Kinds of laws:

Classification of law:
I. Natural law
- This derives its force and authority from God. Superior to other laws. It is binding upon the
whole world and in all countries.
II. Human positive law
- This law is promulgated expressly or indirectly by competent human authority for the common
good, and usually, but not necessarily, imposing sanctions in case of disobedience

Kinds of natural law

 Physical law – universal rule of action that governs the conduct and movement of things which are
non-free and material.
 Moral law – set of rules which establishes what is right and what is wrong as dictated by the human
conscience.
 Divine law
a) Divine positive law, i.e. Ten commandments
b) Divine human positive law
- Made by church authority (i.e. Commandments of the church)

Kinds of human positive law

 Accdg to force and effect:
1. Mandatory and/or prohibitory laws – those which have to be complied with, because they
are expressive of public policy: disobedience is punished either by direct penalties or by
considering an act or contract void.
2. Permissive or suppletory laws – those which may be deviated from, if the individual so
desires.
 Accdg to the scope or content of the law:
1. Public law – that which governs the relations of the individual with the state or rules or
community as a whole. (This includes political law, criminal law, and law on taxation)
2. Private law – that which regulates the relations of the members or a community with one
another. (This consists of civil law, labor law, and commercial law)
 Accdg to whether a right is given, or merely the procedure for enforcement is laid down:
1. Substantive law – that which establishes rights and duties
2. Remedial (or procedural or adjective law) – that which prescribes the manner of enforcing
legal rights and claims.

Political law
- That branch of public law which deals with the organization and operations of the governmental
organs of the state and defines the relations of the state with the inhabitants of the territory

It consist, among other, of:

 Constitutional law I and II
 Administrative law, law on public officers and election laws
 Public international law
Criminal law
- That branch of law which defines offenses and specify the corresponding penalties therefor.
- It consists, among others, of:
 Criminal law I
 Criminal law II
Taxation
- That branch of law which deals with the imposition and collection of taxes
- It consists, among others, of:
 Taxation I
 Taxation II
Civili law
- That vranch of law which every particular nation or state has established peculiarly for itself.
This law concerns with civil or private rights and remedies, as contrasted to criminal law.
- It consists, among others, of:
 Persons and family relations
 Property
 Obligations and contracts
 Succession
 Sales
 Credit transactions
 Agency, trust and partnership
 Torts and damages
 Transportation law

Labor laws
- That branch of law which deals with the relationship between the employer and the employee,
as well as the working conditions, wages, fringe benefits, grievances and association of
employees.
- It consists, among others, of:
 Labor law I
 Labor law II

Commercial law
- Body of law that applies to the rights, relations and conduct or persons and businesses engaged
in commerce, merchandising and trade.
- It consists, among others, or:
 Corporation Law
 Negotioable Instruments Law

Remedial law
- It refers to the means and methods of setting the courts in motion, making facts known to them
and effectuating their judgements.
- It consists, among others, of:
 Civil procedure
 Criminal procedure
 Evidence
 Special proceedings