Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Dynamics
Force, Mass,
and Kinetics of Particles and Rectilinear Motion
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained ME-Chula
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear Department of Mechanical Engineering

Motion Faculty of Engineering
Examples

Summary 23rd August 2006

 Outline

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of 1 Kinetics of Particles

Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and 2 Section A: Force, Mass, and Acceleration
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Newton’s Second Law and Inertial System
Law and Inertial
System Constrained and Unconstrained Motions
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion 3 Rectilinear Motion
Examples

Summary
4 Examples
 What is Kinetics?

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Kinetics is the study of the relations between
Particles unbalanced force and the resulting changes in motion.
Section A:
Force, Mass, The main equation is the Newton’s second law.
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second ~ = m~a
ΣF
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear Combine with C2 to solve engineering problems

Motion
Three approaches will be studied
Examples
(A) Direct Application or Force-Mass-Acceleration
Summary
(B) Work and Energy
(C) Impulse and Momentum
 What is Kinetics?

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Kinetics is the study of the relations between
Particles unbalanced force and the resulting changes in motion.
Section A:
Force, Mass, The main equation is the Newton’s second law.
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second ~ = m~a
ΣF
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear Combine with C2 to solve engineering problems

Motion
Three approaches will be studied
Examples
(A) Direct Application or Force-Mass-Acceleration
Summary
(B) Work and Energy
(C) Impulse and Momentum
 What is Kinetics?

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Kinetics is the study of the relations between
Particles unbalanced force and the resulting changes in motion.
Section A:
Force, Mass, The main equation is the Newton’s second law.
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second ~ = m~a
ΣF
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear Combine with C2 to solve engineering problems

Motion
Three approaches will be studied
Examples
(A) Direct Application or Force-Mass-Acceleration
Summary
(B) Work and Energy
(C) Impulse and Momentum
 What is Kinetics?

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Kinetics is the study of the relations between
Particles unbalanced force and the resulting changes in motion.
Section A:
Force, Mass, The main equation is the Newton’s second law.
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second ~ = m~a
ΣF
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear Combine with C2 to solve engineering problems

Motion
Three approaches will be studied
Examples
(A) Direct Application or Force-Mass-Acceleration
Summary
(B) Work and Energy
(C) Impulse and Momentum
 Section A: Direct Application or Force, Mass,
and Acceleration
Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass, Here we apply Newton’s second law directly.
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Use C2 and Newton’s second law to set up differential
Law and Inertial
System equations
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions Solve the differential equations using direct integration
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
or other methods of differential equations.
Motion

Examples

Summary
 Example of the Direct Method

Dynamics
Suppose the block shown starts from rest at point A and
ME-Chula slides down the incline due to the force of gravity. Find the
Kinetics of speed of this block as a function of time, if θ = 15◦ .
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Using FBD, we can find that ΣFx = mg sin(θ). And, from
Rectilinear
Motion Newton’s second law ΣFx = max , we will have
Examples
v̇ = ax = g sin(θ)
Summary

And this equation may be integrated to find v (t)

Z v Z t
dv = g sin(θ) dt
0 0
 Example of the Direct Method

Dynamics
Suppose the block shown starts from rest at point A and
ME-Chula slides down the incline due to the force of gravity. Find the
Kinetics of speed of this block as a function of time, if θ = 15◦ .
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Using FBD, we can find that ΣFx = mg sin(θ). And, from
Rectilinear
Motion Newton’s second law ΣFx = max , we will have
Examples
v̇ = ax = g sin(θ)
Summary

And this equation may be integrated to find v (t)

Z v Z t
dv = g sin(θ) dt
0 0
 Outline

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of 1 Kinetics of Particles

Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and 2 Section A: Force, Mass, and Acceleration
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Newton’s Second Law and Inertial System
Law and Inertial
System Constrained and Unconstrained Motions
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion 3 Rectilinear Motion
Examples

Summary
4 Examples
 Newton’s Second Law and Inertial System

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles Newton’s Second Law
Section A:
Force, Mass, ~ = m~a
ΣF
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial In SI unit, unit of force is newtons or N = kg·m/s2 ,
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained Unit of mass is kg
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Unit of acceleration is m/s2
Rectilinear
Motion Please refer to C3/2 for U.S. customary units
Examples
~a must be an absolute acceleration.
Summary
 Newton’s Second Law and Inertial System

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles Newton’s Second Law
Section A:
Force, Mass, ~ = m~a
ΣF
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial In SI unit, unit of force is newtons or N = kg·m/s2 ,
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained Unit of mass is kg
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Unit of acceleration is m/s2
Rectilinear
Motion Please refer to C3/2 for U.S. customary units
Examples
~a must be an absolute acceleration.
Summary
 Newton’s Second Law and Inertial System

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles Newton’s Second Law
Section A:
Force, Mass, ~ = m~a
ΣF
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial In SI unit, unit of force is newtons or N = kg·m/s2 ,
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained Unit of mass is kg
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Unit of acceleration is m/s2
Rectilinear
Motion Please refer to C3/2 for U.S. customary units
Examples
~a must be an absolute acceleration.
Summary
 Inertial System

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
~a can be measured relative to a fixed frame.
Particles
~a can also be measured relative to an inertial system;
Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
i.e., nonrotating reference frame with constant velocity.
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
From the relative acceleration equation
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained ~aP = ~aO + ~aP/O
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples If the reference frame at O is an inertial frame; i.e.,

Summary ~aO = 0
Acceleration relative to O can be considered absolute.
 Inertial System

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
~a can be measured relative to a fixed frame.
Particles
~a can also be measured relative to an inertial system;
Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
i.e., nonrotating reference frame with constant velocity.
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
From the relative acceleration equation
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained ~aP = ~aO + ~aP/O
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples If the reference frame at O is an inertial frame; i.e.,

Summary ~aO = 0
Acceleration relative to O can be considered absolute.
 Inertial System

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
~a can be measured relative to a fixed frame.
Particles
~a can also be measured relative to an inertial system;
Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
i.e., nonrotating reference frame with constant velocity.
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
From the relative acceleration equation
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained ~aP = ~aO + ~aP/O
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples If the reference frame at O is an inertial frame; i.e.,

Summary ~aO = 0
Acceleration relative to O can be considered absolute.
 Inertial System

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
~a can be measured relative to a fixed frame.
Particles
~a can also be measured relative to an inertial system;
Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
i.e., nonrotating reference frame with constant velocity.
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
From the relative acceleration equation
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained ~aP = ~aO + ~aP/O
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples If the reference frame at O is an inertial frame; i.e.,

Summary ~aO = 0
Acceleration relative to O can be considered absolute.
 Inertial System

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
~a can be measured relative to a fixed frame.
Particles
~a can also be measured relative to an inertial system;
Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
i.e., nonrotating reference frame with constant velocity.
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
From the relative acceleration equation
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained ~aP = ~aO + ~aP/O
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples If the reference frame at O is an inertial frame; i.e.,

Summary ~aO = 0
Acceleration relative to O can be considered absolute.
 Outline

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of 1 Kinetics of Particles

Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and 2 Section A: Force, Mass, and Acceleration
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Newton’s Second Law and Inertial System
Law and Inertial
System Constrained and Unconstrained Motions
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion 3 Rectilinear Motion
Examples

Summary
4 Examples
 Constrained and Unconstrained Motions

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles Unconstrained motion: No mechanical guides or
Section A: linkages to constrain its motion.
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Motion can be found from force and initial condition (like
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
velocity)
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Ex. airplanes, rockets
Motions
Free-Body Diagram Constrained motion: Motion is limited by some
Rectilinear
Motion
mechanical guide or likages
Examples Motion depends on the constrain and forces
Summary
Mechanisms
 Constrained and Unconstrained Motions

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles Unconstrained motion: No mechanical guides or
Section A: linkages to constrain its motion.
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Motion can be found from force and initial condition (like
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
velocity)
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Ex. airplanes, rockets
Motions
Free-Body Diagram Constrained motion: Motion is limited by some
Rectilinear
Motion
mechanical guide or likages
Examples Motion depends on the constrain and forces
Summary
Mechanisms
 Constrained and Unconstrained Motions

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles Unconstrained motion: No mechanical guides or
Section A: linkages to constrain its motion.
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Motion can be found from force and initial condition (like
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
velocity)
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Ex. airplanes, rockets
Motions
Free-Body Diagram Constrained motion: Motion is limited by some
Rectilinear
Motion
mechanical guide or likages
Examples Motion depends on the constrain and forces
Summary
Mechanisms
 Constrained and Unconstrained Motions

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles Unconstrained motion: No mechanical guides or
Section A: linkages to constrain its motion.
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Motion can be found from force and initial condition (like
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
velocity)
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Ex. airplanes, rockets
Motions
Free-Body Diagram Constrained motion: Motion is limited by some
Rectilinear
Motion
mechanical guide or likages
Examples Motion depends on the constrain and forces
Summary
Mechanisms
 Outline

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of 1 Kinetics of Particles

Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and 2 Section A: Force, Mass, and Acceleration
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Newton’s Second Law and Inertial System
Law and Inertial
System Constrained and Unconstrained Motions
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion 3 Rectilinear Motion
Examples

Summary
4 Examples
 Free-Body Diagram

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
A free-body diagram must be drawn to correctly
and
Acceleration
evaluating all forces involved in Newton’s second law.
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial Recall:
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Clearly draw an isolated body
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Define coordinate and their positive directions
Rectilinear
Replace the bodies removed by the forces they exert on
Motion the body
Examples

Summary
 Free-Body Diagram

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
A free-body diagram must be drawn to correctly
and
Acceleration
evaluating all forces involved in Newton’s second law.
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial Recall:
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Clearly draw an isolated body
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Define coordinate and their positive directions
Rectilinear
Replace the bodies removed by the forces they exert on
Motion the body
Examples

Summary
 Rectilinear Motion

Dynamics
Whenever possible, chose a direction as the direction
ME-Chula
of the motion; e.g.,
Kinetics of
Particles ΣFx = max
Section A:
Force, Mass,
ΣFy = 0
and
Acceleration ΣFz = 0
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
In general, we will have
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
ΣFx = max
Motion
ΣFy = may
Examples

Summary ΣFz = maz

Here we will limit ourself to plane motions. However, we

might need all of the three components of the Newton’s
law.
 Rectilinear Motion

Dynamics
Whenever possible, chose a direction as the direction
ME-Chula
of the motion; e.g.,
Kinetics of
Particles ΣFx = max
Section A:
Force, Mass,
ΣFy = 0
and
Acceleration ΣFz = 0
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
In general, we will have
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
ΣFx = max
Motion
ΣFy = may
Examples

Summary ΣFz = maz

Here we will limit ourself to plane motions. However, we

might need all of the three components of the Newton’s
law.
 Rectilinear Motion

Dynamics
Whenever possible, chose a direction as the direction
ME-Chula
of the motion; e.g.,
Kinetics of
Particles ΣFx = max
Section A:
Force, Mass,
ΣFy = 0
and
Acceleration ΣFz = 0
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
In general, we will have
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
ΣFx = max
Motion
ΣFy = may
Examples

Summary ΣFz = maz

Here we will limit ourself to plane motions. However, we

might need all of the three components of the Newton’s
law.
 Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 P3/25

Dynamics

ME-Chula
The device shown is used as an accelerometer and consists
Kinetics of of a 100-g plunger A which deflects the spring as the
Particles
housing of the unit is given an upward acceleration a.
Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Specify the neccessary
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
spring stiffness k which will
Law and Inertial
System permit the plunger to deflect
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
6 mm beyond the equilibrium
Free-Body Diagram
position and touch the
Rectilinear
Motion electical contact when the
Examples steadily but slowly increasing
Summary upward acceleration reaches
5g. Friction may be
neglected.
 P3/25

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 P3/25

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 P3/25

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 SP3/3

Dynamics

ME-Chula
The 125-kg concrete block A is released from rest in the
Kinetics of position shown and pulls the 200-kg log up the 30◦ ramp. If
Particles
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the log and the
Section A:
Force, Mass, ramp is 0.5, determine the velocity of the block as it hits the
and
Acceleration ground at B.
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 SP3/3

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 SP3/3

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 SP3/3

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 P3/174 (modified)

Dynamics

ME-Chula Calculate the velocity of slider A when y = 0 if the system is

Kinetics of
released from rest with x = y . Motion is in the vertical plane.
Particles Assume friction is negligible. The sliders have equal
Section A:
Force, Mass,
masses. [Extra] Also find initial acceleration. [We’ll do this
and
Acceleration
again using work and energy method.]
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 P3/174

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 P3/174

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 P3/174

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A:
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram

Rectilinear
Motion

Examples

Summary
 Summary

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A: ~ = m~a
Newton’s second law, ΣF
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration ~a must be absolute.
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Outlook
Rectilinear
Motion Curvilinear Motion
Examples

Summary
 Summary

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A: ~ = m~a
Newton’s second law, ΣF
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration ~a must be absolute.
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Outlook
Rectilinear
Motion Curvilinear Motion
Examples

Summary
 Summary

Dynamics

ME-Chula

Kinetics of
Particles

Section A: ~ = m~a
Newton’s second law, ΣF
Force, Mass,
and
Acceleration ~a must be absolute.
Newton’s Second
Law and Inertial
System
Constrained and
Unconstrained
Motions
Free-Body Diagram
Outlook
Rectilinear
Motion Curvilinear Motion
Examples

Summary