗ C does not lie in the plane containing vectors ⃗ A and ⃗ B . If none of the vectors
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
is a null vector, it follows that the sum of the three vectors A + B + C
a. is not a null vector
b. can be a null vector
c. may lie in the plane containing the vectors ⃗ A and ⃗ B
d. may lie in the plane containing the vector ⃗ A +⃗B and either of the vectors ⃗ A and
⃗
B .
Problems :
1. Determine the angle between the vector i+ ^ ^j+ k^ and the unit vector i^ .
2. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the vector 4 i−3^ ^j .
3. Determine a vector having a magnitude 1/2 which is anti - parallel to the vector
^
10 i−5 ^k .
^j+ 10
^ a2 ^j+a3 k^ , the cosine of the angle between the vector
4. For a non-zero vector ⃗a =a1 i+ ⃗a
and the unit vectors ^ ^j and k^ are known as the “direction cosines” of the vector ⃗a :
i,
⃗a ∙ i^ ⃗a ∙ ^j ⃗a ∙ k^
cos α = , cos β= , cos γ=
|a| |a| |a|
α + cos2 β+ ¿ cos2 γ =1
Show that the direction cosines satisfy the relation and find the
cos 2 ¿
direction cosine of the vector 3 i+ ^ 4 ^j+5 k^ .
5. Find the angle between the body diagonal AC of the cube with its face diagonal AB.
A
B
6. Find the area of a triangle whose onevertex is at the origin and the position vectors of the
remaining vertices are i+ ^ 4 ^j and 2 i^ +2 ^j+2 k^ .
7. Three edges of a parallelepiped which meet at the origin are defined by position vectors
i+ ^ ^j+2 k^ and −i+
^ 4 ^j , 2 i+2 ^ 4 ^j .
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
1. a
2. c
3. d
4. d
5. b
6. a
Answers to Problems
1
1. cos−1 ( )
√3
3^ 4^
2. i+ j
5 5
−1 ^ 1 ^ 1 ^
3. i + j− k
3 6 3
3 5 5
4. cos α = , cos β= ,cos γ =
5 √2 5 √2 5√2
−1 2
5. cos ( )
√6
6. 2 √2
7. 10
1. Find the dot product of the vectors and divide it by the product of magnitude of the vectors.
2. For a vector to be perpendicular to another vector, their dot product should vanish. Take the
vector to be i+^ b ^j , equate the dot product to zero. This will give you a relation between a
andb. Since the vector is to be a unit vector a2 +b 2 =1.
3. The required vector has to be proportional to −10 i+5 ^ ^j−10^k so as to be anti-parallel to
the given vector. This vector has a magnitude 15. Thus to get magnitude of 1/2 , divide this by
15/2.
4. Direct use of formula.
5. Find the vectors ⃗ AC and ⃗ AB . Determine their dot product and find the angle as in
Problem 1.
6. Area vector is cross product of the vector s representing the edges. Its magnitude represents the
area.
7. Volume is given by taking the dot product of the vector of the third edge with the area vector.
Errors to be corrected :
1. Page 7 line 2 : inside the bracket (math it should be aligned) should read 0 ≤θ ≤ π
2. Page 10 : line 3 : raise the line “ points in the direction …. Called the” to align with AXB
3. Last line before the figure –dS should be aligned with the word “element”
4. Example 1 : (Page 14 pop up) all underlines should be removed.
Lecture 2 :
Key Words : Cartesian coordinates, spherical coordinates, cylindrical coordinates, Jacobian, coordinate
transformation.
Problems
1 √ 1−x 2
1. Rewrite ∫ dx ∫ √ x 2+ y 2 dy in polar coordinates.
−1 0
2. Convert ( x , y , z ) =(1,−1, √ 2) to (a) spherical coordinates and (b) cylindrical
coordinates.
π
3. Sketch the region 0 ≤θ ≤ , ρ≤ 1 of the cylindrical coordinate system. Define the region
2
in spherical polar coordinates.
π π
4. Convert ( 4, , ) in spherical coordinates to (a) rectangular coordinates and (b)
4 3
cylindrical coordinates.
v v2
5. Find the Jacobian of the transformation from the xy plane to the uvplane : x= 2
, y=
u u
.
6. Evaluate the integral ∬|x|| y|dxdy over a circular region of radius R centered at the
origin.
7. Using an appropriate change of variables calculate the double integral ∬ (x +2 y)2 dxdy
over the region defined by the parallelogram with vertices at
1
(
( 0,0 ) , ( 1,1/2 ) , 1,−
2 )
, ( 2,0 ) .
1/2
0 2
x
| |
∂x ∂x
2
∂u ∂ v =−3 v
5. The Jacobian is given by the inverse of the determinant . Thus the
∂y ∂y u4
∂u ∂v
4
−u 1
required Jacobian is 2
≡− 2 .
3v 3x
6. The required integral is equal to 4 times the integral over the first quadrant, where both x and y
are positive. Convert the integral to polar. Value of the integral is R2 /2 .
7. Let u=x +2 y , v=x−2 y . The Jacobian is 1/4 . (Remember that inside integrals only the
2 2
1 3
magnitude of the Jacobian is to be taken). The required integral is ∫
4 0
u2 du∫ dv= .
4
0
8. In cylindrical coordinates, the equation to the sphere is ρ2 + z 2=R2 . Range of both ρ and z
vary from 0 to R (For a sphere, z would vary from –R to +R). Volume element in the cylindrical
coordinates is ρdρdθdz . The integral over the hemisphere is
R √ R 2− z 2 R 2 2 3
R −z R
dθ ∫ dz ∫ ρdρ=¿ 2 π ∫ dz=2 π
0 0 0
2 3
2π
.
∫¿
0
Lecture 3 :
Key words : line integral, work, parameterization, flux, surface integral
Problems :
1. Evaluate the integral ∫ x y 2 dx where C is a quarter circle of radius 2 on the first
C
quadrant with the centre of the circle being at the origin.
^ x ^j acting along the curve
2. Evaluate the work done by a force F ( x , y ) = y i+ y=ln x
e
from the point (1,0) to(¿¿ 2 ,1) in a counterclockwise fashion.
¿
x
2
(¿ ¿ 2+¿ y )dx +2 xydy
3. Evaluate the integral ¿ where C is a semicircle of radius 1 about
∫¿
C
the origin (in a counterclockwise fashion).
4. Show that the integral ∫ ( x y 2 ) dx+( x 2 y+ 2 x ) dy around any square of side a depends
C
only on the area of the square.
5. Find the work done in moving an object in a force field given by ⃗ ^ z 2 ^j+ x 2 k^
F = y i+
^ cos t ^j+ t k^ ; t :[0,2 π ] .
along a closed curve ⃗r ( t ) =sin t i+
6. Evaluate the line integral ∮ ( x − y 2) dl where the contour is along
2
z=x 2+ y 2
and z=1.
10. Evaluate the flux of the vector field ⃗ ^
F = y i−x ^j+ z k^ through a cone
z=√ x 2+ y 2 ; 0 ≤ z ≤2 .
∫¿
C
3. Parameterize x=2 cos t ; y=2sin t . Answer = 2/3
4. Without loss of generality, take the vertices of the square at (0,0), (a,0), (0,a) and (a,a). Calculate
each line integral. Along the line joining (0,)0 and (a,0) , y=0 and dy =0, the integral is zero. From
a a 4
(a,0) to (a,a), x=constant=a, dx=0. The integral is ∫ a 2 ydy +∫ 2 ady= a2 +2 a 2 . Add two
0 0
other contribution to show that the resulting integral is proportional to the area of the square.
x,y,z
∫
√ (
f (¿)dS=∫ f ( x , y , g ( x , y ) )
¿
∂ g 2 ∂ g 2x
∂x )( )
+
∂y
+1 dxdy
8. The outward normal to the curved surface of the cylinder is given by ^ 3 sin θ ^j .
3 cos θ i+
The surface integral over the closed surface is given by
3 co s2
¿
θ
¿
2π
dz ∫ ¿
0
4
∫¿
0
9.
10.
11. Consider the curved surface first. The unit vector which points upward (i.e. with a positive
^
−2 x i−2 y ^j+ k^
component along the z-axis is given by n^ = . Thus
√ 4 x 2+ 4 y 2 +1
1
∫ ⃗F ∙ n^ dS=∫ (−2 xy−2 y x 2 +3 x2 +3 y 2 ) dS
S S √ 4 x + 4 y +1
2 2
Lecture 4 :
Problems :
1. Use the fundamental theorem of calculus to compute the derivative of the integral
3
x
2
f ( x )=∫ e−t dt .
x
B
2. Let f ( x , y ) =x 3+ x y 2 . Find ∫⃗
∇f ∙⃗
dl , over the arc of a circle of radius 1 connecting A
A
A
3. Find the work done by a conservative force field ^
F =( 4 x3 y 3 +3 ) i+(3
⃗ x 4 y 2+ 1) ^j on a
particle acting along the straight-line joining the point A to B as shown for problem 2.
4. Find the directional derivative of f ( x , y , z )=2 x2 y 3 +3 xy+ z2 along the direction
^ ^j+ k^
i+ at the point (1,1,1).
5. Find the unit vector normal to the surface 4 x 2 + y 2 +9 z 2=18 at the point (1,1,1).
6. Calculate the gradient of f ( x , y ) =x 2− y 2 in Cartesian coordinate system as well as in
the spherical polar coordinates and show that they give the same results.
7. Verify divergence theorem for the vector field ⃗ ^ y ^j+( z −1) k^ over a hemisphere
F =x i+
x 2+ y 2 + z 2 ≤ R2 , the bottom cap being at z=0.
8. Evaluate the surface integral of the vector field F =3 x z 2 i^ +5 y 2 ^j−z 3 k^ over the region
⃗
x2
bounded by the surfaces (see figure) z= y , z =4− y , z=2− , x =0, z =0 .
2
z
z=y x=0
z=4-y
^
¿ 2 r sin θ cos φ ( sin θ cos φ r^ +cos θ cos φ θ−sin ^
φ φ^ ) −2r sin θ sin φ ( sin θ sin φ r^ + cos θ sin φ θ+cos φ φ^ )
^
¿ 2 x i−2 y ^j
2π 3
7. ⃗
∇∙⃗ F =3 . Thus ∫ ⃗ ∇∙⃗ F dV =3 × R =2 π R3 . Next step is to calculate the surface
V
3
integral. There are two surfaces, the curved surface whose outward normal is
d ⃗S=R sin θ dθdϕ r^ is in the radially outward direction and the normal to the cap which is
2
along the negative z-direction – ^k . For the curved surface, the surface integral is calculated
easily by going over to the spherical polar coordinates (you could also do it in Cartesian by
expressing the normal in the Cartesian using the equation to the surface). Since the normal is
along the radial direction, in computing the surface integral, we are only interested in the radial
component of the force field. It can be shown that the radial component of F is given by
3 2 3 2 2
R sin θ+ R cos θ−R cos θ , i.e. it is independent of φ . The integral over the azimuth
gives 2 π The surface integral is
π
2
4 π 3 2π 3
¿ R+ R −π R 2=2 π R3−π R2
3 3
That leaves us with the integral over the bottom cap where z=0. Since the normal is along the
negative z direction, the surface integral is ∫ ( 1−z ) dS= ∫ dS=π R2 . Adding the two
S
contributions to the surface integral, the result follows.
8. ⃗
∇∙⃗F =10 y , ∬ ⃗ F ∙d ⃗S=∭ 10 ydV . We need to specify the limits of the volume integral.
2
Limits on y are from z to 4-z. Limits on z are from 0 to 2−x /2 and that of x are from 0 to 2.
2
2 2− x /2 4−z
5∫ dx ∫ d z ∫ ydy =128
0 0 z
9. Divergence of ⃗
F is z 2−2 z . Thus the volume integral (in cylindrical coordinates) is
2
π 22∫ 2(z−1) dz=4 π .
1
10. We can use the use the divergence theorem to calculate the flux from the surface of the “closed”
cone first and then subtract the surface integral of the field from the to cap, at z=4. For the
closed cone, it is convenient to use spherical polar as ⃗ F =⃗r , so that div F = 3. The volume
1 2 1 64 π
integral of div F is 3 times the volume V of the cone, i.e. V = π r h= π ( 16 ) ∙ 4= .
3 3 3
The surface integral, therefore, is equal to 64 π . We have to now subtract the surface
integral over the top surface, whose normal is along the positive z direction. Thus
⃗
F ∙ d ⃗S =zdS . Since z=4 on the cap and is constant the surface integral is 4 times the area of
the cap which is 16π, so that the surface integral on the cap is 64π. Thus the surface integral
from the outside surface of the open cone is zero.
11. Ans. n=1
12. (a) 0, (b) 2/r (c) 0 (d) 6
Page 4 :
Page 5 :
dT ⃗ d r⃗
=∇ T ∙
ds ds
d ⃗r
However, ⃗u= is a unit vector along the direction in which the change of T is measured.
ds
⃗
∇ T ∙ u⃗ is known as the directional derivative of T in the direction ⃗u , and is denoted by
Du T .
Lecture 5
Problems :
1. Calculate the curl of the following vector fields
a. ⃗ ^ yz ^j+ xy k^ (in Cartesian)
F =xz i+
⃗ 1
b. F = ^ρ (in cylindrical)
ρ
1
c. F = θ^
⃗ (in cylindrical)
ρ
2. For ⃗
F =x i+ ^ x ^j+ y ^k , verify Stoke’s theorem over the surface of a hemisphere
x 2+ y 2 + z 2=a2 ; z ≥0 .
3. If ⃗a is a constant vector, show that ∇ × ( ⃗a × r⃗ )=2 ⃗a .
4. Find the line integral of the vector field ⃗ ^ x ^j+ z 2 k^ along an ellipse in the x-y
F =x 2 i+2
plane 4 x 2 + y 2=4 taken in the anticlockwise direction.
5. Verify Stoke’s theorem over the boundary of a plane x+ y+ z=1 for the vector field
⃗
F = y i+^ xz ^j+ x 2 k^ .
j
6. Convert −y i+ ^ x ¿^ with α being a constant, to polar coordinates and calculate its line
F =r α ¿
⃗
integral over a circle x 2+ y 2 =a2 .
7. Using Stoke’s theorem, find the line integral of ⃗ ^ x 3 y 2 ^j+ z k^ over the boundary of
F =x i+
the semi-ellipsoid z=√ 4−4 x 2− y 2 in the plane z=0. Use both the elliptical disk and the
ellipsoidal surface to obtain the result.
8. Are the following force fields conservative?
a. ⃗ ^ xyz ^j− y 2 k^
F =xz i+
b. ⃗ ^ x ^j+ y k^
F =z i+
1+2 x 2 y 2 ¿^j−3 z2 k^
c. 3
⃗
F =2 x y i^ +¿
If, on the other hand, we take the surface to be the curved surface, the unit normal is
1 1
a∫
given by n^ = ( i^ x+ ^j y+ k^ z ) . The surface integral is (x+ z )dS . By
a S
symmetry, the term with x is zero (this can be seen in spherical coordinates, where the φ
integral vanishes). Going over to spherical coordinates, the integral is
2π π /2
∫ dϕ ∫ acos θ a2 sinθdθ=π a2 .
0 0
integral ∫ 2 dS=2 ∫ dx dy , which is twice the area of the ellipse. As the given
S
ellipse has a semi-major axis of a=2 and semi-minor axis of b=1, the area is πab=2 π
. Thus the integral is 4 π .
5. Curl of the vector field is – i^ x−2 ^j x + k^ ( z−1) . The normal to the plane is
^ ^j+ k^
i+
. Thus the surface integral is
√3
1 1−x
1 −5
∫
√3 S
(−3 x +( z −1) ) dS=∬ ( −3 x +( z−1)) dxdy=∫ dx ∫ (−4 x − y ) dy=
6
0 0
α+1 ^
⃗
6. In cylindrical coordinates the field is F =r θ . The line integral is
2π
(⃗
∇×⃗
F ) ∙ d ⃗S =¿ ∫ ∫ 3 x 2 y 2 dxdy=π
−1 −2√ 1−x 2 If instead, we consider the semi-ellipsoid,
∫¿
S
^ y ^j +z k^
4 x i+
the normal (calculated by computing the gradient) is n^ = . Thus the
2 √16 x 2 + y 2 + z 2
3 x2 y2 z 3
integral is ∫ dS=∫ y 2 zdxdy . To evaluate this integral , use a
S 2 √ 16 x + y + z S 2
2 2 2
coordinate transformation x=rsin θ cos φ , y=2 rsin θ sin φ , z =2r cos θ . Using this
the equation to the surface becomes 4 r 2=4, i .e .r =1. The Jacobian of the
transformation is 4 r 2 sin θ=4 sinθ . The surface integral becomes
π
2 2π
0 0
8. Check if the curl is zero. Answer (a) No (b) No (c) yes
2 2 2 2
9. y −x =r sin θ cos 2 φ . Laplacian is zero.
−2( y −z) sin r
10. (a) 0 (b) n(n+ 1) r n−2 (c) (d) –
r3 r
∞
11. Since the total charge is Q, ∫ ρ ( r⃗ ) dV =Q⇒ 4 π ∫ Cδ ( r −R ) r 2 dr=Q , which gives
0
2
C=Q/4 π r .
12. Take a to be positive and negative to arrive at the identity.
13. Do an integration by parts.
14. Express the vectors in terms of their components and prove each of the identities.
∫ ∇2 ( 1r ) d 3 r =∫ ∇ ⋅ ∇ ( 1r ) d 3 r ¿∫ ⃗
∇
1
r() 1
⋅ d ⃗S=−∫ 2 r^ ⋅d ⃗S
V V S S r
MODULE :2
Lecture 6
Multiple Choice Questions :
1. Eight charges, each +q, are located symmetrically on a circle of radius R with P as its
centre. If the charge at the position X is removed and brought to the location P, the force
on this charge will be
1 q2
a. from X to P
4 πϵ R 2
X
1 q2
b. from P to X
4 πϵ R 2
7 q
2 P
c. from X to P
4 πϵ R 2
7 q2
d. from P to X
4 πϵ R 2
2. Twelve charges are positioned on the dial of a wall clock such that a charge Q is at the
position 1, 2Q at position 2, 3Q at 3 and so on, ending with 12Q at the position 12. If O is
at the centre of the dial, what is the force exerted on a unit charge located at O,
assuming the radius of the dial to be of unit length?
y
a. ^ ^j
( 12+6 √ 3 ) i+6
b. −( 12+ 6 √ 3 ) i^ +6 ^j
c. ^
( 12+6 √ 3 ) i−6 ^j
d. ^
−( 12+ 6 √ 3 ) i−6 ^j
3. Two small conducting spheres attract each other electrostatically. It can be concluded
that
a. At least one of the spheres is charged
b. Both the spheres are charged
c. Both the spheres are charged and their charges are of opposite sign
d. No definite conclusion on their charge state can be made from the given data.
4. Electric field lines are
a. Vectors in the direction of the electric force that acts on a test charge
b. Trajectories of a test charge in the electric field
c. Closed loops
d. Pictorial representation of electric field around a charged object.
5. The total amount of negative charge of all the electrons contained in one mole of water
is approximately
a. 1C
b. 105 C
c. 106C
d. 1023C
6. A negative charge of 9 m C and mass 2mkg orbits around a heavy positive charge of 16mC
in a circular orbit of radius 5m. What is the speed of the negative charge?
a. 180 m/s
b. 324 m/s
c. 360 m/s
d. 1984 m/s
7. A 2.5 mC test charge is placed to the right of another charge Q. If there is an attractive
force of 22.5 N between the two, what would be the force exerted if the magnitude of
the test charge were to be doubled but it stayed at the same location as before?
a. 90 N
b. 45 N
c. 11.25 N
d. Depends on the distance between the test charge and the charge Q.
8. The charges Q ,Q ,−4 Q∧−Q are kept at the corners A, B, C and D , respectively, of a
square. If the force between the charges at A and B is F, the net force exerted on the
A B
charge at A due to the other three charges is
a. 6F e.
b. 3 F
c. √6 F
d. √ 3 F D C
9. Two small conducting spheres of mass m and charge q each are suspended from a
common point by means of threads. The spheres settle down to an equilibrium position,
each making an angle q with the vertical. The tension in either of the threads is
The charge on the left is three times as big as the charge on the right. Other than at infinity,
where else can the force on a unit test charge due to these two charges is zero?
Problems :
1. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 40 cm. At the vertices A and B +4mC of charge is
kept fixed while at the vertex C a −4 μ C charge is held. What is the force on the
charge at C? If now, the charge at C is released while the charges at A and B still remain
fixed, describe its subsequent motion.
C B
2. Two equal and positive charges, q each, are at a finite distance 2d from each other. A
third charge Q is located at the midpoint of the line joining the two. Where should a unit
positive charge be placed so that the net force on it zero? What, if any, is the
requirement of the magnitude and sign of the charge Q?
3. Twelve equal charges +q are situated on a circle of radius R and they are equally spaced
like the position of digits on the dial of a clock. What is the net force on a charge Q kept
at the centre? What would be the force on Q if the charge at 3’o clock position is
removed?
4. Two particles, each of mass m and having charges q and 2q are suspended by strings of
length l from a common point. Find the angle q that each string makes with the vertical.
5. A particle of mass m and with charge q is suspended from a peg on a wall by means of a
string of length 0.5m. The string makes an angle 600 with the vertical. Another charge q
is held at the same horizontal level as the first charge so that the distance between the
charges is R. Calculate the tension in the string and the distance R.
6. A wire is bent in the form of a semicircle and carries a linear charge density . Find the
electric field at the centre of the circle.
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
1. Resolve the forces along the perpendicular bisector from C on to AB and a direction
perpendicular to it. The net force is along the perpendicular bisector towards AB and has
a magnitude 1.56 N.
2. Charge Q has to have opposite sign of the charge q; else at no finite distance field can be
zero. In order that forces cancel out, the test charge must be located along the
perpendicular at Q of the line joining the two charges q.
Q
P
3. When equal charges are kept on the dial, the net force on a charge at the centre is zero
as the forces due to a pair kept in diametrically opposite positions cancel. If a single
charge is removed, the effect is due to the diametrically opposite member.
4. Draw the freebody diagram of each particle. Resole forces along vertical and horizontal.
q
T
Fe
2q q
mg
2
1 2q
T cos θ=mg T sin θ=
4 π ϵ 0 4 l tan 2 θ
2
5. Very similar to Problem 4. The right hand side of the second equation is to be changed
1 q2
to . Since the angle is given and T can be eliminated, one can find R.
4 π ϵ0 R2
6. Consider the field at P due to an element Rdq located at an angle q, as shown. The
1 λR dθ
magnitude of the field due to this element is given by dE= . The
4 π ϵ 0 R2
component of the field parallel to the diameter cancels due to a symmetrically placed
element, leaving the net field to be perpendicular to the diameter and pointing away
from the semicircle.
λ
θ=¿
2π ϵ0 R
The net field has a magnitude π
2
1 λR dθ
|E|= 2∫ sin ¿
4 π ϵ0 0 R2
Corrections to Lecture 6:
In the last but one line of the last equation in the second term on the right insert r^ 2
Lecture 7
1. The figure shows field lines due to three electric charges each of magnitude Q. The red circle
indicates the intersection of a spherical Gaussian surface with the plane of the paper. The net
electric flux out of the sphere is
a. 2Q /ϵ 0
b. −2 Q/ϵ 0
c. zero
d. cannot be determined without knowing which charge is negative
2. The figure shows a pyramid with a square base. Each of the triangular side is an equilateral
triangle. A charge Q is fixed at the centre of the base of the pyramid. The flux through any of the
triangular sides is
a. Q/ϵ 0
b. Q/2 ϵ 0
c. Q/4 ϵ 0
d. Q/8 ϵ 0
a. Zero
b. aL3
c. bL3
d. (a+b/2)L3 O y
x
4. A point charge Q is situated at a distance d/2 directly above a square plate of side d. The
electric field through the square is
a. Q/6 ϵ 0 d/2
b. Q/4 ϵ 0
Q/3 ϵ 0 d
c.
d. Q/ϵ 0
d
a. Zero
b. Eπ R 2
c. 2 Eπ R
2
d. 4 Eπ R2 ⃗
E
Problems :
{
2
a a
⃗ r⃗ − 3 ⃗r for r < R
E= r 3
R
0 r≥ R
Where a is a real constant. Find the charge distribution (charge density and
the total charge) which gives rise to this field. Does your answer depend on
whether a is positive or negative?
A B
D C
4. A 5.31mC charge is located at one corner of a cube of side 8cm. Calculate the
flux of electric field through one face of the cube.
5. A sphere of radius R has an off-centre spherical hole of radius R/4, the centre C of
the hole being at a distance R/2 from the centre O of the sphere. The sphere has a
charge density . Obtain an expression for the electric field at an arbitrary point of
the hole.
O C
R
6. A plate has a thickness d along the z direction and is of infinite extent in the x-y
d d
plane. The volume charge density is for – ≤ z ≤+ . Calculate the electric
2 2
field for all values of z.
7. A cylinder has a circular cross-section radius R and is of infinite length. It has
a volume charge density . Calculate the electric field at all distances r from
the axis of the cylinder.
1. The first term represents the electric field due to a point charge Q=4 π ϵ 0 a at the
origin while the second term represents the field due to a uniformly charged sphere with
a total charge −4 π ϵ 0 a2 , i.e. having a negative charge density which is
2 3
ρ=−3 ϵ 0 a / R . This can be checked by taking the divergence of the given electric
field. For a> 0 , the point charge is positive while for a< 0 it is negative. Note
however, that the field vanishes at distances greater than R. Thus if we take a Gaussian
sphere (the field is spherically symmetric) for r>R, the surface integral being zero, the net
charge enclosed should be zero. This is only possible if a>0.
⃗ ⋅⃗ 2 π R3
2. ρ= ∇ E =b = constant. Thus the total charge is b . Try doing this problem by
3
calculating the surface integral over the curved surface (the surface integral over the
circular cap is zero).
3. First show that the field in the region of intersection of two identical spheres which carry
opposite charge is constant and is directed along the line joining the two centres.
P
O1 O2
ρ ⃗
The field at P due to the sphere with centre at O1 is ( ) O P while that due to the
3 ϵ0 1
ρ ⃗ ρ ⃗
sphere with centre at O2 is (
3 ϵ0
) PO 2 , so that the net field is
( )O O . Using this it
3ϵ0 1 2
is easy to show the given result.
4. Imagine stacking eight identical cubes of side a=8cm so that we get one single cube of
side 2a.
The charge can be made to reside at the centre of this big cube. Because of the symmetry,
the flux through each face of this big cube is Q/6 ϵ 0 . Since each face of the big cube is
one fourth the size of a face of the original cube, the flux through each face of the original is
Q
.
24 ϵ 0
5. The hole can be considered as a superposition of a sphere with charge density with a
sphere of identical size but with charge density –. Consider a point P in the hole. The
field at P is a superposition of field due to the big sphere with a charge density
everywhere and the field due to a negatively charged sphere of density of the size of
ρ ⃗ ρ ⃗
the hole. The field due to former is OP while that due to the latter is PC ,
3 ϵ0 3 ϵ0
ρ ⃗
which gives OC , an expression independent of the position of P inside the hole.
3 ϵ0
6. The field can only depend on the z-distance from the centre plane of the slab. The
Gaussian pillbox is in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped.
-d/2 x
d/2
x x
-d/2 O d/2
Since the field directions are perpendicular to the slab, the flux contribution is from the
two faces perpendicular to z direction. If the area is taken to be A, the magnitude of the
Q 1 ρ
field is given by 2| E| A= = A . d . ρ , which gives |E|= d for x>d/2.
ϵ0 ϵ0 2ϵ 0
ρ R2 R∧ ρr
Thus the magnitude of the field is for r > for r < R .
2ϵ0r 2ϵ0
CORRECTIONS
There are major corrections in this lecture some pages are mixed up.
Exercise Exercise 1
A flat surface with an area of 0.2 m2 lies in the xy plane in a uniform electric field
given by ⃗ ^ ^j+3 k^ (N/C). Find the flux through the surface.
E=5 i+3
Solution : Since the surface is in the xy plane, the surface vector is 0.2 k^ (m2).
Thus the flux = ⃗ E ∙ ⃗S =0.6 Nm2/C.
Gaussian surface is a cylinder of radius rand length L whose axis is along the line
charge.
∫ ⃗E ∙ d ⃗S =|E|2 πrL
The amount of charge contained inside the cylinder is λL . Thus,
Exercise Exercise 2
Delete : Example (also delete the linked page : This is repeated later).
Page 10 : Line 3 from bottom and Page 11 and 12 should come immediately
after page 8 (i.e. become pages 9 and 10)
The current page 9 and 10 (except last three lines of page 10 should become
new pages 11 and 12.
Corrections :
1. Example 11 should end at the last line of the page of the example. The
statement in bold face “Line integral …. Zero” is a part of the main text. The
rest of the pages of this example should be a part of the main text.
2. Page 6 : 0 is a subscript of P (P0)
3. Exercises should all be properly numbered. Inside the exercise numbers
should be corrected.
Multiple Choice Questions :
1. A point charge -3Q lies at the centre of a conducting shell of radius 2R.
The net charge on the outer surface of the shell is
a. -3Q
b. Zero
c. +1.5 Q
d. +3Q
2. Two identical spherical conductors A and B of radius R , each carrying a
charge Q are kept at some distance from each other. A third spherical
conductor C , initially uncharged, is first brought into contact with A and
then with B before finally being removed to a far away distance. If the
charge on C is (10/9)Q, the radius of C is
a. R/5
b. R/3
c. R/2
d. 2R
3. 64 identical spherical drops of mercury are combined to form a large
drop. If the potential of each smaller drop is 1 V, the potential of the
final drop is
a. 1 V
b. 4 V
c. 16 V
d. 64 V
4. Infinite number of charges of equal magnitude Q are placed along the
axis at distances a, 2a, 3a, ….from the origin. If the charges alternate in
sign and the charge closest to the origin is positive, the potential at the
origin due to the charge distribution is
−Q
a.
4 π ϵ0 a
Q
b.
4 π ϵ0 a
Qln 2
c.
4 π ϵ0 a
d. Zero
5. Three charges, Q, q and q are arranged at the vertices of a right angled
isosceles triangle of base a. If the charge Q are fixed, the configuration
has minimum electrostatic energy when q is equal to
−Q √
2+1
a.
√2
+Q √
2+1
b.
√2
−Q √
2+1
c.
2 √2
+Q √
2+1
d.
2 √2
6. The electric potential in a region along the x axis varies with distance x
(in meters) as V (x)=4 +4 x 2 (Volts). The force acting on a 1mC
charge located at x=−3 is
a. 2.4 ×10−5 N along the positive x axis
b. 2.4 ×10−5 N along the negative x axis
c. 4 × 10
−5
N along the positive x axis
d. 4 × 10 −5
N along the negative x axis
7. Four electric charges +q, +q, –q and –q are placed at the corners of a
square of side 2L (see figure). The electric potential at point A, midway
between the two charges +q and +q, is
q 1
a.
2 π ϵ0 L (1+
√5 )
q 1
b.
2 π ϵ0 L (1−
√5 )
q 1
c.
2 π ϵ0 L (1+
√3 )
d. Zero
8. Two uniformly charged concentric rings of radii R and 2R are placed on
a plane. Each ring has a charge density The electric potential at the
centre of the rings is
2λ
a.
3 R ϵ0
λ
b.
R ϵ0
λ
c.
ϵ0
2λ
d.
3 ϵ0
9. A hemisphere of radius R is charged with a uniform surface charged
density s on its curved surface. The potential the centre is
σ
a.
4ϵ0
σ
b.
2ϵ0
σ
c.
ϵ0
4σ
d.
3 ϵ0
10. A hollow metal sphere of radius R is charged to a potential of 10 V on its
surface. What is the potential at the centre of the sphere?
a. Zero
b. +10 V
c. -10 V
d. Same as its value outside at a distance of R from the surface of
the sphere.
Problems
1. (a)
2. (d)
3. (c)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (c)
(9) (b)
10. (b)
Hints for solutions to Problems
Q r r^ Q r^
1. Electric field is known from Gauss’s law to be for r <R and for r>R.
4 π ϵ0 R3 4 π ϵ 0 r2
r 2
Q r −Q r
E∙⃗
For r<R , V ( r )−V ( 0 ) =−∫ ⃗ dl=−∫ 3
dr = . For r>R, take the corresponding
0 4 π ϵ 0 R 8 π ϵ 0 R3
expression for the field for outside the sphere and integrate from the surface of the sphere to
the point where the potential is to be found. We get
r
Q 1 −3 Q 1 Q
V ( r )=V ( R )−∫ dr= + .
R 4 π ϵ 0 r2 8 π ϵ0 R 4 π ϵ0 r
2. The charge on the left plate is -2nC and on the right plate is +2nC. Without assuming that the
final charges are on the faces of plate facing each other, we can assume that the charge density
on the left plate (plate 1) is 1L on its left face and 1R on its right face. Likewise, the charge
density on the right plate (plate 2) are 2Land 2R respectively. We also have
2× 10−9
σ 2 =−σ 1=σ = =2× 10−9 C/m2. Further, σ 1=σ 1 L +σ 1 R∧σ 2=σ 2 L +σ 2 R . For a point
1
σ 1 L σ 1 R σ 2 L σ 2 R σ 1−σ 2
in region II, E II = + − − = =−2 σ /ϵ 0 .
2ϵ0 2ϵ0 2ϵ0 2ϵ0 2 ϵ0
Substituting values, the field strength is approximately 226 N/C. By similar arguments, the field
to the left of the left plate and that to the right of the right plate can be shown to be zero.
(Solution becomes simpler if one assumes a- priori that the charges appear only on the faces of
the two plates that face each other.)
Q1 1
3. Calculate the potential at P due to the first ring which is V 1 ( P ) = . Similarly, since
4 π ϵ0 R
P is at a distance √ 2 R from all points on the
second ring, the potential at P due to the P second
Q1
Q2 1
ring is V 2 ( P ) = . Thus the net potential
4 π ϵ 0 √2 R
P’ Q2
Q1 Q2 Q2 Q1
at P is V ( P )=
1
( +
4 π ϵ 0 R √2 R ) . Similarly, the potential at P’ is V ( P ' )=
1
( +
4 π ϵ 0 R √2 R ) .
The work done is q times the potential difference between P and P’, which is
q(Q1−Q 2) √ 2−1
.
4 π ϵ0 R √2
Q −Q Q
4. The charge densities are σ R= 2
; σ a= 2
; σb= 2 . Inside the metal sphere (for r<R)
4π R 4πa 4πb
the field is zero. Field for R<r<a as well as for r>b, the field is inverse square and is given by
1 q
r^ . The potential can be calculated as a line integral of the electric field
4 π ϵ 0 r2
b R
V ( 0 )=−∫
∞
1 q
4 π ϵ 0 r2
dr −∫
a 4
1 q
π ϵ 0 r
2
dr=
4
q
π ϵ [
1 1 1
0 b
+ −
R a ]
If the outside of the shell is grounded, the charge density on that surface becomes zero while
the charge densities on all other surfaces remain unchanged. The only non-zero field is in the
R
−q −Q
5. The charge densities on the inside surface of the cavities are σ a= 2
; σ b= , while
4πa 4 π b2
q +Q
the charge density on the outside surface is σ R= . The field outside the sphere is same as due
4 π R2
to a charge q+Q located at the centre of the sphere.
7. Take the line joining the charges along the x-axis and the perpendicular bisector along the z axis. Since
the point at which the potential is to calculated is at a distance √ (d + z )
2 2
from each of the charges,
q 2
the potential is given by V (z )=
4 π ϵ 0 √ ( d 2+ z 2 ) . The electric field is the gradient of the potential
−q d 1 ^ q z
and is given by ⃗
E=−∇ V = k= k^ .
2 π ϵ dz 0 √ ( 2
d + z2
) 2 π ϵ 0 (d 2
+ z 2 3 /2
)
8. The potential in the region r<R is the same as that on the surface of the metal sphere. The charge
distribution on the shell will be –Q on the inner surface and 4Q on the outer surface. We can use
1 Q Q 4Q 11 Q
superposition principle to find the potential at r=R. This gives V= (− + = )
4 π ϵ 0 R 2 R 3 R 24 π ϵ 0
.
You can also find it by determining the field distribution using Gauss’s law and determining potential
9. No, the curl the given field is not zero (calculate the curl explicitly).
10. Show that the field is conservative and obtain the corresponding potential. The potential is given by
2
V =−10 xy−z (in V). Then convert the given positions to Cartesian. The work done is equal to q
times the change in potential. Ans. 6 ×10−9 J .
Lecture 9
Corrections :
Add Examples :
1. Obtain an expression for the energy of a uniformly charged sphere containing a total
charge Q.
Solution :(Method 1)
1 3
We will first use the expression for the energy W = 2 ∫ ρV d x where the integral is
V
over the volume of the sphere since the charge density outside is zero. The potential
within the sphere can be calculated from the electric field, which in turn, can be
Q r Q 1
calculated using Gauss’s law as ⃗ E= r^ for r<R and ¿ r^ for r>R.
4π ϵ0 R 3
4 π ϵ 0 r2
Taking the zero of the potential to be at infinite distance,
[ ]
R r R 2
Q 1 Q r Q 3 r
V ( r )=−∫ dr−∫ ∫ dr ¿ − 3
∞ 4 π ϵ 0 r2 R ∞ 4 π ϵ 0 R3 4 π ϵ0 2R 2 R
Q
The charge density is constant and is given by ρ=3 . Thus the energy is
4 π R3
given by
W=
Q
16 π ϵ 0 R [∫
V
3 ρdτ −
1
2∫
R V
r 2 ρdτ
]
[ ]
R R
3 Q2 3Q2
¿
1Q
16 π ϵ 0 R
∫ 9 4 πQR3 4 π r 2 dr −∫ 3 4 πQR3 r 2 4 π r 2 dr
0 0
¿
16 π ϵ 0 R [ ]
1
1− =
5 20 π ϵ 0 R
Method 2
Here, we will take the expression for the energy to be given by the volume integral over the
square of the electric field, remembering that the expression for the field are different inside
the sphere and outside.
ϵ0
W=
2 V
∫ E 2 dτ Thus the energy is given by
[ ]
R 2 2 2 ∞ R ∞
ϵ0 Q r ϵ0 Q 1 Q2 1
W= ∫
2 0 16 π 2 ϵ 20 R 6
4 π r
2
dr + ∫
2 R 16 π 2 ϵ 20 r 4
2
4 π r dr ¿ ∫ r 4 dr +∫ r12 dr
8 π ϵ 0 R6 0 R
2 2
¿
Q
[ 1 1
+ = ]
3Q
8 π ϵ 0 5 R R 20 π ϵ 0 R
Method 3
Here we will take the expression for the energy to be given by the sum of a volume integral over
the sphere and a surface integral over the same,
ϵ0 ϵ0
E ⋅⃗
2
W=
2 V
∫ E dτ + ∫ V ⃗
2 S
dS The integrals are calculated using the expressions for the field
and potential given under Method 1. The volume contribution is the same as calculated in the
2
Q
first term of method 2, i.e. . The surface terms is easily calculated since we only
40 π ϵ 0 R
need the field and potential on the surface, i.e. at r=R. The surface contribution is given by
ϵ0
2 S
∫ E ⋅⃗
V⃗
ϵ
dS= 0
Q
[ [ 3 R2
− 3 ×
2 4 π ϵ0 2R 2 R
QR
]
4 π ϵ0 R3 ] ∫ dS ¿
Q2
32 π 2 ϵ 0 R3
4 π R 2
=
Q2
8π ϵ0 R
Problems
1. Four identical charges are at the vertices of a tetrahedron of side a. What is the amount of work
required to assemble this charge configuration?
6 q2
1. There are 6 pairs of interaction terms. The work is .
4 π ϵ0 a
2. The electrostatic energy is the amount of work required to assemble the charge on the surface
of the sphere from an infinite distance. Since the potential on the surface of the sphere is
constant and is given by V =q/4 π ϵ 0 R , the amount of work required to bring a charge dq
qdq
from infinity to the surface when the surface has a charge q is dW = . Integrating
4 π ϵ0 R
2
Q
from 0 to Q, the electrostatic energy is W= .
8 π ϵ0 R
Q
3. The potential is given by V= which gives Q=10
−8
C. The energy is ½ QV which
4 π ϵ0 R
is 4.5 mJ
4. The initial kinetic energy is zero. The final potent1ial energy is zero. Thus the final kinetic energy
2
1 q
is equal to the initial potential energy, which is , where b=a/ √ 3 , is the
4 π ϵ0 b
1 2
distance of the centre from each vertex. Equating this to m v , the result follows.
2
5. When there is a charge q on the inner sphere, the potential difference between the sphere and
q 1 1
the shell is V ( q) = ( −
4 π ϵ0 R a ) . In this situation to transfer an additional charge dq from
the shell to the inner sphere, an amount Vdq has to be done. Thus the total work done is
Q 2
q 1 1 Q 1 1
W =∫
0
(
− dq=
4πϵ0 R a ) −
8π ϵ0 R a ( )
Lecture 10
Problems
B
x
3. Using the definition of work, show that the local electric field is perpendicular to
the equipotential surface.
4. The charge density on a unit disk in the x-y plane is constant and is given by 0.
The charge density vanishes on the boundary of the disk. Obtain an expression
for the potential on the disk.
y
1
x
-1 1
-1
Q
1. The potential at a distance R is given by . Substituting the values of charge and the
4 π ϵ0 R
potential, the radius R = 0.45 m.
2. The electric field is given by negative gradient of the potential. The field is strongest where the
equipotentials are closer. Using these two facts it follows that the point B is the required point.
3. Work is given by W = ⃗ F ∙ ⃗s =Fs cos θ . From the definition of equipotential, the work done
moving charge along the equipotential surface must be zero. Since neither the displacement nor
the force is zero, the angle between the force and the displacement must be 90 0. As the
displacement is tangential to the surface, the force, and hence the electric field must be
perpendicular to the surface.
4. A unit disk is defined by the equation x 2+ y 2 ≤1 . Thus the Poisson’s equation is given by
∂2 φ ∂2 φ −ρ0
+ = , subject to φ=0 for x 2 + y 2=1 . Since 0 is constant, the integration
∂ x2 ∂ y 2 ϵ 0
are easily done and we get,
−ρ0 2 2
φ ( x , y )= ( x + y ) +C
4ϵ0
+ ρ0
,where C is a constant. The boundary condition on the periphery of the disk gives C= .
4 ϵ0
Thus the solution is
−ρ0 2 2
φ ( x , y )= ( x + y −1 )
4ϵ0
5. Putting φ ( x , y ) =¿ constant gives circles as equipotential contours. The solution above is
only valid within the disk.
6. Since the potential is spherically symmetric, we have
2
1 d r 2 dφ φ0 e−λr
ρ
– =∇ φ= 2
ϵ0 r dr dr ( )
with φ=
r
. One can easily integrate the relationship to get
−ϵ 0 φ0 2 − λr
ρ ( r )= λ e . However, note that the potential has a singularity at r=0 where it has
r
φ 2 1
the form φ= 0 . We know that ∇
r r ()
=−4 πδ ( r ) . Thus near the origin the charge
density is like that of a point charge. Adding the two contributions, we have
1
(
ρ ( r )=ϵ 0 φ 0 4 πδ ( r )− λ2 e−λr
r ) . The total charge for this distribution is obtained by
Solving, the surface is a sphere with its centre at the origin with a radius of 6.
8. The electric field between the plates remain the same. The capacitances reduces by a factor of
two. Since Q has not changed, the potential difference V=Q/C doubles. Thus the stored energy
doubles, the extra energy coming from the work done in pulling the plates apart.
2 π ϵ0 L ϵ0 L
C= =2 π =20 ×10−12
9. The capacitance is given by ln 2 , which gives L≈ 25 cm.
ln ( ba )
Thus r ¿ =1.25 cm a nd r out =2.5 cm . The potential difference between the plates is Q/C =
500 V. The energy density at a distance r from the axis is found using Gauss’s law.
⃗ Q 1
2 πrL E=Qencl /ϵ 0 , which gives, since Qencl =Q=10−8 C , E= = 720/r N/C.
2π ϵ0 L r
rout
1 Q2
∫( 2)ϵ 0 E 2 2 πrLdr =
4 π ϵ0L
ln 2=2.5 ×10−6 J
rin
This agrees with the result one directly agrees by calculating the energy as ( 12 )C V 2
.
10. The initial charge in the first sphere is Q=CV =2 ×10−9 C . When the two spheres are
connected, they will have a common potential V. If Q 1 and Q2 are the shared charges after the
Q 1 Q2
spheres are connected, we have = , This, together with Q 1+ Q 2=Q , gives the
V V
Consider the dielectric to be built up of volume d’. The dipole moment of the volume element is
P' d τ '
. Note that the prime over a coordinate are appropriate to positions within the material volume. The
potential at a point S, whose position vector is ⃗r is given by
O S
Replace page 12
⃗
P' ( ⃗
r ' ) ( r⃗ −⃗r ' )dτ '
1 1
ϕ ( r⃗ )= ∫
4 π ϵ 0 Vo lume ⃗' 3
=
4 π ϵ
∫ ⃗P' ( ⃗r ' ) ∙ ∇ ' | 1 ⃗'| dτ '
( )
|⃗r −r | 0 Volume r⃗ − r
(Note that the gradient being with respect to primed variable is negative of the gradient with respect to
the unprimed variable, since the function depend on the difference ⃗r − ⃗ r' )
Use the vector identity
∇ ⋅( ⃗
A f )= ⃗
A ⋅ ∇f +f ∇⋅ ⃗
A
1
Substitute ⃗
A=⃗
P (⃗
r' ) and f=
|⃗r −r⃗'|
⃗
P(⃗ r ' ) ⃗ ⃗'
∇⋅
'
( ) ⃗
|⃗r −r |'
= P (r )⋅ ∇
' 1
⃗'
+
1
⃗'
|⃗r −r | |⃗r −r |
'
P( ⃗
∇ ⋅⃗
'
r)
⃗ ( r⃗')
P
ϕ ( r⃗ )=
1
∫
4 π ϵ 0 Volume
∇' ⋅
( ) ⃗
|r⃗ −r |'
d τ '−
4
1
π ϵ
∫ 1 ⃗' ∇ ' ⋅ ⃗P (r⃗') dτ '
0 Vo lume |r
⃗ −r |
Replace Page 13
The first integral can be converted to a surface integral using divergence theorem, giving
1 σ b ( r⃗') ' 1 ρb ( ⃗
r ')
ϕ ( r⃗ )= ∫
4 π ϵ 0 Surface |⃗r −r⃗'|
d S + ∫
4 π ϵ 0 Volume |r⃗ −⃗
dτ '
r '|
where the first term is the potential that one would expect for a surface charge density
σ b ( r⃗ ) =⃗
P( ⃗
r ) ⋅ n^'
' '
n^' being along the outward normal to the surface of volume at the position ⃗
r ' . The second term
is the potential due to a volume charge density
ρb ( ⃗ P ( r⃗ )
' ' '
r )=−∇ ⋅ ⃗