Cosh Manual Rev2

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
 Rule 1410 of the OSHS and DO 13, series 1998 provide the requirements for keeping and
maintaining a safe worksite, examples:
 Health and Safety Committee to plan, develop, implement worksite programs on OSH
approved by DOLE-OSHC.
 Approved Personal Protective Equipment
 Trained or accredited OSH personnel
 Other administrative and technical safety and health requirements
 DOLE Advocacy and linkages with stakeholders.
 NBC to include safety and health.
 DOLE Proposal - to add new Rule on Occupational Safety and Health in the Revised
Implementing Rules and Regulations pursuant to PD 1096 otherwise known as the National
Building Code.
 MOA between DOLE and DPWH to harmonize and complement the National Building Code and
the Labor Code of the Philippines.
SALIENT FEATURES OF DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13, SERIES OF 1998 CONTENT:

 SECTION 1: DEFINITION OF TERMS
25 terms as used in the guidelines were defined in order to clarify their meaning and to
distinguish them from similar terms as defined in other issuances.
 SECTION 2: JURISDICTION
The Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment, by virtue of Article 162 of the Labor
Code of the Philippines, has the authority to issue appropriate laws related to the administration
and enforcement of occupational safety and health in the Philippines.
 SECTION 3: DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY

DOLE has the power to delegate some enforcement powers to other government agencies and to
private organizations provided that they have adequate personnel and facilities. (These cover
Technical Safety Inspections)
 SECTION 4: COVERAGE
The guidelines shall apply to all construction activities, including demolition, whether owned by
the private or the government sector.
 SECTION 5: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

Before the start of the actual construction, the construction project manager shall prepare and
submit to DOLE a comprehensive construction safety and health program (for approval of the
Bureau of Working Conditions) which shall include, but not limited to:
 Composition of the construction safety and health committee
 Specific H&S policies within the construction site
 Penalties for violation
 Training of workers
 Waste disposal
 Other requirements of D.O. No. 13, series of 1998
 SECTION 6: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

All employers must provide personal protective equipment for all employees needing such
equipment. All other persons entering the construction site must wear the necessary protective
equipment. The equivalent cost for the provision of PPE shall be an integral part of the project
cost.
5MCSS 1 COSH MANUAL REV2
 SECTION 7: SAFETY PERSONNEL
A means of coordination was established wherein the main or general contractor shall have over-
all management and coordination of all safety and health officers/personnel working within the
construction site. All full-time safety and health personnel must be accredited by DOLE.
No. of Workers Safety Personnel

1 – 50 1 part-time Safetyman
51 – 200 1 full-time Safetyman
201 – 250 1 full-time and 1 part-time Safetymen
Every additional 500 or 1 additional full-time Safetyman
fraction thereof
1 Safetyman for every 10 units of heavy equipment
 SECTION 8: EMERGENCY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES

The same provisions of the existing Occupational Safety and Health Standards(OSHS) are
reiterated. The provision for an emergency health provider was allowed. All other requirement
such as emergency medicines, supplies, equipment and facilities shall conform with the OSHS.
Number of Workers OH Personnel/Facilities
50 or less 1 First Aider
51 to 200 1 full-time Registered Nurse
201 to 300 1 full-time Registered Nurse

1 part-time Physician and Dentist Emergency Clinic
more than 300 1 full-time Registered Nurse

1 full-time Physician and Dentist Emergency Hospital
with minimum 1 bed
 SECTION 9: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNAGES

Mandatory provision of safety and warning signs are reiterated not only for the protection of
workers, but also the public in general. Signs should conform with the standard requirements of
the OSHS.
 Usage of PPE
 Falling/ falling objects
 Explosives and flammable substances
 Tripping or slipping hazards
 Toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances
 Electrical facility
 Dangerous moving parts of machines
 Fire alarms/ fire fighting
 Instructional signs/ Update of man-hours lost
 SECTION 10: SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT

 A specific guide for testing, transport, erection and maintenance of heavy equipment is
formulated.
 All heavy equipment operators must be tested and certified by TESDA, while heavy equipment
shall be tested by DOLE recognized association/organizations.
 Daily routine inspection to be conducted by duly certified mechanics/ operators, routine
inspection by DOLE accredited professionals.
 Maintenance of a separate construction logbook for each equipment.
 SECTION 11: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE
 All construction sites must have a general Construction Safety and Health Committee
composed of safety and health representatives from each sub-contractor.
 The construction project manager shall head the committee.
 Each subcontractor shall have its own safety and health committee based on the existing
requirements of the OSHS.
Composition:
Chairperson: Project Manager

Secretary: General Construction Safety and Health Officer
Members: Construction Safety and Health Officers
Safety Rep. from Subcontractors
Health Personnel
Workers’ Representatives (minimum of 3)
 DUTIES
 Plan, develop and oversee the implementation of accident prevention programs.
 Direct accident prevention efforts in accordance with rules/ program.
 Conducts toolbox meeting everyday.
 Review inspections and accident investigation reports.
 Prepare and submit to DOLE minutes of committee meetings, work accidents and illnesses,
and other reporting requirements
 Assist government inspectors.
 Initiate/ supervise safety and health training for employees.
 Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan.
 SECTION 12: SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION

 A detailed safety and health information system is included in the guidelines.
 These include orientation, instructions, and training for workers; means of conveying safety
related information to all workers and specialized instructions and trainings for specialty
workers and operators.
 SECTION 13: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING

 All safety personnel assigned within the construction site are required to undergo the basic
construction safety training course prescribed by the Bureau of Working Conditions.
 Continuing training (minimum of 16 hours per year) for all full-time safety personnel shall also
be a responsibility of each constructor.
Specialized instruction and training:  Workers engaged in pile-driving

 Operation of construction equipment  Compressed air, cofferdams, and caissons
 Erection or dismantling of scaffolds  Erection of steel structural frames and tall chimneys
 Excavation works  Handling hazardous substance and materials
 Handling of explosives  Rigging and signalling
 SECTION 14: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH REPORTS

 The monthly submission of summary reports to DOLE is required.
 The summary reports shall include safety committee meeting agreements, accident
investigation reports, and hazard assessments with corresponding remedial action/measures
required.
 Notification of major accidents to DOLE within 24 hours.

 SECTION 15: CONSTRUCTION WORKER’S SKILLS
A Skills certificate shall be required for construction related occupations which have been
classified as “Critical Occupations” by TESDA.
An occupation shall be considered as critical -
 When it may affect and endanger people’s lives and limbs.
 When it involves the handling of hazardous tools, equipment, supplies.
 When it requires a relatively long period of education and training.
 When the performance of the job may compromise the safety, health and environment
concerns within the immediate vicinity of the construction site.
 SECTION 16: WORKER’S WELFARE FACILITIES

The employer shall provide for adequate supply of safe drinking water, adequate sanitary and
washing facilities in order to ensure humane conditions of work.
 SECTION 17: COST OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

 The total cost of the Construction Safety and Health Program Shall be a mandatory integral
part of the construction project.
 It shall be treated as a separate pay item and reflected in the project’s bid tender documents.
 SECTION 18: EFFECTS ON OTHER ISSUANCES DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Provisions of other existing occupational safety and health guidelines not inconsistent with
this guidelines shall form part of this Department Order.
 Standards, rules and regulations not specifically provided shall remain in full force and effect.
However, in the event that any provisions of the Guidelines are declared invalid by competent
authority, the rest of the provisions thereof not affected shall remain in full force and effect.
 SECTION 19: VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES

 Violations committed by constructors as determined by DOLE after due process shall be
considered as prima facie case of a construction mal-performance of grave consequence
under RA 4566 (Constructors’ Licensing Law) as amended and pertinent IRR.
 In cases of imminent danger situations, the procedures/requirements of the OSHS and DOLE
regulations shall be applied.
 SECTION 20: EFFECTIVITY

 The Guidelines shall be immediately effective, that is, 15 days after publication in newspapers
of general circulation, as provided in Article 5 of the Labor Code.
 D.O. No. 13, s.1998 was signed on July 23, 1998 and published on August 1, 1998 in the
Philippine Daily Inquirer and on August 3, 1998 in People’s Tonight.
OVERVIEW OF BEST OSH PRACTICES
 HIRARC/HIRADC
 Last Minute Risk Assessment [LMRA/OMTSL]
 JSEA
 SOP / SWP
 Permit System
 SIMOPS [Simultaneous Operations]
 Safety Inspection [Walk Around]
 Safety Audit
 Training [Induction, Specific Training, External Resources, Passport] and Drills
 Pass Rating [Huddle]
 Safety Observation [STOP Card]
 Safety Suggestion
 Safety Motivation and Incentive
 Safety Poster Contest
 Safety Slogan Contest
 Man-Hour Milestone Achievement
 Meetings [Committee, Toolbox Meeting, etc]
 Systems Certification
 Equipment Third Party Certifications
 Skills Certification
 Accident Investigation
 Incident Alert
 Statistics Recording
 Individual and Company Safety Performance Recognition
MAKE SAFETY A WAY OF LIFE ON AND OFF THE JOB.
TABLE TOP EXERCISEOSH Best Practices - Preventing Accident

 Divide the participants into 4 groups.
 Group brainstorming: analyze your current company situation, then list down OSH best practices
that you might incorporate in-order to improve your existing safety culture.
 Select your best presenter and discuss.
“Preventing Accidents Requires Team Effort”
HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT AND CONTROLS
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To identify the different potential hazards in your work area;
 To carry out risk assessments;
 To develop risk controls to prevent the occurrence of any potential incident;
 To implement and follow up risk controls; and
 To review the effectiveness of risk controls.
DEFINITION
 HAZARD is any source of potential harm to human or adverse health effects, and damage of
property and environment or a combination of these.
 RISK is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health
effect if exposed to a hazard. It is a combination of likelihood of occurrence and severity
(consequence) of injury or damage.
 ASSESSMENT is a systematic evaluation of the workplace and/or other activities which identifies
the hazards present and gives an estimate of the extent of the risks involved.
 CONTROL is a methodology to control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate event.
WORKPLACE HAZARDS
 Chemical
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Physical
 Biological
 Ergonomics
 Psychosocial
 Natural
 Geological
 Hydro-Met
ASSESSMENT
THREE-STEP PROCESS:
 Define likelihood;
 Define consequence.
 Establish operational risk matrix.
CONTROL
 Risk control is the measure, or measures, put into place to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
 What constitutes an acceptable level must be able to show that they have taken all relevant
factors into account, including, if appropriate, the costs of different types of control measures.
 This will normally require documentary evidence that this has been done.
ELIMINATION CONTROL - SAMPLES

 Eliminate defective machineries, apparatus and equipment;
 Eliminate establishing your workplace at areas frequently exposed to adverse weather;
 Eliminate the contact of man and machine;
 Eliminate risk takers;
 Eliminate executives, staff and students with derogatory records;
 Eliminate executives, staff and students who failed on pre-medical requirements;
 Eliminate poor security personnel;
 Eliminate poor management/ supervision; and
 Please give another example!
SUBSTITUTION CONTROL-SAMPLES
 Replacement of beyond repair machineries, apparatus and equipment;
 Replacement of; substandard supplies, machineries, apparatus and equipment;
 Substitute poor/good to best methods, processes and practices;
 Replacement of poor personnel;
 Fan to Aircondition;
 Flat to Royal Cord;
 Fuse to Breaker;
 Lamp to LED;
 Conventional to Automatic Clutch;
 Manual to Cruise Controller;
 Manual to ABS;
 Manual to Piping System;
 Elevated to Pressurized Tank;
 Manual to Automatic Door;
 Manual to Emergency Panic Door;
 AC to DC;
 High to Low Voltage;
 Single to 3 Phases;
 2 to 3 Prongs;
 3 Holes CO to GFCI;
 CO with Switches;
 8 to 10 ft Ground Copper Rod;
 Brush to Roller to Spray to Submerge Painting;
 Gasoline to Diesel Engine;
 Hydrogen Gas Engine;
 Equipment/Vehicle Battery Rechargeable Operated;
 Vehicle Solar Driven;
 Lead to Water/Oil Based Paint;
 Tube to Tubeless Tire;
 Air to Nitrogen Tire Inflation;
 Free Tire Inflation; and
ENGINEERING CONTROL - SAMPLES

 Sprinkling System
 Flooding System
 Preventive Maintenance
 Piping/ Plumbing/ Drainage System
 Oil Trap
 WWT
 Septic Tank Design
 Urinals and Toilets Design
 Lightings
 Lecture Room Design
 Projector Strategic Location
 Sound System
 Lapel/Micro Wireless
 Railings
 Public Protection
 Solar/Wind Power
 Emergency Pull Cord
 Deadman Switch Control
 Limit Switch
 GPS
 IVMS
 Backing Sensor
 Backing Alarm
 Overspeed/ Overload Control
 Multi-Gas Detectors
 Check Valves
 Chimney
 Ventilation
 Fumes Hood
 Isolation
 Air-conditioning
 Sensors/Interlocks
 Machine Guarding
 Two-hand Controls
 Automatic Breakers
 Royal Cords
 Synchronize Operation
 Handrails
 Conveyors
 Escalators
 Elevators
 Fire Detection System
 Access Control
 Security Fence
 CCTV
 Burglar Alarm
 Metal Detectors
 Scanners
 Keys Control
 LOTOTO
ADMINISTRATION CONTROL - SAMPLES

 Good Moral Character
 NBI Clearance [and RTC Clearance]
 Pre-Medical and Periodic Examination
 Orientation and Training
 Simulation and Mock Drills
 ID System
 Gate Pass
 Vehicle Stickers
 Security Inspection
 Sniffing Dogs
 Security Escort
 Frequent Security Patrol
 Intelligence
 Zero Smoking-Alcohol-Drug Program
 Random Alcohol Test
 Permit System
 JHA/JSA/Risk Assessment
 OSH Committee
 Safety Inspection
 Safety Audit
 WEA
 Standard Operating Procedure
 Safe Working Procedure
 Accident/Incident Investigation
 Testing, Calibration and Certification
 Work Rotation
 Arrangement of Work Schedule and Timing
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment is any physical material or equipment that is placed between the
employee and workplace hazards to reduce the injury potential of the hazard.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE - SAMPLE

 Injured Personnel
 Sick Personnel
 Fire
 Typhoon
 Flood
 Heavy Rain Pour
 Erosion
 Spill
 Executive Kidnapping
 Rumors
 Bullying
 Harassment
 Strike
 Bomb Explosion
 Terrorism
 Intruders/ Infiltrators
 Vehicular Collision
 Tire Explosion
HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT AND CONTROLS

You can never implement an effective safety program if you will not identify the hazards ahead in
your work areas.
CONSTRUCTION RISKS PROFILE
COUSE OBJECTIVES
 To fully understand the existing and eventual construction risks before obtaining a particular
project;
 To establish various programs and standards in-order to address the identified construction risks
as reflected on the project risks profile; and
 To avoid a subsequent untoward incident during and after the execution of the project
construction.
INTRODUCTION
 Most of the project in the Philippines facing serious concern on the provision of employees’
welfare and protection at construction site as follows:
 Securing and enclosing the construction site premises to prevent entering all unauthorized
personnel;
 Portable toilets, eating area, rest area and lockers;
 Site clinic and the required supplies;
 Breath alcohol test;
 Suitable and sufficient PPE free of charge. The owner must shoulder the PPE cost as stipulated
in DOLE DAO 13-98, Section 6;
 Housekeeping and securing all dangling/loose objects;
 ID system and logging; and
 Behaviour observations.
 The Project Management Team with due respect is really not aware or simply ignored the
provision of OSHS Rule 1410, DOLE DAO 13-98 and DOLE DAO 128-13. Hereunder are the
significant provisions that must be strictly followed to prevent the occurrence of high potential
incident on site.
 Construction Safety and Health Program.

 Fall protection i.e., FBH with double lanyards and shock absorber, lifeline, catch pan, catch
nets and edge protection.
 Safe working platform as per DOLE DAO 128-13.
 Safe excavation as OSHS Rule 1413.
 Construction equipment safety as per DOLE DAO 13-98, Section 10.
 Other requirements.
PRE-QUALIFICATION PHASE (Short List)

 OSH documents being submitted for OSH evaluation were not complete and mostly falsified.
 No existing construction safety and health program.
 No OSH organizational chart available.
 OSH statistics and all relevant reports were not submitted to their previous clients and DOLE
regional office.
 No established OSH committee and no meeting conducted.
 The project management team are not capable in preparing JHA.
 Safety inspection is not yet part of their system.
 No evidence of complying DOLE DAO 13-98, Section 10.
 The worst, safety cost is not yet incorporated on their system.
BIDDING PHASE (Short List)

 Not fully understood the contract packages, specifically on the following:
 Construction site conditions and the surrounding environment during site visit; and
 Project OSH requirements as per the local legislation and international standards if the
proponent is a multinational company:
o Soil test analysis for excavation’s sloping, benching, shoring, etc.;
o Equipment third party inspection certificate;
o LTO RC #8 and TESDA NC II for operators and TESDA NC I for rigger and spotter;
o Existing roads and bridges’ capacity;
o Consequence on project delay i.e., liquidating damages, damage to company’s reputation,
no longer consider in future client’s project etc.; and
o Other requirements.
 Poor project cost estimate, safety cost not incorporated.
 Project value engineering not considered.
KICK-OFF AND MOBILIZATION PHASE (Short List)

 Building permit not on hand. Usual practice is to obtain later.
 The construction program and its expectations were not highlighted.
 Unplanned mobilization of manpower, equipment and supplies.
 Gross load has exceeded the bridge capacity and vertical clearance.
 No mobilization permit and no travel escort.
 Poor coordination to client’s representative on site. List of equipment, materials and
personnel were not submitted ahead.
 Safety orientation was not done ahead, holding the delivery and workers at the construction’s
gate. No access permit.
 Irrelevant equipment, materials and skills deployed on site.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
 Unfamiliar on prevailing percentage of hiring mandated by the local government.
 Unavailability of nearby hospitals (MOA must be established).
 Personnel health risk (malaria, dengue, etc.).

 Unavailability of clean and appropriate camp or accommodation (including other temporary
facilities).
 Traffic and road mishap during travel.
 Unavailability of adjacent markets.
 Community culture differences.
 Commotion created by the unscrupulous personnel.
 Project site prevailing adverse weather conditions.
 Existing above and underground facilities not identified ahead.
 Unavailability of construction materials and nearby concrete mix (batching plant).
 Unavailability of construction equipment and machineries.
 Unavailability of power and water supplies.
 Strict compliance to client’s requirements and its objective is to prevent the occurrence of
potential incident on site. Failure means suspension, stoppage and eventual delay on your
construction.
 Brief list of proven OSH practices:

 Work methodology for each activity
 JHA for daily activities
 Obtaining daily work permits
 Safety orientation
 Daily toolbox meeting
 Brief list of proven OSH practices:

 Attending on OSH committee meeting
 Worksite safety inspection and reporting
 Accident and incident investigation and reporting
 Weekly OSH statistic reporting
 LOTOTO
 Inspection of equipment, vehicles and tools
 Inspection sticker’s color coding
 Inspection and tagging of scaffolding
 Design and SWL of scaffolding
 Inspection of WAH protection
 Atmospheric monitoring
 Provision of fire extinguishers
 Inspection of excavation condition and its protection
 Rigging plan
 Supervision of SIMOPS (simultaneous operations)
 Emergency preparedness
ACCIDENT CAUSES AND ITS EFFECTS
Course Objectives
 Explain the meaning and impact of accidents;
 Identify different types of accident causes; and
 Identify the root cause and different controls to prevent accident recurrence.

Introduction - Piper Alpha (1988) - 167 Died
 permit to work system fault
 maintenance error
 inexperience
 poor maintenance procedures
 communications breakdown
 safety procedures not practice
 poor emergency response decision
What is an Accident?
 An unplanned, undesired, unexpected and unwelcomed event which interrupts normal activity
event that results in death, injury or property/ environmental damage; and
 Accidents are the result of the failure of people, equipment, materials, or environment to react
as expected;
What is an Incident?
 An unplanned, undesired, unexpected and unwelcomed event.
 An unplanned, undesired event that under slightly different circumstances could have resulted in
injury to people, damage to equipment or pollution of the environment.
What is Root Cause Analysis?

Root Cause Analysis is an in-depth process or technique for identifying the most basic factor(s)
underlying a variation in performance (problem).
 Focus is on systems and processes
 Focus is not on individuals
What is Benchmarking?
 Benchmarking is the process of identifying, understanding, and adapting outstanding practices
and processes from organizations anywhere in the world to help your organization improve its
performance.'" -American Productivity & Quality Center
 Benchmarking is an on-going outreach activity; the goal of the outreach is identification of best
operating practices that, when implemented, produce superior performance." -Bogan and English,
Benchmarking for Best Practices
 Benchmark refers to a measure of best practice performance. Benchmarking refers to the search
for the best practices that yields the benchmark performance, with emphasis on how you can
apply the process to achieve superior results.
Types of Accidents Requiring an Investigation

 Fatality or Death.
 Lost Time Accident or Lost work day.
 Restricted Work Cases or Light Duty.
 Medical Treatment Cases.
 First Aid Cases.
 Major property damage.
 Near-miss incidents with potential for serious injury or major property damage.
Types of Accidents Requiring an Investigation/Incident Report to DOLE

Types of Property Damages for Reporting to DOLE:
 Explosions of boilers, air receivers,
 Collapse of crane, derrick, hoist

 Fire causing damage to any room where persons are employed
-Rule 1053.02-
Reporting Requirements
 Accidents resulting in death or permanent total disability must be initially reported to DOLE
within 24 hours of occurrence.
 All other Types of Injuries such as NLTAs, RWCs, FACs for reporting on or before 20th day of the
following month using form IP-6
-Rule 1053.01 OSHS
Why should workplace accidents be investigated?
 To prevent reoccurrence;
 To determine the cost associated with an accident;
 To determine compliance with applicable safety regulations; and
 To process workers’ compensation claims.
 Effective accident investigations contribute to the safety mindset of the workplace.
Who Should Investigate Accidents?

 Safety committee members
 Immediate supervisor
 Department manager
 Safety officer
 Other safety & health professional
Effects of Accidents
 On the Victim
 On the Supervisor
 On the Company
 On the Nation
1. The Victim
 Death
 Pain & suffering
 Permanent disability
 Effects on family & dependants
 Loss of earnings
 Extra expenditure
 Inability to resume occupation
 Psychological effects
 Feeling of uselessness
 Fear of further injury
 Social effects
 Loss of sports or hobby
2. The Supervisor  Loss of prestige by:

 Loss of trained worker  Management
 Loss of production  Other workers
 Extra work  Effects on promotion
 Investigations & reports  Worry (could i have prevented it?)
 Training new employee  Stress

3. The Company
 Loss of trained worker  Prosecutions
 Loss of production  Fines
 Damage to machinery  Civil actions
 Damage to equipment  Legal costs
 Wasted materials  Loss of prestige - customers
 Increased insurance premiums
4. The Nation
 Loss of section of workforce
 Loss of production
 Increased cost of production
 Effects on imports
 Effects on exports
 Effects on balance of trade
 The community pays!
Accident Ratio Study
Root Cause Analysis

Successful application of the analysis and determination of the Root Cause should result in an
effective elimination of the problem.
The Root
 The root cause is typically not simply a machine failure.
 The root cause is more typically:
 Machine failure due to improper maintenance, contributed by difficulty of maintenance access
and unclear procedures.
 Lack of procedure review because no management of change process.(can we go further?)
How Does RCA Work?

 Employee fell down
 Employee was careless
 Employee under time pressure
 Under time pressure because of overlapping delivery dates
 Delivery dates overlap because of poor communication between teams
 Poor communication exists because…

When Should Root Cause Analysis be Performed?
 Significant or consequential events;
 Process failure;
 Asset damage or loss;
 Production stoppage;
 Repetitive human errors are occurring during a specific process;
 Repetitive equipment failures associated with a specific process;
 Performance is generally below desired standard
 Quality degradation; and/or
 Customer dissatisfaction.
Why Determine Root Cause?

 Prevent problems from recurring;
 Reduce possible injury to personnel;
 Reduce rework and scrap;
 Increase competitiveness;
 Promote happy customers and stockholders; and
 Ultimately, reduce cost and save money.
Benefits of RCA
 Increases collaboration and sharing of information.
 Allocates resources to meaningful root causes.
 Encourages accountability and follow-up on all levels.
 Identifies solutions to share with other areas of your facility/system.
 Promotes a culture of safety.
Loss Causation Model
1. Loss
 Physical Harm (Injury or Illness)  Property, Process and Environmental Damage
 Multiple fatalities  Catastrophic
 Fatality  Major
 Lost Time Injury (LTI)  Serious
 Restricted Work Cases (RWC)  Minor
 Medical Treatment
 First Aid Cases
2. Incident - Contact
 Struck Against (Tinamaan Laban sa Napakalakas na Puwersa)
 Struck by Hard Object (Tinamaan ng Mitigas na Bagay)
 Fall from Elevation to Lower Surface (Nahulog)
 Fall on Same Level-Trip or Slip (Nadapa)
 Caught In (Sumabit)
 Caught Between or Under (Naiipit)
 Rubbed or Abraded (Kumiskis)
 Overexertion or Overstress (Napuwersa)
 Contact with Extreme Temperature (Sobrang Init o Lamig)
 Contact with Toxic, Caustic or Noxious Substances (Nadikit o Nalantad sa Kemikal)
 Contact with Radiation (Nalantad sa Radyasyon)
 Contact with Electric Current (Nakuryente)
 Contact with Excessive Noise (Sobrang Ingay)
 Contact with Animals And Insects (Nakagat ng Mga Hayop at Insekto)
 Trapped In (Nakulong o Nasukol sa Saradong/Tagong Lugar)
3. Immediate Causes
Unsafe Acts/Practices Unsafe Conditions
 Failure to Follow Procedure (Work Methodology)  Defective Machine, Materials and Tools
 Failure to Warn or Secure  Unguarded Rotating or Moving Parts
 Failure to Use PPE  No or Inadequate Ventilation
 Working Under the Influence of Alcohol and/or Drugs  Congested or Restricted Working Area
 Servicing Equipment in Operation  Improper Working Distance or Level
 Making Safety Devices Inoperative  Dangling or Loose Dress Or Apparel
 Operating or Working at Improper Speed  Poor Housekeeping
 Improper Position or Posture for Task  Workplace Exposed or Adjacent to Public
 Improper Use of Hands or Body Parts  Workplace Exposed to Unscrupulous Personnel
 Improper Placing, Mixing or Combining  Environmental Hazards (Strong Wind Above 40
 Improper Use of Equipment KPH, Heavy Rain Pour, Foggy, Earthquake, etc.)
 Horseplay  Workplace Situated at Remote Area
Unsafe Acts and Conditions

 Unsafe Act - Violation of established safety
policies/procedures which could result in an incident.
 Unsafe Condition - A mechanical or physical condition
which if not eliminated, guarded or altered could result in
and incident.
4. Basic Causes
 Personal Factors
 Inadequate Physical/ Physiological Capability
 Inadequate Mental/ Psychological Capability
 Physical or Physiological Stress
 Mental or Psychological Stress
 Lack of Knowledge
 Lack of Skill
 Improper Motivation

 Job Factors
 Failure to Attend Toolbox/Shift Meeting
 Inadequate Leadership and Supervision
 Inadequate Engineering
 Inadequate Purchasing Standards
 Inadequate Design and Maintenance
 Inadequate Tools & Equipment
 Inadequate Work Standards
 Wear & Tear
 Abuse Or Misuse
 Supervision
 Poor Planning of Daily Activities
 Failure to Carry Out the Daily Toolbox/Shift Meeting
 Inadequate Instructions
 Failure to Strictly Implement SWPs and SOPs
 Failure to Enforce Rules and Regulations
 Failure to Correct all Identified Hazards
 Failure to Provide Sufficient and Suitable PPE/Devices
 Failure to Replace/Repair Defective PPE/Tools/Machine
 Failure to Observe/Correct Unsafe Behavior
 Failure to Recognize Excellent Behavior
 Management
 Poor Monitoring of KPI Progress
 Poor Monitoring of Annual OSH Objectives and Targets
 Poor Monitoring of Training Program
 Poor Monitoring of Hazards Matrix
 Poor Monitoring of Material Inventory
 Poor Monitoring of all Standards
 Poor Monitoring of Workers’ Behavior
 Poor Safety Motivation and General Promotion
5. Lack of Controls
 No/Inadequate Corporate and Plant/Project Policies
 Safety and Health
 Environmental
 Quality
 Security
 IMS - Integrated Management System
 No/Inadequate Corporate and Plant/Project Objectives and Targets
 Environmental
 Quality
 Security
 No/Inadequate Programs and Standards
 Environmental
 Quality
 Security
 No/Inadequate SOPs/SWPs
 Normal/Routine Activities
 Critical Activities
 No/Inadequate Compliance to Local and International Standards
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
OBJECTIVES
 To learn the function of occupational health services and its requirements;
 Discuss the health effects of common health hazards in the workplace;
 Describe the roles of medical surveillance in preventing illnesses and injuries; and
 Identify ways to protect one’s self from health hazards.
DEFINITION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

 Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers of all occupations;
 Prevention among its workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
 Protection of workers in their employment from risks usually from factors adverse to health; and
 Placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his/her
physiological ability.
INTRODUCTION
A vital element of OSH in the workplace is the supervision of the health status of the individual
through medical examinations, with guidance from the OSH Manager and staff on how extensive it
should be conducted.
The OSH Department in the workplace seeks to be an institution for the total protection of workers
in the event of work-related contingencies by providing effective direction and quality
administration to prevent possible occupational injuries and illnesses.
KEY CONCEPTS IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

 Identification and assessment of the risks from health hazards in the workplace.
 Surveillance for sanitary installation, canteen and housing.
 Advise planning an organization of work (workplace design, maintenance, machinery and
equipment condition and substances)
 Development of the program for the improvement of working practices.
 Advise on OHS and Hygiene, Ergonomic and PPE.
 Surveillance of worker’s health.
 Providing information, training and education.
 Organizing First Aid and Emergency Treatment.
 Analyzing occupational accidents and diseases.
FUNCTION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES:

 Development of health program for the improvement of working practices. In the program we
need to incorporate also the following:
 Substance and Drug Abuse
 Stress Management
 Heat Stress
 Advise on hygiene, ergonomic and PPE.
 Surveillance of worker’s health.
 Providing information, training and education.
 Organizing first aid and emergency treatment.
 Analyzing occupational accidents and diseases
EVERY EMPLOYER SHALL ORGANIZE AND MAINTAIN AN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TO ACHIEVE THE
FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES:
 Maintain a healthful work environment by requiring an occupational health personnel to conduct
regular appraisal of sanitary conditions, periodic inspection of premises, evaluate the working
environment in order to appraise occupational health hazards and environmental conditions
affecting comfort and job efficiency
 Assess the health of workers, through health examinations, such as entrance, periodic, special,
transfer and separation examinations.
A. Mandatory Health Program

 Annual Physical Examination  TB Prevention
 Substance and Drug Abuse Prevention  HIV AIDS Prevention
 Heat Stress  Hepa B Prevention
 Family Planning Program
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION BASIC 5: SPECIAL EXAMINATION:
 Chest X-Ray  Drug Test
 CBC-Complete Blood Count  Audiometric Test
 Urine Analysis  Eye Test
 Fecalysis  HIV Test
 Physical Examination  Hepa Test
 ECG
B. Wellness and Lifestyle Modification
 Immunization, flu-AH1N1, Hepa, tetanus, HPV (Human Papillomavirus), etc.
 Physical Fitness
 Weight Management
 Smoking, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Cessation
 Stress Management
KEY ELEMENTS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM

A. Health Protection
B. Health Promotion
A. Health Protection Comprising:

 Health risk management at work;
 Information, instruction and training;
 First aid and medical treatment;
 Sickness and absenteeism monitoring; and
 Record keeping.
B. SAFETY/HEALTH PROMOTION
 Assessment of health risks associated with the living environment.
 To assess and prevent health risks associated with the living environment.
 Employee information and assistance programs.
 To develop a Physical Fitness/Sports program.
 To provide employee information and assistance programs to prevent health risks.
HEALTH EFFECTS OF HEALTH HAZARDS

 Chemical  Ergonomics
 Physical  Psychosocial
 Biological

CHEMICAL HAZARD
CHEMICAL is any element, chemical compound or mixture of elements and/or compounds.
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL is any chemical which is a health, physical and aquatic hazard.
TOXICOLOGY
 Science that deals with the poisonous or toxic properties of substances.
 Everyone is exposed on and off the job to a variety of chemical substances; most do not present a
hazard under ordinary circumstances, but they all have the potential for being injurious at some
sufficiently high concentration and level of exposure.
TOXICITY
A physiological property of matter that defines the capacity of a chemical to harm or injure a living
organism by other than mechanical means.
Toxicity entails a definite dimension:
 Quantity or amount; and
 Degree of exposure.
TOXICITY vs. HAZARD

Toxicity - the ability of a substance to produce an unwanted effect when the chemical reached a
sufficient concentration at a certain site in the body.
Hazard - this is the probability that this concentration in the body will occur.
HOW CHEMICAL ENTERS OUR BODY?

 Inhalation
 Most common form of exposure.
 Results in >90% of all occupational poisonings.
 Prevention requires respiratory protection.
 Inhalation - Control
 The barrier may be in form of a filter - i.e. harmful particles are filtered out of the air during
normal respiration, or
 The supply of fresh breathable air under positive pressure.
 Skin Absorption
 Second greatest source of occupational exposure.
 Substances are absorbed by direct contact with broken or unbroken skin, usually the hands.
 Skin Absorption - Control
Skin protection includes entire body skin with emphasis to the eyes
 Protection requires impermeable PPE.
o Safety goggles/glasses-for eyes protection.
o Eye protection may be incorporated with respiratory protection.
o Gloves-for protection of hands that get in contact with materials and equipment.
 Ingestion or while eating
 Occurs by eating, drinking, or smoking in contaminated areas or with contaminated
equipment.
 Ingestion or while eating - Control
 Prevention requires protective personal hygiene practices.
 Wash your hands
o Prior to working.
o After working with dirty materials.
o After using the toilet.
o After coughing and sneezing, and
o Before Eating.

 Injection
 Occurs via penetration of skin by sharp or pointed objects.
 Injection - Control
 Prevention requires following procedures for handling sharp or pointed objects.
 May be prevented with the use of appropriate body protection, and safe work practices.
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY THAT ARE AFFECTED:

 Skin
 Lung
 CNS
 Kidney
 Liver
 Blood
 Heart
GENERAL HEALTH EFFECTS

 Disorientation
 Euphoria
 Light headedness
 Confusion
 Unconsciousness
 Headache
 Nausea, vomiting
 Paralysis, convulsion, death
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

 ACUTE EXPOSURE
 Sudden exposure to large concentrations of a hazardous substance for short period of time.
 In most instances damage is not permanent if subject removed from further exposure.
 CHRONIC EXPOSURE
 Occurs after repeated exposure to low concentrations over long periods of time.
 Symptoms may show for 20-30 years.
 Damage usually permanent.
EXAMPLES OF ACUTE OR SHORT TERM EFFECT

 Nausea
 Breathing Trouble
 Eyes, Nose, Throat Infection.
 Skin Irritation
 Headache
 Drowsiness
EXAMPLES OF CHRONIC OR LONG TERM EFFECT

 Liver damage
 Cancer
 Nervous system damage
 Lung disease
 Kidney disease

DERMAL TOXICITY
 Dermal irritation due to skin exposure to gasoline.
 Dermal corrosion due to skin exposure to sodium hydroxide.(lye)
 Dermal hypersensitivity due to skin exposure to poison ivy.
 Skin cancer due to ingestion of arsenic or skin exposure to UV light.
NEUROTOXICITY
 Neuronopathies (neuron injury)
 Organic mercury
 Axonopathies (axon injury)
 Inorganic lead
 n-hexane
 Demyelination (loss of axon insulation)
 Tricholoroethylene
 Interference with neurotransmission
 Organophosphates
HOW EXPOSURES ARE MEASURED?

 Permissible Exposure Limit and Threshold Limit Value, (PEL/TLV), Time-weighted Average (TWA)
 Short Term Exposure Limit.(STEL)
 Ceiling Limit ©
 Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health.(IDLH)
PHYSICAL HAZARD
 Noise  Illumination
 Vibration  Pressure
 Heat  Radiation
NOISE STANDARDS
OSHS
Exposure (Hrs) Amplitude (dBA)
8 90
6 92 Philippine OSHS
4 95 90 dB(A)
3 97
2 100
US OSHA
1 1/2 102
85 dB(A)
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 or less 115
HEARING DAMAGE FROM NOISE EXPOSURE

 Acute: from loud noise such as blasts.(140-160 dB damages the eardrum)
 Chronic: due to long - term exposure to hazardous noise levels.
 Major Risk Factor: prolonged exposure to unprotected levels of noise.(> 85 dB)
TYPES OF NOISE - INDUCED HEARING LOSS

 Temporary threshold shift.(auditory fatigue)
 Temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to loud noise.
 Recovery within 16-48 hrs.

 Permanent threshold shift.
 Irreversible loss of hearing.
 Difficulty in understanding spoken words.
 Familiar sounds are muffled.
 Frequent tinnitus.
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF NOISE

 Hearing Damage
 Poor communication
 Interfere with work performance
 Disturbs relaxation and sleep
 Hypertension
 Hyperacidity
 Palpitations
 Stress - related disorders
 Acoustic Trauma (explosion, gunshot)
 Temporary threshold shift (Disco)
EARLY SIGNS OF HEARING LOSS

 Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a noisy environment.
 Need to be near or look at the person speaking to help understand words.
 Familiar sounds are muffled
 Complaints that people do not speak clearly
 Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)
CONTROL OF NOISE
 Elimination - if applicable avoid using poorly maintain machine, tools, etc.
 Substitution - replace beyond repair defective maintain machine, tools, etc.
 Engineering
 Purchase new equipment
 Isolation/damping
 Administrative Control
 Job rotation/ breaks
 PPE
 Ear plugs/ ear muffs
VIBRATION
Vibration is a physical factor which affects man by transmission of mechanical energy from
oscillating sources. Exposure may occur to; hand held grinding tools, jack hammer, chain saw and
transportation.
Types:
 Whole body vibration
 Segmental vibration
SEGMENTAL VIBRATION: HEALTH EFFECTS

 Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) - known as Secondary Raynaud’s Syndrome)
 Inflammation (wrist, elbow, shoulder)
 Carpal tunnel syndrome
 Tenosynovitis
 Tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers
 Pain
 Fatigue

WHOLE BODY VIBRATION: HEALTH EFFECTS
Heavy equipment operators, bus/truck drivers
 Degenerative spinal changes
 Gastrointestinal disturbances
 Muscular and joint disorders.
CONTROL OF VIBRATION
 Elimination - if applicable avoid using poorly maintain machine, tools, etc.
 Substitution - replace beyond repair defective maintains machine, tools, etc.
 Engineering
 Tool re-design
 Isolation or Enclosure
 Administrative - Shifting or rotation
 PPE - gloves, dampers
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
 Heat Stress  Cold Stress
 Heat Stroke  Frostbite
 Heat Exhaustion  Hypothermia
HEAT STRESS
 Body’s Energy Balance  External Conditions
 Metabolic rate  High Temperature
 Radiation  High Humidity
 Convection  Poor Air movement
 Sweating  Poor Ventilation
 Multiple Heat Sources
 Radiation
In a typical healthy individual the internal core body temperature may rise as much as 3°C during
heat stress
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS OF HEAT

 Prickly heat - immature sweat glands.
 Heat fatigue - bad mood.(water loss)
 Heat cramps - muscle spasm.(water + salts)
 Heat exhaustion - fatigue, diaphoresis, dehydration, nausea, vomiting.(water + salts + electrolytes)
 Heat stroke - overheating, seizure, coma.(failure of thermoregulatory system)
CONTROL OF HEAT CONCERN

 Elimination - if applicable avoid working at unshaded and unventilated areas.
 Substitution - replace beyond repair defective AC, blower, etc.
 Engineering control
 Ventilation
 Water sources (fountains/showers)
 Administrative control
 Job rotation/breaks
 PPE
 Cotton clothes
 Dark safety glasses

COLD STRESS
 Less common in industrial situations
 Cold climates
 Ice plants
 Food processing plants
 Deep sea diving
 Semiconductor
 Broadcast industry
 Wind chill
 Responses to Cold Stress
 Body core temperature is typically 37°C
 Shivering when body Tc < 36°C
 Lose Consciousness at Tc < 34°C
CONTROL OF COLD CONCERN

 Elimination - If applicable avoid working at cold areas.
 Substitution - Replace beyond repair defective heater, etc.
 Isolation/enclosure
 Insulation
 Warm food and drinks
 Medical examination
 PPE
 Thermal clothing, electric blanket, gloves, cap, jacket, wool lined shoes.
ILLUMINATION
 Visibility of a workplace
 as a result of light
 natural or artificial
 lumens or lux
 For specific illumination requirement, please refer to OSHS, Table 8c, page 203
INAPPRORIATE ILLUMINATION
Usual Complaints
 Visual Fatigue
 Double Vision
 Headaches
 Painful irritation,
 Lacrimation
 Conjunctivitis
OCCUPATIONAL EFFECTS OF VISUAL FATIGUE

 Loss of productivity
 Increased Accident Rate
 More Mistakes
 Lowering of Quality
 Visual Complaints

CONTROL OF ILLUMINATION
 Improve illumination by adding:
 Artificial light sources
 Natural light sources
 Reduce by:
 Isolation or enclosure
 PPE
 Eye examination
PRESSURE
Atmospheric force that is constantly applied on the body, as a result of normal changes in altitude or
artificially induced conditions.
Pressure changes cause body stress. Acute effects:
Fatigue Incoordination
Apprehension Excitability
Paresthesias Dizziness
Headaches Disorientation
Tremors Convulsions
Depressed sensorium Narcosis
Pulmonary edema Death
CONTROL OF PRESSURE CONCERN

 Elimination - if applicable avoid working at areas with changed pressure.
 Substitution - replace beyond repair defective vessel, decompression chamber, etc.
 Pressure vessel
 Decompression chamber
 Pre-employment screening
 Training (Pre-event)
 Exercise (During event)
 Rehabilitation (Post-event)
 PPE
 Pressurized suits
 SCUBA
IONIZING RADIATION
TYPES OF RADIATION
 Alpha - emitted from nuclei of radioactive particles.
 Beta - similar to but with more penetrating. (~ 1 cm)
 X-ray - produced from high speed electrons striking material.
 Gamma - originates from nucleus, produces burns.
SOME OF THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF OVER - EXPOSURE TO RADIATION ARE:

 Anemia
 Sterility
 Leukemia
 Bone damage
 Damage to unborn children (during pregnancy)
SYMPTOMS OF SHORT - TERM EFFECT (ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME)
STAGES OF THESE CONDITIONS ARE:
 Early stage (before specific symptoms appear) - nausea, vomiting, and general malaise.
 Latent stage - noticeable symptoms subside or disappear, but changes are taking place within the
body in the blood-forming organs.
 Manifest Illness Stage - hair loss, hemorrhage, diarrhea, fever, prostration, infection, and
cardiovascular collapse.
 Death or recovery, depending on degree of exposure and tolerance of individual.
CONTROL OF RADIATION
 Elimination - if applicable avoid working at areas with radiation exposure.
 Substitution - replace beyond repair container, instruments, etc.
 Shielding
 Isolation of container
 Limit time of exposure
 No sharing of film badges
 Training (Pre-event)
 Calibration of radiation instrument
 PPE
 Film badges/Dosimeter
 Shoes
 Hand gloves
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
These include improperly designed tools or work areas. Improper lifting or reaching, poor visual
conditions or repeated motions in an awkward position that can results in accident or illnesses in
the occupational environment.

MSD RISK FACTORS - NOISE
 Increased muscle tension
 Quicker onset of fatigue
 Mental stress
 Reduced concentration
 Diverted attention
 Slower recovery time
MSD RISK FACTORS - LIGHTING

Hazards of too much or not enough light:
 Awkward postures
 Muscle fatigue
 Eye strain
 Mental fatigue
LIFE FACTORS - EXERCISE

Proper exercise means:
 Improved health
 Stronger body
 Improved endurance
 Reduced stress
 Better range of motion
LIFE FACTORS - EFFECTS OF SMOKING

 Restricts blood vessels
 Carbon monoxide in blood
 Longer recovery from injury
 Increased injuries from vibration
 Increased injuries from cold
 Poor general health
LIFE FACTORS - MEDICATION

Medication has the potential to increase the risk of MSDs if it:
 Lowers or raises normal blood pressure
 Changes sense of balance
 Masks pain
 Relaxes muscles
 Affects blood circulation
 Affects eyesight
WMSDs
Work - Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) are occupational disorders that involve soft
tissues such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, blood vessels and nerves
 Daily stress to anatomical structures that may occur when a person is exposed to certain high risk
activities
 If the accumulating stress exceeds the body’s normal recuperative ability, inflammation of the
tissue can follow
 Chronic inflammation may lead to the development of WMSDs
 May require weeks, months or years for development - and for recovery

WHAT IS THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM?
The Musculoskeletal System includes the following:
1. Bones - The load-bearing structure of the body.
2. Muscles- Tissue that contract to create movement.
3. Tendons - Tissues that connect muscles to bones.
4. Ligaments - Tissues that connect bones to bones.
5. Cartilage - Tissue that provides cushioning and reduces friction between bones.
6. Nerves - Communication system that links muscles, tendons and other tissue with the brain.
7. Blood Vessels - Tubes that circulate nutrients throughout the body.
WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF WMSDS?

 Sprain - Overstretching or overexertion of a ligament that results in a tear or rupture of the
ligament.
 Strain- Overstretching or overexertion of a muscle or tendon.
 Tendonitis - Inflammation of the tendon inside the sheath.
 Tenosynovitis - Inflammation of the sheath around the tendon.
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal
tunnel in the heel of the hand.
 Tennis elbow or Golfer’s elbow
 Medical term is Epicondylitis.
 Inflammation of the tendons at the elbow.
 Trigger Finger - Common term for tendonitis or tenosynovitis that causes painful locking of the
finger(s) while flexing.
 Pitcher’s Shoulder - Rotator cuff tendonitis - inflammation of one or more tendons at the
shoulder.
 White Finger - Medical term is Reynaud’s Phenomenon - constriction of the blood vessels in the
hands and fingers.
 Digital Neuritis - Compression of the nerves along the sides of the fingers or thumbs.
WMSDS ARE SOMETIMES REFERRED TO USING OTHER UNFAMILIAR TERMS SUCH AS:
 Cumulative Trauma Disorders - CTD
 Repetitive Trauma Disorders - RTD
 Repetitive Strain Injuries - RSI
 Repeated Motion Disorders - RMD
 Overuse Syndromes
SIGNS OF WMSD SYMPTOMS OF WMSD

 Decreased range of motion  Muscle fatigue or pain
 Loss of function  Aching
 Deformity  Burning
 Cramping  Numbness
 Loss of color  Stiffness
 Decreased grip strength  Tingling
 Loss of balance
 Swelling
 Redness

INJURY IN THE MAKING...
CARPAL TUNNEL
 Best known MSD.
 Compression of the median nerve at the wrist.
 Tunnel made up of nine flexor tendons and one peripheral
nerve.
 Numbness and tingling on the thumb side of the hand.
TENNIS ELBOW SYNDROME REYNAUD’S PHENOMENON OR “WHITE FINGER”
Caused by operating vibrating machinery

especially in cold, damp weather
ERGONOMICS CONTROLS
 Engineering Controls
 Administrative Controls
 Work Practice Controls
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Engineering controls include changing, modifying or
redesigning of:
 Workstations
 Tools
 Facilities
 Equipment
 Materials
 Processes

WORKSTATIONS
Standard Way Innovative Way
 Adjustable workstation  Cut legs off
 Adjustable chair  Add blocks
 Foot rests  Build foot rest
 Adjustable monitor  Thick book
 Document holder  Build platform
WORKSTATION
[LATEST INNOVATION]
WORKSTATION [OLD MODEL VDU]
TOOLS
 Use of Force or of grip-strength
 Longer/shorter and thicker/thinner handles
 Repetitive motion
 Ratcheting mechanism or gears
 Power tools
o Electric stapler
o Electric knife
o Spring-loaded returns

TOOLS
 Static positions
o Anti-fatigue mats
 Vibration
o Anti-vibration materials
o Anti-vibration mounts/handles
o External support
o Anti-vibration gloves
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
 Employee rotation/job task expansion
 Job task enlargement
 Physical adjustments to the work place
 Redesign of work methods
 Alternative tasks
 Breaks
WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS

 Are behavior-based controls that change the manner in which a job is performed
 Procedures for safe and proper work that are understood and followed by managers, supervisors
and employees
 Examples of work practice controls for WMSD hazards include:
 Safe work techniques and procedures
 Conditioning period for new or reassigned employees
 Training in the recognition of ergonomic hazards
 Training in work techniques that reduce MSD hazard
SAFE COMPUTING
 Monitor - 18-24 inches from your face.
Eye level, or slightly below.
Sit directly in front of monitor.
 Keyboard - Directly in front of monitor.
Padded wrist rest.
On sliding tray, if unable to sit in neutral.
 Mouse - Same level as keyboard.
Placement so you’re not reaching.
Padded wrist rest.
 Chair - Directly in front of keyboard, and in line with monitor.
 Body Posture - Neutral positions, be cautious of awkward postures.
 Accessories - Computer and telephone? NO!
Document holder - a good idea
Clutter under desk - have free and easy access to sit.
ARRANGING YOUR WORKSPACE

Arrange tools around your desk so you minimize the distance you have to reach for them. Divide
your work space into three zones:
 Primary work zone - the distance from elbow to hand. Things you touch on a daily basis.
 Secondary work zone - within arm's reach. Use this zone to position those items that you use
frequently, but don't need all the time.
 Reference zone - outside arm's reach. Use this zone for your least-often used items.
EXERCISES & STRETCHES
These are exercises or stretches that can be performed at your workstation, home, just about
anywhere.
PROTECTING YOUR BACK

Sitting
 Use an adjustable chair with lower back support.
 Keep knees in line with the hip joints or slightly lower.
 Sit with the lower back firmly against the chair back support.
 Shift elevation of the legs during prolonged sitting.
 Avoid crossing your legs.
ERGONOMICS PROGRAM
Essential Elements:
 Management Leadership and employee participation
 Hazard information and reporting
 Job Hazard Analysis and Control
 Training
 WMSD Management
 Program evaluation
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Potentially infectious material exposure
 Contagious diseases e.g. influenza
 Vector - borne diseases e.g. Malaria, Lyme disease
 Fungi e.g. mold, spores
 Toxins e.g. endotoxin
 Allergens/sensitizers e.g. pollen, red cedar
 Tuberculosis
 AIDS
 Hepatitis A, B
 Chicken pox
 Cough & colds
 Sore eyes
 Lice
 STD
Characterized by organisms that have:

 Life
 the ability to multiply
ROUTE OF ENTRY
Eye Contamination
 conjunctivitis / syphilis
Inhalation - entry by droplet infection

 Influenza virus
 TB bacilli
 SARS
 Meningococcemia

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Ingestion - infected food & water
 Improperly cooked food - parasites
 Contaminated water - Amoebiasis
 Feco-oral route - Hepatitis A
 Urine on lids of canned drinks
 Soft drinks in ice coolers
Dermal Contact
 Perspiration - steering wheel, golf clubs, PPE
 Skin scales - clothes
 Body hair - lice, crabs, fleas
 Candidiasis, Syphilis, Gonorrhea
Injection - through a break in the skin

 Cuts - knife, blades - Hepatitis B
 Punctures - ice pick, needles - Tetanus
 Abrasions - grinding stone - foreign body
 Lacerations - bacteria, HIV
CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

 Elimination - if applicable avoid contact with biological hazards exposure e.g. prostitutes,
contaminated glasses, etc.
 Substitution - replace beyond repair ventilation system, AC, refrigerator, sterilizer, instruments,
etc.
 Engineering
 Design of work place/shower facilities
 Hand sanitizer
 UV light
 Climate control
 Low temperature - retard bacterial growth
 High temperature - cause cell wall fragility/lysis
 Administrative
 Sterile work place / shower facilities
 SOP/SWP
 Sexual abstinence
 Job rotation
 Housekeeping
 PPE
 Coverall Working gloves
 Shoes
 Medical disposable gloves
 Respiratory protection
PSYCHOSOCIAL
 Fatigue
 Stress
WHAT IS FATIGUE?
 A state of physical or mental weariness that results in reduced alertness.
 The result of a lack of adequate sleep.
 A sleep debt that accumulates until paid off with adequate sleep.
CAUSES OF FATIGUE
 Prior physical or mental activities
 Anxiety
 Poor vehicle/office/house design features
 Working/driving for long period
 Demanding traffic situation
 The body’s natural rhythms
 Excessive work load
 Type of task
 Work environment
 Tiredness due to loss of sleep
 Excessive heat, noise or vibration
 Use of medicines or drugs and the consumption of alcohol
 Psychological factors
BE AWARE OF FATIGUE SYMPTOMS

 Involuntary eye closing  Slower than normal reaction time
 Frequent yawning  Impaired judgment and vision
 Feeling tired  Disconnected thoughts
 Inability to focus in work  No recollection of last activities
FATIGUE SYMPTOMS
 Symptoms of fatigue indicate an increased risk of fatigue-related error.
 Employees should watch for symptoms in themselves and others.
 A system of reporting allows the company to take measures when the risk is considered high.
CONTROL OF FATIGUE
 Elimination - if applicable avoid working at hot areas, etc. Eliminate working excessive overtimes.
 Substitution - replace beyond repair ventilation system, AC, instruments, etc.
 Engineering
 Adjust suitable working conditions.(temperature and humidity)
 Working place design.
 Accommodation - design for appropriate rest and sleeping condition.
 Administration Control
 Increased supervisor/co-worker monitoring.
 Working in pairs.
 Double - check systems.
 Checklists
 Task rotation/additional breaks.
 Napping
 Moving critical/monotonous tasks to daytime.
 Improve your fitness and maintain regular physical activity.
 Ensure appropriate rest before assignment or work shift.
 Practice work cycling. (hard/easy, long/short).
 Take rest breaks or naps (up to 20 min or 90 min).
 Change tasks and tools.
 Take solid and liquid carbohydrate supplements to help maintain blood glucose, energy,
alertness, and immune function.

SHORT TERM PHYSICAL STRESS SYMPTOMS
 Dry mouth
 Cool skin  Tense muscles
 Cold hands and feet  Feelings of nausea
 Increased sweating  Butterflies in your stomach
 Rapid breathing  Diarrhea
 Faster heart rate  A desire to urinate
LONG TERM PHYSICAL STRESS SYMPTOMS

 Insomnia
 Change in Appetite
 Sexual disorders
 Aches and pains
 Frequent colds
 Feelings of intense and long-term tiredness
 Prone to illness
BEHAVIORAL STRESS SYMPTOMS

 Yawning  Over reacting
 Talking too fast  Emotional
 Talking too loud  Defensive
 Fiddling  Irritable
 Twitching  Irrational
 Nail biting  Defensive
 Grinding teeth  Hostile
 Drumming fingers  Critical
 Pacing  Aggressive
These symptoms will have a negative effect on your performance:

 By reducing your effectiveness.
 Making you accident prone.
 Causing you to be forgetful.
 Causing you to be very negative.
 You may neglect your appearance.
 You may make poor judgments.
 Causing you to make more mistakes.
 Increasing your absenteeism.
 You may not make good decisions.
 Your fine motor skills are affected.
 You may no longer enjoy your work.
 Your attention span may be affected.
 You may have more negative thoughts.
 Your self-confidence will suffer.
 You may have difficulty concentrating.
 All of your positive energy is consumed.
CONTROL OF STRESS
 Elimination - if applicable avoid excessive work load. Avoid drugs and liquors, etc.
 Substitution - replace bad habits to good one, etc.
 Engineering
 Adjust suitable working conditions. (temperature and humidity)
 Working place design.
 Accommodation - design for appropriate rest and sleeping condition.
 Administration Control
 Segmentation before and after work
 Image the task at hand
 10-minute brisk walk
 5-minute relaxation
 Releasing and refocusing breath (3x deep breath)
 Nutrition
 Exercise
 Sleep
 Biofeedback
 Massage
 Progressive Relaxation
 Administration
Examine your diet
 Lower your salt intake
 Lower your intake of refined sugars and carbohydrates
 Lower your caffeine intake
Add to your diet
 Vegetables
 Fruits
 Complex Carbohydrates
 Vitamins
 Water
SPECIFIC DISEASES THAT MAY ARISE FROM CHEMICAL EXPOSURE IN THE WORKPLACE
 Occupational Kidney Diseases
 Respiratory Toxicity
 pulmonary irritation
 asthma/bronchitis
 reactive airway disease
 emphysema
 allergic alveolitis
 fibrotic lung disease
 pneumoconiosis
 lung cancer

 Dermal Toxicity
 Dermal irritation due to skin exposure to gasoline
 Dermal corrosion due to skin exposure to sodium hydroxide (lye)
 Dermal hypersensitivity due to skin exposure to poison ivy
 Skin cancer due to ingestion of arsenic or skin exposure to UV light
 Occupational Hematologic (Blood) Diseases
 Occupational heart Diseases
 Occupational Liver Diseases
 Eye Toxicity
 acids and strong alkalis may cause severe corneal corrosion
 methanol (wood alcohol) may damage the optic nerve
 Neurotoxicity
 neuronopathies (neuron injury)
o Organic mercury

 axonopathies (axon injury)
o Inorganic lead
o n-hexane
 demyelination (loss of axon insulation)
o Tricholoroethylene
 interference with neurotransmission
o Organophosphates
 Immunotoxicity
 Hypersensitivity
o allergy and autoimmunity
 Immunodeficiency, and uncontrolled proliferation
 Leukemia (benzene)
 Reproductive Toxicity
 decreased libido and impotence
 infertility
 interrupted pregnancy (abortion, fetal death, or premature delivery)
 infant death or childhood morbidity
 altered sex ratio and multiple births
 chromosome abnormalities and birth defects
 childhood cancer
HEALTH EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

 What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
 HIV is the virus which causes AIDS.
 AIDS is a serious and usually fatal condition in which the body’s immune system is severely
weakened and cannot fight off infection.
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
 Infectious quantities of HIV in:
o Blood
o Semen
o Vaginal fluids
o Breast milk.
 What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

 HIV can enter the bloodstream
o During unprotected sex
o Through transfusions of contaminated blood or blood products
o Puncturing of the skin by needle or sharps infected with HIV
o From an HIV positive mother to her baby
 HIV is NOT transmitted

 through casual contact in any setting – schools, homes, hospitals
 through insect, food, water, clothes, toilets, swimming pools, and drinking and eating utensils.
 Prevention of HIV Infection

 Abstinence
 Be Faithful
 Condom
 Do not inject Drugs/ no sharing of needles
 Education
 Tetanus
 A neurological disorder characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms, that is caused by
tetanospasmin, a protein toxin elaborated by the organism Clostridium tetani.
 It arises from the contamination of wounds with Clostridium spores.
 Clinical Manifestations
o Increased tone in the masseter muscle (lockjaw)
o Sustained contraction of the facial muscles (risus sardonicus) and back muscles
(opisthotonus)
 Prevention
o Active immunization with tetanus toxoid
o Careful wound management
 Tuberculosis
 caused by the bacteria, mycobacterium tuberculosis
 caused by droplet nuclei released when sneezing and coughing
 Symptoms: weight loss, low grade afternoon fever, persistent cough and sometimes, blood-
streaked expectoration or hemoptysis.
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
1. Cancer of the epithelial lining of the Work involving exposure to alpha-Naphthylamine,
bladder.(Papilloma of the bladder) beta-naphthylamine or Benzedrine or any part of the
salts; and auramine or magenta.
2. Cancer, epithellomatous or ulceration of the skin The use or handling of, or exposure to tar, pitch,
or of the corneal surface of the eye due to tar, bitumen, mineral oil (including paraffin) soot or any
pitch, bitumen, mineral oil or paraffin, or any compound product or residue of any of these
compound product or residue of these substances.
substances.
3. Cataract produced by exposure to the glare of, or Frequent and prolonged exposure to the glare of or
rays from molten glass or red hot metal. rays from molten glass or red hot metal.
4. Deafness Any industrial operation having excessive noise
particularly in the higher frequencies.
5. Decompression sickness Any process carried on in compressed or rarefied
A. Caissons disease air.Any process carried on in rarefied air.
B. Aeroembolism
6. Dermatitis due to irritants and sensitizers The use or handling of Chemical agents which are
skin irritants and sensitizers.
7. Infections
A. Anthrax Work in connection with Animals infected with
anthrax, handling of animal carcasses or parts of such
carcasses’ including hides, hoofs horns.
B. Brucellosis Any occupation involving handling have
contaminated food and drink particularly milk,
butters and cheese have infected goats and cows.
C. Glanders Any occupation involving rabid dogs, or equine
animals or carcasses.
D. Rabies Any occupation involving rabid dogs.
E. Tuberculosis Any occupation involving close and Frequent contact
with a source or Sources of tuberculosis infection by
reason of employment:
(a) in the medical treatment or nursing of person
or persons suffering from tuberculosis,
(b) as a laboratory worker, pathologist or
postmortem worker, where occupation
Involves working with material which is a
source of tuberculosis infection.
F. Tularemia Any occupation involving Handling of rabbits, ground
squirrels, mice or other rodents.
G. Weill’s disease Any occupation involving handling of rats, mice,
Swine and dogs.
H. Q fever or equine encephalomyelitis Any occupation involving handling of horses, cattle
and sheep, or their slaughter and meatpacking.
I. Mite dermatitis any occupation involving handling of flows or
pigeons.
HERNIA All of the following conditions:

a) The hernia should be of recent origin.
b) Pain, discoloration and evidence of tearing of the tissues accompanied its appearance.
c) The disease was immediately preceded by undue or severe strain arising out of and in the course
of employment.
d) A protrusion of mass should appear in the area immediately following the alleged strain.
OSTEOARTHRITIS-any occupation involving:

a) Joint strain from carrying heavy loads, or unduly heavy physical labor, as among laborers and
mechanics;
b) Minor or major injuries to the joint;
c) Excessive use or constant strenuous usage of a particular joint, as among sportsmen, particularly
those who have engaged in the more active sports activities;
d) Extreme temperature changes (humidity, heat and cold exposures); and
e) Faulty work posture or use of vibratory tools.
PEPTIC ULCER
Any occupation involving prolonged emotional or physical stress, as among professional people,
transport workers and the like.
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
In addition to working conditions already listed under PD# 626, as amended, any occupation
involving constant exposure to harmful substances in the working environment, in the form of gases,
fumes, vapors and dust, as in chemical and textile factories; overwork or fatigue; and exposure to
rapid variations in temperature, high degree of humidity and bad weather conditions
STANDARDS, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES (OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS)

Rule 1050: Notification and Keeping of Records of Accidents and/or Occupational illnesses
Rule 1070: Occupational Health and Environmental Control
Rule 1960: Occupational Health Services
Rule 1961 General Provisions
 Every employer shall establish in his place of employment occupational health services in
accordance with the regulation and guidelines provided for under this rule.
 The employer, workers, and their representatives, where they exist, shall cooperate and
participate in the implementation of the organizational and other measures relating to
occupational health services.
Rule 1963: Emergency Health Services
Rule 1963.01: Medicines and Facilities
Rule 1963.02: Emergency Medical and Dental Services.
Rule 1960: Occupational Health Services

Health Programs shall include:
 Entrance
 Periodic
 Special examination
 Transfer examination
 Separation examination
Rule 1960 Occupational Health Services
1963.02 Emergency Medical and Dental Services
Hazardous Workplaces
May be one of the
FULL TIME workers in the workplace
1 - 50 FIRST AID MEDICINES
FIRST AIDER and has access to first
aid medicines
Shall stay in the work
place at least 4 hours a
day 6 times a week and if
PART TIME OCCUPATIONAL EMERGENCY
51 - 99 more than 1 work shift
HEALTH NURSE TREATMENT ROOM
shall stay in the work
shift with the biggest
number of workers
Part timer shall stay in
the premises of
ONE PART-TIME OCCUPATIONAL workplaces at least 4
HEALTH PHYSICIAN hours a day, 3 times a
week, each one working
ONE PART-TIME DENTIST on alternate days with
FIRST AID MEDICINES
100-199 the other.
Appendix Table 47
ONE FULL-TIME OCCUPATIONAL If more than one work
HEALTH NURSE shift a day, shall stay in
the workplace during the
ONE FULL-TIME FIRST AIDER shift which has the
biggest number of
workers.
ONE FULL TIME OCCUPATIONAL Full timer shall stay in
HEALTH PHYSICIAN the premises of the
workplace 8 hours a day,
6 times a week during
ONE FULL-TIME DENTIST EMERGENCY
the work shift which has
the biggest number of HOSPITAL with
workers. one (1) bed
ONE PART-TIME OCCUPATIONAL Part timer hall stay in the
2000 UP premises of the capacity per 100
HEALTH PHYSICIAN (FOR EACH OF
THE OTHER WORKSHIFT) workplace at least 4 workers
hours a day, 6 times a
week.
ONE FULL-TIME OCCUPATIONAL DENTAL CLINIC
HEALTH NURSE For every work shift
ONE FULL-TIME FIRST AIDER For every work shift

Non Hazardous Workplaces
FIRST-AID MEDICINES
1-99 May be one of the
Appendix Table 47
ONE FULL-TIME workers in the workplace
FIRST AIDER and has access to first aid
EMERGENCY
51-99 medicines.
TREATMENT ROOM
Shall stay in the premises
ONE PART-TIME OCCUPATIONAL of the workplace at least
HEALTH NURSE 4 hours a day. Shall stay EMERGENCY
100-199 in the workplace during TREATMENT
ONE FULL-TIME the shift that has the ROOM
FIRST-AIDER biggest number of
workers.
Each of whom shall stay in
ONE PART-TIME OCCUPATIONAL the premises of the
HEALTH PHYSICIAN workplace at least 4 hours
a day, 3 times a week on
alternate days with the
ONE PART-TIME DENTIST EMERGENCY
other. If more than one
200-600 TREATMENT
work shift in a day,
ONE FULL-TIME NURSE ROOM
physician and dentist shall
stay in the workplace
ONE FULL-TIME during the shift that has
FIRST-AIDER the biggest number of
workers.
Each of whom shall stay in
the premises of the
ONE PART-TIME OCCUPATIONAL workplace at least 4 hours
HEALTH PHYSICIAN a day, 6 times a week on
alternate days with the
ONE PART-TIME DENTIST other. If more than one EMERGENCY
601-2000
work shift in a day, CLINIC
ONE FULL-TIME NURSE physician and dentist shall
stay in the workplace
ONE FULL-TIME FIRST-AIDER during the shift that has
the biggest number of
workers.
ONE FULL-TIME OCCUPATIONAL Each of whom shall stay in
HEALTH PHYSICIAN the premises of the
workplace 8 hours a day,
ONE FULL-TIME DENTIST 6 times a week during the
work shift which has the
biggest number of
workers.
ONE PART-TIME OCCUPATIONAL EMERGENCY
2000 UP HEALTH PHYSICIAN (EACH FOR THE MEDICAL AND
Shall stay in the premises
OTHER WORKSHIFT) DENTAL CLINIC
of the workplace at least
4 hours a day, 6 times a
ONE FULL-TIME OCCUPATIONAL week.
HEALTH NURSE
For every work shift.
ONE FULL-TIME
FIRST-AIDER For every work shift.
NOTES: FOR BOTH HAZARDOUS AND NON-HAZARDOUS WORKPLACE.
 One full-time First Aider for every work shift (if there are more than one work shift in a day)
 If only treatment room is provided, the employer shall provide his workers in case of emergency,
access to the nearest medical/ dental clinic or to a medical/dental clinic located not more than
five (5) kilometers away from the workplace.
EMERGENCY HOSPITAL
Emergency hospital or dental clinic need not be required if there is a hospital or dental clinic which
is not more than 5 kilometers in urban areas and 25 minutes travel in rural areas provided contracts
are entered into with the said hospital or dental clinic.
PHYSICIAN / DENTIST shall be subject to call at any time in other shifts during emergencies.
AN EMPLOYER MAY NOT ESTABLISH AN EMERGENCY HOSPITAL OR DENTAL CLINIC IF:

 Local hospital is available and located not more than 5 km away.
 Can be reached in 25 minutes of travel.
 Written contract with the hospital or dental clinic for use in case of emergency.
CONTRACTS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES

 Employer shall engage only accredited occupational health practitioners and/or occupational
health clinics.
 No occupational health practitioners shall enter into contract for more than 10 establishments.
 No part-time occupational health physician/nurse shall enter into contract for more 4
establishments.
 Full-time occupational health physician/nurse shall enter into contract for 1 establishment only.
TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS

 First Aider must be able to read and write, and must have completed the PNRC-first aid course.
 Registered Nurse and completed 50 hours of Basic Occupational Nursing conducted by
bureau/region, UP College of Public Health or any accredited organization.
 Registered physician and completed the basic occupational medicine conducted by
bureau/region, up college of public health or any accredited organization. For more than 2,000
workers diploma or master’s degree in occupational health or industrial health or with residency
training
 Registered dentist and completed the basic occupational dentistry conducted by DOH dental
health services or any accredited organization.
AN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PRACTITIONER MUST HAVE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING QUALIFICATIONS:

 Graduate of advance course in Occupational Safety and Health
 With 5 years experience
 Accredited by the Bureau
 Registered in the Regional Office concerned
HEALTH PROMOTION
 Drug Abuse Prevention and Control
 RA 9165 Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002
 Department Order No. 53-03: Guidelines for the Implementation of a Drug-Free
 Workplace Policy and Program for the Private Sector
 Tuberculosis Prevention and Control

 Executive Order No. 187, Instituting a Comprehensive and Unified Policy for
 Tuberculosis Control in the Philippines (CUP) (March 2003)
 Department Order No. 73-05: Guidelines for the Implementation of Policy and
 Program on Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention and Control in the Workplace.
 HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control

 RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998
 National Workplace Policy on STD/HIV/AIDS initiated by DOLE – 1997
 Department Order 102-10: Guidelines for the Implementation of HIV and AIDS Prevention and
Control in the Workplace.
 Hepatitis B Prevention and Control

 Department Advisory No. 05: Guidelines for the Implementation of Workplace Policy and
Program on Hepatitis B.
 Department Order No. 56-03-Rationalizing The Implementation Of The Family Welfare

Program (FWP) in DOLE
SECTION 2. New Priorities of the Family Welfare Program
 Reproductive Health and Responsible Parenthood
 Education/Gender Equality
 Spirituality or Value Formation
 Income Generation/Livelihood/Cooperative
 Medical Health Care
 Nutrition
 Environmental Protection, Hygiene and Sanitation
 Sports and Leisure
 Housing
 Transportation
 RA 9211: Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003

Sec. 6. Designated Smoking and Non-Smoking Areas
 In all enclosed places that are open to the general public, private workplaces, and other
places not covered under the preceding section, where smoking may expose a person to the
other than the smoker to tobacco smoke, the owner, proprietor, possessor, manager or
administrator of such places shall establish smoking areas.
 Such areas may include a designated smoking area within the building, which may be in an
open space or separate area with proper ventilation, but shall not be located within the
same room that has been designated as a non-smoking area
FUNDAMENTALS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To learn about industrial hygiene;
 To define the subject and scope of industrial hygiene;
 To identify the different potential health hazards in your work area;
 To understand about occupational exposure limits; and
 To learn what occupational illnesses/diseases are and how to prevent them.
 To create awareness among employers and workers on the importance of industrial hygiene in
industry is to preserve and protect the health of workers from being affected by hazards in the
working environment.
 To investigate the effect of specific hazard on the health of workers so that the short and long
term measures can be taken to control the hazard

DEFINITION
 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE: is a science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation
and control of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace that may
cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or
among citizens of the community - ACGIH.
 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENIST: The person having a college or university degree or degrees in
engineering, chemistry, physics, health physics, nursing, medicine, or related field, by virtue of
special studies, training, experience, and/or certification has acquired competence in industrial
hygiene.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE:
 To protect the health of the employees.
SAFETY IS:
 Freedom from accidents.
 Freedom from harm, injury and loss.
BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

 Improve health and hygiene.
 Reduce compensation.
 Improve job satisfaction.
 Reduce absenteeism.
 Improve productivity.
 Improve workers’ attitude towards management.
SCOPE OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

ANTICIPATION
 Design of process, machine, equipment, work table, ergonomic chair, etc.
 Existing and future legislation/ regulations
 Research of competent personnel
 Benchmarking of best practices
RECOGNITION
 Raw materials, by-product, products
 Process and operations
 Records of accidents and diseases
 Walkaround observation-senses, talk to workers, etc.
 Grab samples
 Inspection
 JHA
 WEA
 Investigation (after incident occurrence)
EVALUATION
 Purpose
 Sampling technique and strategy
 Instrumentation
 Standard, regulations etc.

CONTROL
 Principle of control measures
 Hierarchy of control measures
 ALARA
WORKPLACE HEALTH HAZARDS

 Chemical
 Physical  Ergonomics
 Biological  Psychosocial
CHEMICAL HAZARD
CHEMICAL is any element, chemical compound or mixture of elements and/or compounds.
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL is any chemical which is a health, physical and aquatic hazard.
 DUSTS-solid airborne particles; often created by operations such as grinding, crushing and
sanding; the two major industrial disease-producing dusts are free silica and asbestos.
 FUMES-solid particles which usually form an oxide, in reaction with the air (e.g., zinc oxide, lead
oxide, magnesium oxide, or iron oxide); often created by processes such as smelting, arc welding,
or gas cutting; one of the major metal fume hazards is lead poisoning.
 SMOKES-produced by the incomplete burning of organic materials; made visible by the minute
particles or carbon suspended in them (smokes).
 MISTS-finely dispersed liquids suspended in the air; often created by operations such as spraying,
foaming, pickling, and electroplating; mists hazards occur most often with the use of acids.
 GASES-formless fluids often produced by chemical processes, combustion, welding and so on; the
main offender is the colorless and odorless carbon monoxide.
 VAPORS-the gaseous form of materials normally in a solid (such as asphalt) or liquid state (such
as gasoline) at normal room temperature and pressure. The most commonly – encountered
vapor hazards are those associated with solvents such as paints thinners, alcohol, trichloroethane,
lighter fluid, carbon tetrachloride and gasoline.
TOXICOLOGY
 Science that deals with the poisonous or toxic properties of substances.
 Everyone is exposed on and off the job to a variety of chemical substances; most do not present a
hazard under ordinary circumstances, but they all have the potential for being injurious at some
sufficiently high concentration and level of exposure.
TOXICITY
A physiological property of matter that defines the capacity of a chemical to harm or injure a living
organism by other than mechanical means.
Toxicity entails a definite dimension:
 Quantity or amount; and
 Degree of exposure.
TOXICITY vs. HAZARD

Toxicity - the ability of a substance to produce an unwanted effect when the chemical reached a
sufficient concentration at a certain site in the body.
Hazard - this is the probability that this concentration in the body will occur.
HOW CHEMICAL ENTERS OUR BODY?

 Inhalation
 Skin Absorption
 Ingestion
 Injection
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY THAT ARE AFFECTED:

 Skin
 Lung
 CNS
 Kidney
 Liver
 Blood
 Heart
GENERAL HEALTH EFFECTS

 Disorientation
 Euphoria
 Light headedness
 Confusion
 Unconsciousness
 Headache
 Nausea, vomiting
 Paralysis, convulsion, death
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

 ACUTE EXPOSURE
 Sudden exposure to large concentrations of a hazardous substance for short period of time.
 In most instances damage is not permanent if subject removed from further exposure.
 CHRONIC EXPOSURE
 Occurs after repeated exposure to low concentrations over long periods of time.
 Symptoms may show for 20-30 years.
 Damage usually permanent.
EXAMPLES OF ACUTE OR SHORT TERM EFFECT

 Nausea
 Breathing Trouble
 Eyes, Nose, Throat Infection.
 Skin Irritation
 Headache
 Drowsiness
EXAMPLES OF CHRONIC OR LONG TERM EFFECT

 Liver damage
 Cancer
 Nervous system damage
 Lung disease
 Kidney disease
HOW EXPOSURES ARE MEASURED?

Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) - refer to the time-weighed concentrations of airborne contaminants
for an 8-hour workday and 40 hour per week exposure.

Types of TLVs:
 TLV-TWA - is the time weighed average concentration of airborne contaminants for a normal 8-hr.
workday and 40 hr. work week, without adverse effect to the health of the workers.
 TLV-STEL - is a time weighed average calculated over a 15 minute period. This is applied in
situations where brief excursions could be experienced.(while not exceeding the 8-hour TLV-TWA)
 TLV-C - are values which should not be exceeded even briefly. If any of these three TLVs is
exceeded, a potential hazard from that substance is presumed to exist. The degree of hazard
from exposure to harmful environmental factors or stresses would depend on the following:
 Nature of the material or energy involved
 Intensity of exposure
 Duration of exposure
 Individual susceptibility
WEA TYPES
 Ambient Assessment
 Biological Assessment
 Exposure Assessment
 Effect Assessment
 Health Surveillance
 Employee’s Complaints
AMBIENT ASSESSMENT
 Samples should be collected at or near the workers breathing zone or near the vicinity of the
source.
 Samples should be collected:
 During each shift
 Pre- and post-shift
 Single
 Repeated
 Samples should be collected at/by:
 Worker’s breathing zone or near the vicinity of the source.
 Area/general-taken at fixed location in the work place
 Grab-asses concentration at a particular point in time
 Integrated- combination
 Samples should be collected:
 During each shift
 Pre- and post-shift
 Single
 Repeated
DUST SAMPLING
 Detect dust sources and determine their magnitude.
 Check the effectiveness of preventive measures adopted.
 Monitor the exposure of personnel to air borne dust.
AIR SAMPLING
 Purpose of air sampling shall be established.
 Availability of appropriate measuring instrument, their regular maintenance and calibration
certificates.
 Determine the workplace environmental conditions.
 Determine the nature of potential contaminant.

WORK ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT (WEA) INSTRUMENTS
 NOISE - Sound level meter, Personal Dosimeter, In-Ear Dosimeter.
 LIGHT - Luxmeter
 EXTREMES OF TEMPERATUTE - Thermometer, Sling Psychrometer, WBGT Index Meter.
 RADIATION - Film badge, Thermoluminiscence detectors, Pocket dosimeter, UV Digital Meter,
Gamma Radiation Survey Meter.
 CHEMICAL AGENTS - Gas and Vapor monitors.
 VIBRATION - Human Response Vibration Meter
 BIOLOGIC AGENTS - Microscope.
EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS

 Personal air samplers
 Drager Multigas Detector  Real Time Aerosol Monitor
 Drager Polymeter  Gravimetric Dust Sampler
 Drager CMS analyser  Hexhlet air sampler
BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
 Detects early health changes.
 Assesses effectiveness of PPE.
 Assesses individual variations in absorption, metabolism & distribution.
 Measures all exposures, both occupational and non-occupational routes.
 SPECIMENS
 Blood
 Urine
 Exhaled air
 Hair
 Nails
 Feces
 Tissue
HEALTH SUVEILLANCE
 All health complaints shall be recorded in the log book.
 Complaints shall be assessed immediately to determine the possible causes.
 Workplace shall be inspected or observed for potential exposure.
 WEA records to be reviewed further.
 Recommend corrective measure should require.
MATERIAL HANDLING AND STORAGE
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To identify issues and hazards associated with material handling activities and develop programs
that will address the identified issues and mitigate the hazards.
INTRODUCTION
 Manual handling is a common activity in most workplace.
 It includes lifting, lowering, pulling, pushing, carrying, moving, holding or restraining an object.
 Injuries and musculoskeletal disorders affect the back, neck, shoulders, arms & hands.
 It can be prevented through a systemic approach of identification, assessment and control of
risks associated with manual handling.

CAUSES OF BACK INJURIES AND BACK PAIN:
 Repeated Lifting of Materials
 Lifting Too Much Weight
 Sudden Movements, Shift of Load
 Whole Body Vibrations
 Lifting & Twisting at the same time
 Bending over for long periods of time
 They are exceedingly painful, difficult to heal, and have an effect on everything you do.
 After suffering one back injury, you are much more likely to experience another one later.
 The most costly type of injury for the State of Georgia.
 According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, more than one million workers suffer back injuries
each year; and back injuries account for one of every five workplace injuries.
OUR BACKS
 The spine’s vertebrae are held together by ligaments.
 Muscles are attached to the vertebrae by bands of tissue called tendons. (think of them as rubber
bands)
 Between each vertebra is a cushion known as a disc. (think of it as a pad or pillow)
 Spinal Column. (think of the vertebrae as building blocks)
 Openings in each vertebra line up to form a long, hollow canal.
 The spinal cord runs through this canal from the base of the brain.
 Nerves from the spinal cord branch out and leave the spine through the spaces between the
vertebra.
FORCES INVOLVED IN LIFTING

Think of your back as a lever. With the fulcrum in the center of the lever, how many pounds would it
take to lift a 10-pound object?
5 pounds
10 pounds
15 pounds
 It takes 10 pounds of pressure to lift a 10-pound object.
 Will it take more or less force to lift the same 10-pound object with the fulcrum shifted to one
side?
 With the fulcrum shifted away from the object, it takes more force to lift the object.
 The human back operates on a 10:1 ratio, with the waist acting as the fulcrum.
TYPES OF MATERIAL HANDLING

 Manual  Accessories
 Individual Capacity o 2 Wheeled Hand Trucks
o 25 Kg…Female o 4 Wheeled Hand Trucks
o 50 Kg…Male o Crowbars
o Shovel
 Mechanical
 Powered Hand Truck  Railroad Cars
 Crane  Conveyors
 Hoist  Pipelines
 Forklift  Pallets
 Boom Truck  Carton Clamps
 Heavy - Duty Truck  Wire Ropes
 Tractors  Lifting Bars

PLANNING AHEAD
 Before moving a load, plan both the load and the route (allows you to evaluate hazards,
limitations, route safety and final placement).
 Evaluate the weight and shape of the load in addition to what the material is made of.
 Some items to check:
 Is PPE or other safety gear necessary?
 Size/shape/weight within your limits?
 Can you get a firm hand hold?
 Will you be able to see over the load?
 Will you need assistance? (people, cart, or forklift)
BACK INJURY PREVENTION: PLAN YOUR LIFT

 Think about the weight, size, and shape of the object and the distance you will be moving it.
 Is the object bulky? Will you need help?
 Do you see any hazards that can be eliminated?
 Think about the route you’ll be taking: any stairs, doors, obstacles?
 If the object is heavy or awkward, use a hand cart or pallet jack.
PLANNING AHEAD - THE ROUTE

 Check the route you will take and the place you will put the load down.
 Injuries and property damage can occur when unexpected problems happen during the move.
 Considerations for the route:
 Are there steps, tripping hazards, closed doors, tight doorways or passageways?
 Are there blind corners or wet/slippery floors?
 What is the traffic situation? (people, vehicles, or etc.)
PLANNING AHEAD - THE DROP OFF POINT

Some considerations:
 Where will you place the load?
 Is there room for the load?
 Is the site strong enough to hold the load?
 Will the load block traffic or create a hazard when placed?
 Will the load have to be placed elsewhere or will it be in the right location after you set it down?
LOWERING THE OBJECT

 When lowering an object remember to bend at the knees not at the waist and avoiding twisting
motions while putting the load down. (the picture shown demonstrates how not to put an object
down!)
 If you must turn while lowering an object, adjust your feet rather than twisting your back.
Not the correct way to lower a box!
LIFTING PROPERLY
 Step One
 Stand close to the load with your feet spread about shoulder width apart.
 One foot slightly in front of the other for balance.
 Step Two
 Squat down, bending at the knees.(not your waist)
 Tuck your chin while keeping your back as vertical as possible.
 Step Three
 Get a firm grasp of the object before beginning the lift.

 Step Four
 Begin slowly, lifting with your legs by straightening them. Never twist your body during this
step!
 Step Five
 Once lift is complete, keep object as close to your body as possible.
 As the load's center of gravity moves away from the body, there is a dramatic increase in
stress to the lumbar region of the back.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
 Team Lifting - When more than one person may be required to lift a load, consider having a team
of folks and have one person “call” the directions and lifting steps so everyone will move at the
same pace.
 Stacking - Overlap and interlock rows and never stack above the crush height or above the height
limits for the facility in which you’re working. Make certain the base is clean and level and can
support the weight.
 Drums
 Use a lift truck with drum forks or a drum dolly to move, even a short distance.
 If moving individual, empty drums, roll on the side - not the rim - and always work on the
down side of the drum with the hands on the belly of the drum - not the rim.
 Cylinders
 Compressed gas cylinders are like bombs with very short fuses!
 Valves must be protected by a proper safety cap.
 Use a special hand truck to move individual cylinders, and walk them only short distances to
align them.
 Cylinders must be stored in designated areas and secured with safety chains or bars.
 Mechanical Aids
 Often the best way to move loads is with a mechanical aid, like a hand truck or rolling cart.
 Choose the right aid for the job and inspect it before use.
 Place the heaviest items on the bottom, with the weight concentrated between the wheels.
 Keep your hands away from the edges so they won’t be scraped or crushed in doorways.
PRINCIPLES FOR REDUCING HEAVY LIFTING

 Reduce the weight
 Use mechanical equipment
 Slide instead of manual lift
 Team lifting [Buddy System]
PRINCIPLES FOR REDUCING FREQUENT LIFTING

 Use mechanical assistance
 Avoid unnecessary lifting
 Use mobile storage shelves
PRINCIPLES FOR REDUCING AWKWARD LIFTING / REACHING

 Remove obstacles  Reduce package size
 Slide closer  Use mechanical assistance
 Reduce shelf depth  Team lifting
PRINCIPLES FOR REDUCING AWKWARD LIFTING/BENDING

 Use mechanical assistance to raise the load
 Add handles
 Arrange storage
 Avoid unnecessary lifting
PRINCIPLES FOR REDUCING AWKWARD LIFTING/ REACHING ABOVE SHOULDERS
 Arrange storage
 Use mechanical assistance
 Use a rolling stair or Safety ladder
USE OF MECHANICAL LIFTING AIDS

 Equipment & accessories inspection
 Maintenance
 Licensed operators
 Experienced rigger / spotter
LIFTING TECHNIQUES TRAINING

Teach lifting techniques to employees:
 Training alone is not effective.
 Making changes to jobs and equipment is better.
 Making changes along with training is most effective.
 Job-specific, on-site, hands-on training is more effective than classroom.
 Have employees demonstrate proper lifting techniques before graduating.
OTHER FACTORS IN BACK INJURIES

 Age of employee
 Improper postures when sleeping, standing, sitting
 Physical condition of employee
 Repetitive motions
EXERCISES YOU CAN DO AT WORK

Be safe - check with your doctor before attempting any of these exercises!
BOTTOM LINE
If the load you are trying to manually lift is too heavy for you to handle, get help from coworkers or
a mechanical aid - don’t risk getting injured!
PROPER STORAGE PROCEDURES

 Temporary & permanent storage should be secure, neat & orderly
 Allow adequate ceiling clearance under the sprinklers (18-36”)
 Keep all the exits & aisles clear at all times
 Use bins & racks to facilitate storage & reduce hazards
 Segregation & isolation
 8 m safe distance
 Cartons, lumbers, bagged materials, barrels, pipes, liquid containers, paints, thinners, gasoline,
diesel, oxygen & acetylene cylinders.
STORE ONLY COMPATIBLE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

 Flammable  Gases
 Combustible  Oxidizer
 Acid
MATERIALS HANDLING, STORAGE, USE AND DISPOSAL

 Make sure no flames, sparks, smokes are near flammables.
 Keep only a small amount of flammables in work area.
 Store (and dispose of) flammables safely.
 Dispose of construction debris at DENR approved dumping site.
 In an emergency: evacuate area; turn off all flames, sparking equipment; clean up flammables;
ventilate area thoroughly.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
 All wastes must be segregated to allow efficient and effective disposal.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To understand the basic principles of electricity;
 To know the danger of electric shock; and
 To learn practical measures to prevent electrical shock.
INTRODUCTION
Thousands of people are killed

or injured each year due to
electrocution. It is estimated
that 31% of the known
electrocution fatalities occur at
homes, 24% in the general
industry and 55% are due to
contact with low voltage
circuits [600 volts and under].
Electricity is the No. 1 source
of fire.

HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY
Exposure to:
 Live or energized parts
 Arc Flash
 Arc Blast
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY
 Shock  Property Damage/Loss
 Injury  Facility Shutdown
 Burn  Legal/Liability
 Fatality or Electrocution  Business Interruption
 Fall [Secondary]  Business Reputation
 Fire

What standards on Electrical Safety must be adopted to safeguard any person employed in any
workplace?
DOLE
Occupational Safety & Health Standards
Rule 1211 - Philippine Electrical Code
Is hereby adopted and the standards contained therein shall be considered safety standards to the
extent that they safeguard any person employed in any workplace and control the practice of
electrical engineering.
Rule 1210-Electrical Safety

Article 1.0 - the primary purpose of the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) which is to safeguard
persons and property from hazards arising from the use of electricity.
The provisions in this code are the minimum requirements for safety.
The PEC is intended for the exclusive use of licensed electrical practitioners.
REVIEW OF ELECTRIC GENERATION
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
 It is composed of the simplest form of matter, the electron.
 Electrons spin around the nucleus of an atom and are easily broken away.
 When an electron is broken away and sent on a circuit, we have an electrical system.

TERMS
 Current - is the flow of electrons. Electrons flow through a conductor (like water in a pipeline).
The unit of flow is called Amperes.
 Voltage - is the “electromotive force” that cause the electrons to move through a conductor (like
water pressure). The unit of force is called Volts.
 Resistance - is the opposition to the flow of electrons (like the pipe friction to the flow of water).
The unit is in Ohms.
OHM’S LAW
TYPES OF CURRENT
 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) - continually reverses its direction of flow.
 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) - flows only in one direction. The common source of Direct Current is the
dry cell or storage battery.
ELECTRICAL TERMS
 Safety Extra - Low Voltage (SELV) is an extra-low voltage system which is electrically separated
from earth and from other systems in such a way that a single fault cannot give rise to the risk of
electrical shock.
 Functional Extra - Low Voltage is an extra-low voltage system in which not all of the protective
measures required for SELV have been applied.
 Extra low voltage means not exceeding 50 VAC or 120 VDC (ripple free) whether between circuit
conductors or to earth
 Low Voltage means exceeding extra low voltage but not exceeding 1000 VAC or 1500 VDC
between conductors or 600 VAC or 900 VDC between any conductors and earth.
 High Voltage - levels over low voltage
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
 Platinum
 Gold
 Silver
 Copper
 Aluminum
 Nickel
 Brass
 Zinc
 Iron
 Lead
RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS
 Most Metals 10 to 50 Ohms
 Dry Wood 100,000,000 Ohms
 Wet Wood 1,000 Ohms
 Rubber 100,000,000,000,000 Ohms

 Human Resistance
 Human Body (dry skin ) 100,000 to 600,000 Ohms
 Human Body (wet skin) 1,000 Ohms
 Internal Body – hand to foot 400 to 600 Ohms
 Internal Body – ear to ear (about) 100 Ohms
ELECTRICAL INSULATORS
 Rubber
 Porcelain
 Asbestos
 Glass
 Thermoplastic
ELECTRICAL CABLE PROTECTION

PP/PE Flexible Conduit[polyethylene] Flexible Metallic Conduit
UPVC Conduit
[Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride] PVC Conduit[polyvinyl chloride]
IMC Steel Pre-Galvanized Electrical Conduit

[Intermediate Metallic Conduit] Rigid Aluminum Conduit
EMT Conduit[Electrical Metallic Tubing]

HOW CURRENT ENTERS THE BODY?
 The body, composed mostly of water, is a conductor of electricity.
 Typical points of entry are the hands and feet as they come in contact with electrical current.
ELECTRIC CURRENT PATHWAYS
FLOW OF CURRENT DEPENDS ON:

 Voltage of the circuit
 Insulating quality of the place
 Resistance of the skin
 Area of the contact
 Pressure of contact
RESISTANCE OF THE HUMAN BODY

 The inner resistance of a human body is about 500 to 1,000 ohms, but the skin resistance
greatly depends on the moisture content
 When sweaty, the skin resistance can decrease down by 12 times
SEVERITY OF SHOCKS IS NOT DETERMINED BY VOLTAGE ALONE BUT DEPENDS ON:

 Amount of current
 Path /passage of the current
 Length of time of exposure
 Type of current
 Physical condition of victim
CURRENT IN HUMAN BODY 220V ELECTRICITY

RESISTANCE OF THE HUMAN BODY TO DIFFERENT AMPERAGES
8 - 15 mA - Pain
15 - 20 mA - Pain, loss of muscular control
20 - 100 mA - Intense pain and paralysis of breathing muscles;
Possible suffocation
100 - 200 mA - Ventricular fibrillation which will cause death
Over 200 mA from 220V household voltage - Health movement stops; recovery possible if treated
within 3 minutes
- Burns also occur
CURRENT IN HUMAN BODY 50V ELECTRICITY
ARC FLASH WE FIRST THINK THE ARC FLASH PROTECTION!
TASKS WITH POTENTIAL FOR ARC FLASH

 Operating a switch or circuit breaker
 Inserting or removing a circuit breaker
 Opening an enclosure door
 Removing a cover (bolted or hinged)
 Testing for voltage
In each task: Worker is interacting with energized equipment
ARC FLASH
 Electrical short circuit that occurs when air flashes from an
exposed live conductor, to either another conductor or to
ground
 Concentrated energy explodes outward
 High intensity flash
 Temperatures can reach 35,000 deg. F
 Pressure wave can reach 200lbs/sq. inch
 Vaporize conductors and copper and explode particles like
buckshot

HAZARDS RESULTINGFROM ARC FLASH
 Heat
 Shrapnel
 Pressure
 Sound
 Intense light
 UV
 IR
ARC BLAST
 Pressure wave caused by the arc flash
 Accompanies the flash
 Intense radiant heat released
 Nearby surfaces (persons and objects) absorb and
are instantly heated to vaporizing temperatures
ARC FLASH EFFECTS

 Severe burns
 Broken bones
 Vision damage
 Hearing loss
 Brain/internal injuries
 Punctures and lacerations
 Death
 Equipment damage
CAUSES OF ARC FLASH

 Overloading/overheating of circuits
 Damaged circuit breakers
 Over-fusing
 Wiring in a non-workman
 like manner
 Faulty electrical panels
 Loose Connections
 Removing a Panel Cover (Dead- Front)
 Transients
 Frayed Insulation
 Phase to Phase vs. Phase to Ground
 Dropped tools
 Accidental contact with electrical systems
 Voltage testing with inappropriate equipment
 Sparks produced during racking of breakers, replacement of fuses and closing into faulty lines.
 Buildup of dust, corrosion on insulating surfaces
 Birds or rodents that break connection leads
 Installation failure
 Inattentiveness/ Overconfidence
 Improper training
 Improper work procedures
 Improper maintenance
ARC FLASH HAZARD ANALYSIS
Determine the protective clothing and PPE
PPE - Hazard Risk Category 0, 0-1.2 cal/cm2

 100% cotton long sleeve shirt
 Long pants
 Safety glasses
 Hearing protection
 Leather and insulated gloves
(as required)
 Leather work boots
PPE - Hazard Risk Category 1, 1.2 - 4 cal/cm2

 4+ cal long sleeve shirt
and long pants (or) coveralls
 Hardhat
 Safety glasses
 Arc rated face shield
 Hearing protection (inserts)
 VR gloves
 Leather gloves
PPE - Hazard Risk Category 2, 4 - 8 cal/cm2

 8+ cal long sleeve shirt
and long pants (or) coveralls
 Hardhat
 Safety glasses
 Arc rated faceshield
 VR gloves
 Leather gloves

 25+ flash suit w/ hood over long
sleeve shirt and long pants
 Safety glasses
 VR gloves
 Leather gloves

 40+ flashsuit w/ hood over FR long
Sleeveshirt and long pants
 Safety glasses
 VR gloves
 Leather gloves

CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS BY ELECTRIC SHOCK
 Faults in facilities such as exposed charged part of electrical machines and equipment
 Damaged insulation of electrical wirings
 Short Circuit
 Accidental contact with a live line
 Overloading
 Worker’s attitude such as working without appropriate PPE’s.
 Improper working method
 Wearing of metal objects as watches, necklaces & rings.
 Wet and/or damp locations
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS TO WATCH OUT

 Loose electrical connections
 Cord with frayed insulations
 Plugs that do not match their outlets, e.g., 3-prong male plug to 2-plug female outlet
 Non-waterproof cords, plugs and outlets used outdoors
 Equipment running over capacity
 Tools that smell, smoke, spark or shock
 Wires running across the floor
 Electrical cords in contact with hot appliances or soaked in water
 Extension cords instead of permanent wiring
 Octopus connections
ELECTRICAL HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS

 Elimination/Substitution of:
 Undersize cables, fuses, breakers, etc.
 Defective equipment, devices, hand tools, cables, fuses, breakers, etc.
 Un-skilled electrical personnel
 Poor Supervisor
 Risk taker (or improperly motivated personnel)
 Engineering
 Design Calculation
 Design Wiring Diagram
 As-built Drawing
 Correct Specification
o Purchasing
o Installation
o Quality Check
o Commissioning/ Re-commissioning
o Safe Operation (Future Expansion Consideration)
 Protection
o Fuse
o Breaker
o GFCI
o Grounding
o Bonding
o Sensor
o Relay
o Enclosure or Fencing
o Lightning Arrester
o Etc.
 Wiring/ Protection Capacity and Load Analysis
 Arc Flash Analysis
 Temporary Cables (10-18 feet high)
 Cable Burial
 Minimum Approach Distance
 Arc Flash Protection Boundaries
 Insulation
o Use double insulated royal cord for tools
o Provide good insulation for appliances
o Insulation between feet and moist ground
 Preventive Maintenance
 Calibration
 Testing and Simulation
o Hot Spot
o Resistance
o Leak Testing
 Administration
 Electrical and Preventive Maintenance Program
 Job Order-Scope of Work
 Selection of Contractors
 Communication of Planned Activity
 Safety Orientation
 LOTOTO Training
 TESDA NC II
 Related Skills and Experience
 Planned Safety Inspection
 Electrical and Preventive Maintenance Audit
 JHA/JSEA/HIRADC
 Work Permit System
 Toolbox Meeting
 LOTOTO
o Shutdown The Equipment
o De-energize The Equipment
o Lock or Tag Out Energy Isolating Devices
o Release Any Stored Energy
o Verify Zero Energy State
 LMRA or OMTSL
 Warning Signage
 Zero Alcohol and Drug Program
 Pre and Periodic Medical Check
 General Promotion and Motivation
 Behavior Based Safety
 Accident/Incident Investigation
 Personal Protective Equipment & Tools/Kits
 Flame Resistant Suit
 Voltage Rated Gloves
 Dielectric Boots
 Arc Rated Full Face Shield
 100% Cotton Long Sleeves
 Hearing Protection
 Arc Rated Harness
 Grounding Mat
 Grounding Set
 Body or Safety Rescue Hook
 Sufficient and Suitable Tools and Kits
o Hot Stick
o Infrared and Thermal Scanner
o Multi Tester
o Insulated Hand Tools
o Composite Tools
o Tools Set and Kit
GROUNDING
 Particulars regarding details of conductors sizes & nature of grounds can be obtained from the
provision of the Philippine Electrical Code governing them.
 Rod Specification
 Copper Clad Steel Rod -1/2” dia. & 10 ft. long
 Resistance should not exceed 25 ohms
 The frames or cases of all tools or structures in which electric devices or circuits are present
should be grounded
 The ground wire should be of low resistance & large enough to resist mechanical breakage & to
carry off the heaviest current flow that might result from any insulation breakdown
GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS (GFCI)

Fast-acting device that senses small leakage current to
ground and in a fraction of a second, shuts off the electrical
supply, thereby interrupting the fault current flow to
ground

Dielectric Deep Heel Overshoes provide extra safety when climbing
ladders and poles where the deep heel cavity can lock onto the
rungs. These boots and overshoes are made from an ozone
resistant yellow rubber that's 100% waterproof. The construction is
hand-layered in full-cut patterns to fit over work boots. The fabric
lining makes them easy to get on and off. The sole is an anti-skid
bar tread. All of these overshoes meet ANSI Z41 requirements and
have been tested to 20,000 volts.
The 17" Super Dielectric Boot offers a high level of protection from
electrical shock to utility workers, electric contractors, and others
working dangerously close to electrical hazards. These boots meet
ASTM F1117 requirements, and have been tested to 15,000 volts
AC and 45,000 volts DC. The boots are completely waterproof and
resistant to ozone. The tough fabric lining makes the fit
comfortable and easy to take on and off.
FATAL ACCIDENT
While exiting from a substation, boom truck driver
failed to lower boom, boom contacted 34.5KV
energized line.
Strict Implementation of Safe Approach Distance as

stated below.

SIMPLE RULES TO FOLLOW
 Do not guess
 Use proper instruments
 Always use safety devices
 Never work alone
 Locking and tagging procedures
INSPECTION AND PROGRAM REVIEW

 Periodic inspections and program reviews shall be designed and conducted to identify and
correct any weaknesses or deficiencies in the program or procedures, employee training, or
enforcement of the requirements.
 Management shall ensure that periodic inspections and program reviews are performed.
 A team knowledgeable in the Electrical Program, to include a qualified person, shall perform
periodic inspections and program reviews at least annually. Personnel internal to the facility shall
conduct the inspection and program review one year and personnel external to the facility shall
conduct it the next year.
 Periodic program reviews shall cover all elements of the written Electrical Program, assess
implementation of this program in the facility, and employee understanding.
 Periodic inspections and program reviews shall be documented (date, persons involved, results)
and identified deficiencies noted.
 Corrective actions taken to improve the program or employee knowledge of the program must
include how any revision of specific procedures or a general change is communicated to the
workers.
 Update the AFH analysis when a major modification or renovation takes place and have a
qualified engineer periodically review the analysis, not to exceed 5 years.]
 The review is to account for changes (fault current or protective device clearing times) in the
electrical distribution system that could affect the results of the AFH analysis. This generally
includes installation of new equipment or changes to the protection devices/settings.
 Also, any changes (utility contribution) exterior to the facility may affect accuracy and should
prompt re-evaluation of the entire facility model. These updates may result in raised or lowered
energy levels, thus changing labeling, PPE, and procedures.
INSPECTION
 Check that wiring, movable wires, switches and all electric machines & equipment are provided
with complete insulation cover, & enclosures.
 If faulty they must be repaired immediately
 Before using electric equipment, check that earth conductor is connected & not damaged, and
the earth pole is not floating
 Before using welding machines, check that electrode holders, safety devices & tools such as
automatic voltage reducing device for AC welding machine & GFCI are complete.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM

 Purpose
 Scope
 References
 Company Policies
 Company Rules and Regulations
 Responsibilities
 Procedures
 Competent Personnel
 JHA/JSEA/HIRADC
 Inspection and Audit
 Maintenance
 LOTOTO
 General Safety Promotions and Motivations
 Disciplinary Action Program
WHAT ARE THE PROPER STEPS FOR RESPONDING TO AN ELECTRICAL ACCIDENT?

 Step #1: Turn off the Power
 Step #2: Safely Free the Victim
 Step #3: Call for Help
 Step #4: Do not Leave the Victim
EMERGENCY RESPONSE STEPS

 Step #1:Turn off the Power
 Find the Emergency Machine Off (EMO) button and turn off the power.
 Know in advance where these buttons are located.
 Step #2: Safely Free the Victim

 If you cannot find the EMO switch, attempt to safely free the victim.
 Never attempt to pull the victim away by hand; you could also lock onto the source.
 Use the proper equipment such as a body hook or a non-conductive object to pry or knock
the victim free.
 Step #3: Call for Help

 Pick up the phone and call for help.
 Be sure you know (ahead of time) the emergency number at your site.

 Step #4: Do Not Leave the Victim
 Stay with the victim until help arrives.
 Inform people in the area in order to avoid further injuries.
MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT SAFEGUARDING
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course, you should be able to:
 Understand the various machine guarding Standard and innovations.
 Identify and explain the potential mechanical hazards.
 Key principles specific to control of hazardous mechanical energy.
DEFINITION
 Machine
 Anything that converts one form of energy into mechanical energy.
 Anything that moves.
 Any contrivance that produces work.
 Guarding
Any means of effectively preventing person from coming into contact with the moving parts of
the machinery or equipment that could cause physical harm to the person.
 Mechanical Defect
o Something is wrong with the machine itself. The parts are sometimes in faulty conditions,
that is why accidents are generated.
 Electrical Failure
o When electrical connection becomes defective, the machine becomes grounded which
could cause electrical shock.
 Human Failure
o The operator himself is defective. During the working period, he may be drunk, sleepy or
not in perfect condition. These actuations could cause accidents. Another typical human
failure is a man’s curiosity.
Positive prevention of injury-producing accidents on machinery is through the installation of
safeguards or through engineering revision and redesign.
 Enclosures - Mounted physical barriers which prevent access to moving parts of machinery or
equipment.
 Point-of-Operation - The area on a machine or item of equipment, where work is being done and
material is positioned for processing or change by the machine.
 Power Transmission - Any mechanical parts which transmit energy and motion from a power
source to the point-of-operation. Example: Gear and chain drives, cams, shafts, belt and pulley
drives and rods.
NOTE: Components which are (7) feet or less from the floor or working platform shall be guarded.
 Nip Points - In - Running Machine or equipment parts, which rotate towards each other, or where
one part rotates toward a stationery object.
 Shear points - The reciprocal (back and forth) movement of a mechanical part past a fixed point
on a machine.
 Rotating Motions an exposed mechanism are dangerous unless guarded. Even a smooth, slowly
rotating shaft or coupling can grasp clothing or hair upon contact with the skin and force an arm
or hand into a dangerous position. Affixed or hinged guard enclosure protects against this
exposure.
 Reciprocating - Reciprocating motions are produced by the back and forth movements of certain
machine or equipment parts. This motion is hazardous, when exposed, offering pinch or shear
points to an Employee. A fixed enclosure such as a barrier guard is an effective method against
this exposure.
 Transverse Motions - Transverse motions are hazardous due to straight line action and in-running
nip points. Pinch and shear points also are created with exposed machinery and equipment parts
operating between a fixed or another moving object. A fixed or hinged guard enclosure provides
protection against this exposure.
 Cutting Actions - Cutting action results when rotating, reciprocating, or transverse motion is
imparted to a tool so that material being removed is in the form of chips. Exposed points of
operation must be guarded to protect the operator from contact with cutting hazards, being
caught between the operating parts and from flying particles and sparks.
 Shearing Action - The danger of this type of action lies at the point of operation where materials
are actually inserted, maintained and withdrawn. Guarding is accomplished through fixed
barriers, interlocks, remote control placement (2 hand controls), feeding or ejection.
INTRODUCTION
 It is crucial to understand why machine and equipment safe guards are to be used on machines.
An operator or maintenance worker must be informed as to the location of the safe guards on
the machines, and should also be provided information on why safe guards protect them and
what hazards they protect them from.
 An operator or maintenance worker also should be trained on how to remove machine and
equipment safe guards from the machines and also to understand in what circumstances guards
can be removed. Workers need to be trained in procedures to follow if they notice guards are
damaged, missing or inadequate.
 An operator or maintenance worker should be provided with a dress code. For example; no loose
fitting clothing or jewelry. These items could easily be caught in the equipment or machines.
From the simplest hand tool to the most complex machinery… operational safety hazards exist
with any equipment.
 The Machine Guard Program is designed to protect Employees from hazards of moving
machinery. All hazardous areas of a machine shall be guarded to prevent accidental "caught in"
situations.
References:
 OSHS & PSME Code
 Machines (29 CFR 1910.212)
 Woodworking Machinery (29 CFR 1910.213)
 Abrasive Wheels (29 CFR 1910.215)
 Power Presses (29 CFR 1910.217)
 Power Transmission (29 CFR 1910.219)

MACHINE & EQUIPMENT HAZARDS:
 Electrical Hazards - equipment that uses electricity as a power source is a potential electrocution
hazard. Check power cords, switches and connections for exposed wires or broken parts.
 Amputation & Caught-in Hazards - machine guards on equipment are installed to protect our
employees from moving parts. Of course if they have been removed during maintenance or
adjustment they will no longer provide protection. Check equipment every day to ensure that all
guards are in place.
 Chemical Hazards - processing equipment that uses chemicals can be sources of numerous
hazards. Leaks can cause slip hazards as well as possible exposure to harmful chemicals. Hoses
that leak could create a respiratory problem from vapors.
 Sharp Edges - simply walking past machinery may be hazardous if sharp edges are not
guarded check equipment mounting brackets, sign edges and control boxes to see if sharp edges
are present.
 Eye Hazards - tools and equipment that create chips, sparks or dust are potential eye
hazards. These types of eye hazards are generally controlled by safety glasses, goggles and face
shields. Check eye protection your workers use to make sure they are not broken, scratched and
are the correct type for the hazard. As a minimum, anyone who uses hand or power tools should
wear safety glasses.
 PPE - employees need to know how to properly select, use and clean any PPE they use. PPE does
wear out and has limitation on the level of protection against hazards – your workers should
know these limitations.
INTRODUCTION
 Many accidents result from persons working on or around moving machinery. These accidents
could have been prevented by the installation and proper maintenance of guarding. The goal of
this training is to make the guarding of all equipment as easily understood as possible and re-
enforce the safe working procedures that must always be in place around dangerous equipment.
 Crushed hands and arms, severed fingers, blindness -the list of possible machinery related
injuries is as long as it is horrifying. There seems to be as many hazards created by moving
machine parts as there are types of machines. Safeguards are essential for protecting workers
from needless and preventable injuries such as crushed hands and arms, severed fingers, and
blindness.
 Accidents usually result from a combination of factors that includes both hazardous machine
condition and careless human actions. The intent of machine safeguarding is to minimize the risk
of accidents from machine-operator contact.
WHY SHOULD MACHINE BE GUARDED?

 High source of compensable injuries
 Principal source of injuries. Whenever a machine is involved in an accident, the effects are
injuries, damage to the resources and delays.
 High severity
 Many permanent-partial disability and fatality cases are caused by machinery.
 Distraction
 Efficiency/ Performance of the operation is affected. An operator of an unguarded machine
divides his attention to the job he is working and trying not to be caught between the moving
parts of the machine, it is likely to be damaged.
RULE OF THUMB
Any machine part, function, or process that may cause injury must be safeguarded.

MECHANICAL HAZARDS
SINGLE ROTATING PARTS PRESENTING A SNAGGING/ ENTANGLEMENT HAZARD
 Snagging hazard from projecting flange bolts on rotating coupling.

 Snagging hazard from projecting key way and set screw on rotating shaft.
MULTIPLE ROTATING PARTS PRESENTING AN IN-RUNNING NIP POINT HAZARD
 (A) V-belt and pulley drive: a common source of in-running nip points on
powered industrial machinery.
 (B) Typical chain-sprocket drive.
 (C) Typical exposed gears.
 (D) Typical feed rolls.
COMBINATION OF ROTATING AND SLIDING PARTS AND REVERSING PARTS

CREATING TWO IN-RUNNING NIP POINT HAZARDS
 (A) Rack and pinion gears.

 (B) Conveyor belt spool.

SLIDING/PIVOTING MOVEMENT CREATING STRUCK BY/CRUSHING HAZARDS
 Sliding milling table striking worker in abdomen.

 Sliding milling table crushing worker against adjacent wall.
 Worker struck by robot arm.
 Scissor lift creating crushing/shearing hazards.
HAZARDS FROM FRAGMENTS AND PROJECTILES
 (A) Fragments from exploding abrasive wheel.

 (B) Projectile from pneumatic nail gun.
HAZARDOUS MACHINE ACTIONS

 Cutting- action may involve rotating, reciprocating, or transverse motion. The danger of cutting
action exists at the point of operation where finger, arm and body injuries can occur and where
flying chips or scrap material can strike the head, particularly in the area of the eyes or face. Such
hazards are present at the point of operation in cutting wood, metal, and other materials.
Examples of mechanisms involving cutting hazards include bandsaws, circular saws, boring and
drilling machines, turning machines (lathes), or milling machines.
 Shearing - action involves applying power to a slide or knife in order to trim or shear metal or
other materials. A hazard occurs at the point of operation where stock is actually inserted, held,
and withdrawn. Examples of machines used for shearing operations are mechanically,
hydraulically, or pneumatically powered shears.
 Punching - action results when power is applied to a slide (ram) for the purpose of blanking,
drawing, or stamping metal or other materials. The danger of this type of action occurs at the
point of operation where stock is inserted, held, and withdrawn by hand. Typical machines used
for punching operations are power presses.
 Bending - action results when power is applied to a slide in order to draw or stamp metal or other
materials. A hazard occurs at the point of operation where stock is inserted, held, and withdrawn.
Equipment that uses bending action includes power presses, press brakes, and tubing benders.

HEALTH HAZARDS
Workers operating and maintaining machinery can suffer adverse effects other than physical injury
caused by moving parts. They can be exposed to hazards through inhalation, ingestion, skin contact,
or absorption through skin. For example, without adequate safeguards, control measures, and
personal protective equipment, a worker may be at risk of occupational disease resulting from
exposure to:
 Toxic or corrosive chemicals that can irritate, burn, or pass through the skin.
 Harmful airborne substances that can be inhaled, such as oil mist, metal fumes, solvents, and
dust.
 Heat, noise, and vibration
 Ionizing radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays
 Non-ionizing radiation such as ultraviolet light (UV), radio frequency (RF) energy, and lasers
 Biological contamination and waste
 Soft tissue injuries (for example, to the hands, arms, shoulders, back, or neck) resulting from
repetitive motion, awkward posture, extended lifting, and pressure grip
METHODS OF SAFEGUARDING
 There are many ways to safeguard machinery, and that means any method of preventing
employee contact with the moving part.
 You should first determine the machine hazards and then select a suitable guarding method
based on the type of operation, the size or shape of stock, the method of handling, the physical
layout of the work area, and the type of material.
 Production requirements or limitations will also help determine the appropriate safeguarding
method for the individual machine. The guarding system must protect the operator and other
exposed workers from all machine hazards.
 It is helpful to get the machine operator and machine supervisor involved in the design of the
safeguarding system.

ELIMINATION/SUBSTITUTION OF:
 Defective equipment, devices, hand tools, etc.
 Un-skilled electrical/mechanical personnel
 Risk taker (or improperly motivated personnel)
 Poor Management/Supervision
 Human interaction in the process
 Eliminate pinch point
 Automate material handling
ENGINEERING
 Machine Design
 As-built Drawing
 Correct Specification
 Purchasing  Commissioning/ Re-commissioning
 Installation  Safe Operation
 Quality Check
 Protection
 Fixed guard  Belly Bar
 Adjustable guard  Safeguarding by Location (Calculated Safe Distance)
 Interlocked guard  Automatic Feeding
 Sensor  Robot
 Two-hand Controls  Holding Tools
 Pull-back Device  Calibration and Testing
 Pull Cord

 Administration
 Preventive Maintenance Program
 Job Order-Scope of Work
 Selection of Contractors
 Communication of Planned Activity
 Safety Orientation
 LOTOTO Training
 TESDA NC II
 Related Skills and Experience
 Planned Safety Inspection
 Preventive Maintenance Audit
 JHA/JSEA/HIRADC
 Toolbox Meeting
 LOTOTO
o Shutdown The Equipment
o De-energize The Equipment
o Lock or Tag Out Energy Isolating Devices
o Release Any Stored Energy
o Verify Zero Energy State
 LMRA or OMTSL
 Warning Signage
 Zero Alcohol and Drug Program
 Pre and Periodic Medical Check
 General Promotion and Motivation
 Behavior Based Safety
 Accident/Incident Investigation
 Personal Protective Equipment

 Hard Hat [as required]
 Kevlar Gloves
 Safety Shoes
 Full Face Shield
 100% Cotton Long Sleeves
 Hearing Protection
EMERGENCY SWITCH
Switch is provided when emergency stopping of machine is necessary, and hence, the switch shall:
 Be easily accessible to the operator; and
 Be designed for unexpected activation
When necessary, buddy system shall be considered.
LOCKOUT/TAGOUT (LOTO) PROCEDURE:

WHAT MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE LOTO PROCEDURE?
 A statement on how to use the procedures;
 Steps to shut down, isolate, block, and secure machines;
 Steps designating the safe placement, removal, and transfer of LOTO devices and identifying who
has responsibility for the LOTO devices; and
 Requirements to determine and verify the effectiveness of lockout devices, tagout devices, and
other energy-control measures.

WHAT MUST WORKERS DO BEFORE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES?
 Prepare for shutdown;
 Shut down the machine;
 Disconnect or isolate the machine from the energy source(s);
 Apply the lockout or tagout device(s) to the energy-isolating device(s);
 Release, restrain, or render safe all potential hazardous stored or residual energy. Regularly
inspect to avoid re-accumulation of energy if necessary.
 Verify the isolation and de-energization of the machine.
WHAT MUST WORKERS DO BEFORE REMOVING LOTO DEVICE AND REENERGIZE THE MACHINE?
 Inspect machines or their components to assure that they are operationally intact and that
nonessential items are removed from the area; and
 Check to assure that everyone is positioned safely and away from machines.
WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS FOR TAGOUT DEVICES?

 A tagout device is a prominent warning of the hazards;
 Tags do not provide the physical restraint of a lock;
 Tags may evoke a false sense of security;
 Therefore, lockout devices are considered more secure and more effective than tagout devices in
protecting employees from hazardous energy.
TRAINING - BEFORE USING ANY MACHINE, YOU SHOULD:

 Be trained by qualified person/agent.
 Clarify any doubt on machine usage.
 Have the correct certificate, if required by law.
 Inspect the machine for good condition (or inspected by qualified persons).
 Do not operate machine unless authorized.
PPE - BEFORE USING ANY MACHINE, YOU SHOULD ENSURE THAT:

 Proper PPE is used to conduct the work.
 The PPE is in good condition.
 Proper training has been given on how to use PPE.
ERGONOMICS - SOME BASIC TIPS TO IMPROVE ERGONOMICS:

 Use equipment to aid material handling
 Use correct material handling position
 Maintain comfortable position when working
 Do the work with proper tools?
Refer to Material Handling for Metalworking Industry for more details about ergonomic hazard
control.
SAFE PRACTICES
The following practices shall be observed at all times:
 Always use the safety devices correctively;
 Do not wear loose clothing/ties when operating machines with rotating parts;
 Tie up or cover up long hair;
 Use devices to remove trapped materials from machine;
 Switch off the machine before retrieving dropped material(s) from inside the machine.

SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES
 Management:
 Ensure all machinery is properly guarded.
 Supervisors:
 Train employees on specific guard rules in their areas.
 Ensure machine guards remain in place and are functional.
 Immediately correct machine guard deficiencies.
 Employees:
 Do not remove guards unless machine is locked and tagged.
 Report machine guard problems to supervisors immediately.
 Do not operate equipment unless guards are in place.
MANAGING THE MACHINE SAFETY PROGRAM

There is more to machine safeguarding than just guarding machines. The employer must:
 Ensure that employees are trained to do the job,
 Ensure that employees wear personal protective equipment to protect against other hazards,
 Establish safe operating procedures, and
 Supervise to ensure compliance with company rules.
Even the most elaborate safeguarding system cannot offer effective protection unless the worker
knows how to use it and why. Specific and detailed training is therefore a crucial part of any effort to
provide safeguarding against machine-related hazards. Thorough operator training should involve
instruction or hands-on training in the following key areas:
 Parts and functions of the machine
 Basic operator controls
 Operator Responsibilities
 Safeguarding
 A description and identification of the hazards associated with particular.
 How to use the safeguards and why?
 How and under what circumstances safeguards can be removed, and by whom (in most cases,
repairs or maintenance personnel only).
 What to do (e.g., contact the supervisor) if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or unable to
provide adequate protection.
This training is necessary for new operators and maintenance or setup personnel, when any new or
altered safeguards are put in service, or when workers are assigned to a new machine or operation.

MACHINE SAFETY CHECKLIST
HAND AND POWER TOOLS SAFETY
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Describe general guidelines for hand and power tool safety.
 Describe important hand and power tool basics.
 Describe correct steps for proper tool maintenance and handling.
 Identify personal protective equipment for using hand and power tools.
 Describe safety procedures for point of operation safety.
 Describe general guidelines for proper hand tool safety.
 Describe general guidelines for proper electric tool safety.
 Describe general guidelines for proper abrasive wheel tool safety.
 Describe general guidelines for proper pneumatic tool safety.
 Describe general guidelines for proper fuel and hydraulic tool safety.
 Describe ergonomics in relation to tool use.
JUST THE FACTS

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration states that most injuries on construction sites
involve excavation cave-ins, power tool accidents, falls, electrical hazards, and exposure to
potentially dangerous materials.
Working with power tools, you can get an electric shock, lose a finger, lose an eye, or go deaf. It's
especially dangerous to use a tool that's defective, that's been modified, or that's not designed for
the job. Of course, you can also get injured if you use any tool carelessly.
WHAT THE REGULATIONS SAY ABOUT HAND TOOLS?

 Each employer shall be responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by
employees.
 This includes tools and equipment which may be furnished by employees.
 Employers shall not issue or permit the use of unsafe hand tools
 Wrenches, including adjustable, pipe, end, and socket wrenches shall not be used when jaws are
sprung to the point that slippage occurs.
 Impact tools, such as drift pins, wedges, and chisels, shall be kept free of mushroomed heads.
 The wooden handles of tools shall be kept free of splinters or cracks and shall be kept tight in the
tool.
HAZARDS
Workers using hand and power tools maybe exposed to these hazards:
 Objects that fall, fly, are abrasive, or splash.
 Harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, and gases.
 Frayed or damaged electrical cords, hazardous connections and improper grounding.
 Vibration and impact
WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE MOST COMMON INJURIES FROM WORKING WITH HAND AND
POWER TOOLS?
 Electric shock  Hearing loss
 Flash burns  Crushing, cuts or losing a body part
 Falling  Ergonomic injuries
 Hand and Eye injuries
BASIC TOOL SAFETY RULES

 Operate according to manufacturers’ instructions
 Maintain regularly
 Use the right Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Inspect before use
 Use guarding
 Use the right tool for the job
Cutting and Slicing Tools (Knives, Box Cutters, Scissors, Razor Blades, etc.)
 Safety Gloves - Protection against accidental cuts and vibration
 A Sharp Blade Is Safer - When dull, a blade can slip from the object being cut and cause a serious
injury.
 Cut Downward - Always away from your hand.
 Put It Back - Never leave a cutting tool lying on a table, chair, sink or desk. There are only three
places that a cutting tool should ever be:
 in use,
 stored safely in a drawer, tool box, in a knife rack, or,
 in the dishwasher (blade down, handle up)
Never put knives in a sink full of soapy or dirty water. Someone could reach into the water and
severely cut their hand.
 Let It Go! - Never attempt to catch a dropped knife or another cutting tool – let it fall.
 Wipe Away from The Sharp Edge - if you need to wipe or clean material off the blade, always
wipe away from the sharp edge.
 Never Touch the Sharp Edge - Always use a piece of paper to test the sharpness of a knife
Never use your fingers!
 Never use a knife as a substitute for other tools – such as a screwdriver or bottle opener.
HAND TOOLS - PROTECTION

 Keep floor surface where working free from debris and tripping or slipping hazards.
 Keep cutting tools sharp.
 Use tools as they were intended to be used.
 Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as safety glasses and gloves.
 PPE determined by Job Hazard Analysis (JHA).
DOES PPE HELP?
A trash bag that held a turpentine container ruptured. Without warning, the can exploded and the
mixture of paint thinner and paint sprayed all over Phil's face, head, and upper body. The force of
the explosion knocked him to the ground.
While applying siding with an air powered staple gun, the son fired a staple, hitting a metal plate
behind the siding. It ricocheted back towards his face and one leg of the staple penetrated the
safety glasses' lens. The staple hit with such force that the frames were cracked and the son
received bruising on the eyebrow and cheekbone.
PPE STANDARDS
Various OSHA standards list specific requirements for various types/levels of PPE
 Logging Standards
 Electrical Standards
 Hazardous Noise Standards
 Respiratory Protection Standards
 Chemical-Specific Standards

Responsibilities:
 Employer
 Assess workplace for hazards
 Provide PPE
 Determine when to use
 Provide PPE training for employees and instruction in proper use.
 Employer
 Use PPE in accordance with training received and other instructions.
 Inspect daily and maintain in a clean and reliable condition.
POWER TOOLS
 Must be fitted with guards and safety switches
 Extremely hazardous when used improperly
 Different types, determined by their power source:
 Electric
 Pneumatic
 Liquid fuel
 Hydraulic
 Powder-actuated
GENERAL SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR POWER TOOLS

 Be aware of all power lines and electrical circuits, water pipes, and other mechanical hazards in
your work area, particularly those below the work surface, hidden from the operator's view, that
may be contacted.
 Wear proper apparel. Do not wear loose clothing, dangling objects or jewelry. Long hair must be
restrained. Gloves should not be worn when operating certain power tools. Check appropriate
tool manuals.
SPARK RESISTANT TOOLS

Around flammable substances, sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools can be a dangerous
ignition source. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools made from brass, plastic, aluminum,
or wood will provide for safety.

"Non-sparking", "spark-resistant" or "spark-proof “tools are names given to tools made of metals
such as brass, bronze, Monel metal (copper-nickel alloy),copper- aluminum alloys (aluminum
bronze),copper-beryllium alloys (beryllium bronze), and titanium.
Preferred "non-sparking" metals have less tensile strength than steels usually used to make tools.
A lower tensile strength means the metal has less strength or resistance to tearing apart when
stretched under test conditions.
It also means that these tools are softer, wear down more quickly than ordinary steel tools, and
have to be dressed more frequently.
MOST DANGEROUS POWERED HAND TOOL?

SWITCHES
Hand-held power tools must be equipped with one of the following:
 Constant pressure switch shuts off power upon release
 Examples: circular saw, chain saw, grinder, hand-held power drill
 On-Off Switch
 Examples: routers, planers, laminate trimmers, shears, jig saws, nibblers, scroll saws
POWER TOOLS - PRECAUTIONS

 Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing and cleaning, and when changing accessories
 Keep people not involved with the work away from the work
 Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool
 Don’t hold the switch button while carrying a plugged-in tool
 Keep tools sharp and clean
 Remove damaged electric tools & tag them: “Do Not Use”
 Don’t carry portable tools by the cord
 Don’t use electric cords to hoist or lower tools
 Don’t yank cord or hose to disconnect it
 Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges
 Replace damaged cords immediately!
ELECTRIC POWER TOOLS

To protect a worker from shock, these tools must:
 have a 3-wire cord plugged into a grounded receptacle
 be double insulated, or
 be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer
ELECTRIC TOOLS - GOOD PRACTICES

 Operate within design limits
 Use gloves and safety shoes
 Store in a dry place
 Don’t use in wet locations unless approved for that (use GFCI)
 Keep work areas well lit
 Ensure cords don’t present a tripping hazard
ABRASIVE WHEELS AND TOOLS

May throw off flying fragments Equip with guards that:
 Cover the spindle end, nut, &flange projections.
 Maintain proper alignment with the wheel.
 Don’t exceed the strength of the fastenings.
Guard so that a minimal amount of the wheel is exposed.
INSPECTING ABRASIVE WHEELS
Before mounting:
 inspect closely for damage
 perform sound - or ring - test to ensure free from cracks and defects.
To test:
 tap wheel gently with a light, non-metallic instrument.
 if wheel sounds cracked or dead, do not use it because it could fly apart.
ABRASIVE WHEEL USE

To prevent cracking:
 Fit the wheel freely on the spindle.
 Tighten the spindle nut enough to hold the wheel in place without distorting the flange.
 Let the tool come up to speed prior to grinding or cutting.
 Don’t stand in front of the wheel as it comes up to full speed.
 Use eye and/or face protection.
ABRASIVE WHEEL WORK RESTS

 Keep work rests not more than 1/8th inch from wheel surface.
 This prevents jamming the work between the wheel and the rest, which may cause the wheel to
break.
 Don’t adjust wheel while it’s rotating.
GUARDING
 Guard exposed moving parts of power tools.
 Guard belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, flywheels, chains, or other moving parts.
 Never remove a guard when a tool is in use.
GUARDING - POINT OF OPERATION

The point of operation is where the work is actually performed on the materials - it must be guarded.
GUARDING PROTECTION
Machine guards must protect the operator and others from:
 Point of operation
 In-running nip points
 Rotating parts
 Flying chips and sparks
RADIAL SAW GUARDING

Guard to prevent the operator from coming in contact the rotating blade
GUARDING PORTABLE CIRCULAR SAWS

Guard these saws above and below the base plate or shoe.
The lower guard must cover the saw to the depth of the teeth.
PNEUMATIC TOOLS
 Powered by compressed air.
 Includes nailers, staplers, chippers, drills & sanders.
 Main hazard - getting hit by a tool attachment or by a fastener the worker is using with the tool.
 Take the same precautions with an air hose that you take with electric cords.

PNEUMATIC TOOLS - FASTENING
 Ensure tool is fastened securely to the air hose to prevent a disconnection.
 Use a short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool.
PNEUMATIC TOOL SAFETY

 Place a safety device on the muzzle to prevent the tool from ejecting fasteners, unless the muzzle is in
contact with work surface.
 Install a safety clip or retainer to prevent attachments, such as chisels on a chipping hammer, from
being ejected.
 Wear eye protection. Wear hearing protection with jackhammers.
OUTDOOR “YARD” TOOLS

 Read and Heed owner’s manual
 Guards in place
 Turn off to perform maintenance or free jams/debris
 Wear PPE
 Proper plug in or fueling procedures
LIQUID FUEL TOOLS

 Usually gas powered
 Main hazard - fuel vapors
 Carbon Monoxide Hazards
 Use only approved flammable liquid containers
 Before refilling a fuel-powered tool tank, shut down the engine and allow it to cool
 Refuel at least 10 feet from combustible materials
POWDER-ACTUATED TOOLS
 User must be trained and licensed to operate.
 Test tool each day before loading to ensure the safety devices are working properly.
 Wear suitable ear, eye, and face protection.
 Select a powder level that will do the work without excessive force.
FATAL FACT
 Employee killed when struck in head by a nail fired from a powder actuated tool.
 Tool operator was attempting to anchor a plywood form in preparation for pouring a concrete
wall.
EASILY PENETRATED MATERIAL

 Avoid driving into materials easily penetrated unless materials are backed by a substance that
will prevent the pin or fastener from passing through.
 Also, don’t drive fasteners into very hard or brittle material that might chip or splatter, or make
the fasteners ricochet.
POWDER - ACTUATED TOOL SAFETY TIPS

 Don’t use in explosive or flammable atmosphere.
 Inspect tool before use to ensure:
 It is clean,
 That moving parts operate freely
 The barrel is free from obstructions and has the proper shield, guard, and attachments.
 Don’t load the tool unless using immediately.
 Don’t leave a loaded tool unattended.
 Keep hands clear of the barrel end.
 Never point the tool at anyone.
 Store unloaded in a locked box.
JACKS
To set up a jack, ensure:
 The base is on a firm, level surface.
 It’s centered
 The jack head is placed against a level surface.
 You apply the lift force evenly.
Lubricate and inspect jacks regularly.
JACKS - CAPACITY
 The manufacturer's rated capacity must be marked on all jacks and must not be exceeded.
 All jacks must have a stop indicator (for over-travel) that is not exceeded.
JACKS - BLOCKING
 Immediately block the load after it is lifted. Put a block under the base of the jack when the
foundation is not firm, and place a block between the jack cap and load if the cap might slip.
REPORTING ACCIDENTS/INJURIES
 First priority is to receive prompt medical attention (call 911)
 Report all work-related accidents, injuries or illnesses to your supervisor
 Regardless of severity
 Paperwork to be filled out
 Incident Report
 Workers’ Compensation
Hospitalization must be reported immediately and no later than 8 hours from time of accident.
CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGY AND LOTOTO
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course, you should be able to:
 Understand the Energy Isolation Standard.
 Identify and explain the types of potential hazardous energy source.
 Key principles specific to control of hazardous energy.
 Perform how to control hazardous energy with LOTOTO procedure.
PURPOSE OF COHE
To protect workers involved in the maintenance and servicing of equipment from the dangerous
effects of hazardous energy. This is achieved by isolating and locking or tagging out all hazardous
energy sources.
DEFINITIONS
 Authorized employee: A person who locks out or tags out machines or equipment in order to
perform servicing or maintenance.
 Affected employee: A person whose job requires him to operate or use a machine or equipment
on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under lockout or tagout.
 Energy isolating device: The mechanism that prevents the transmission or release of energy and
to which locks or tags are attached.
 Includes manually operated circuit breakers, disconnect switches, line valves, blocks, and others.
 Lockout: The placement of a lockout device on an energy isolating device to ensure that the
equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed.
 Tagout: The placement of a tagout device on an energy isolating device to indicate the
equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.

Work with machinery, equipment and process systems where energization or release of stored
energy could result in injury. Work involving energy sources:
 Electrical
 Pneumatic
 Hydraulic
 Stored
(such as gravity, spring or compressed gas)
 Chemical
 Thermal
 Radiation
FREQUENCY OF LOTOTO ACCIDENTS

 10% of all industrial accidents are LOTOTO - related
 250,000 LOTOTO - related accidents each year, resulting in approximately:
 200 fatalities
 60,000 injuries
 Lockout accidents also damage equipment, requiring repairs, replacement, downtime.
CONSEQUENCE [ACCIDENT] WITHOUT LOTOTO
LOCKOUT VS TAGOUT
 Lockout
Placing a lock on an energy isolating device so that it is physically impossible for anyone to
operate the energy isolating device or the equipment being controlled until the lock is removed.
 Tagout
Placing a tag on an energy isolating device to warn others that the energy isolating device and the
equipment being controlled should not be operated.
WHEN IS LOTOTO REQUIRED?
Whenever a worker performing service or maintenance may be exposed to any form of hazardous
energy.
Rule of thumb is to use LOTOTO whenever:
 A machine guard must be bypassed.
 A worker must place any part of his body is a danger zone or point of operation.
WHO PERFORMS LOTOTO?

Only authorized employees may perform lockout / tagout.
Training should cover hazards associated with the equipment and the proper methods for
controlling those hazards.
 Authorized employees must undergo a review to ensure they understand the proper lockout
techniques and procedures at least once each year.
BASIC LOTOTO STEPS

 JO-Scope of Work
 Safety Orientation
 LOTOTO Training
 TESDA NC II
 Safety Inspection
 JHA/JSA/Risk Assessment
 Tools and Equipment
 PPE
 Communicate planned activity
 Energy isolation permit
 Toolbox meeting
 Shutdown the equipment
 De-energize the equipment
 Draining and Flushing
 Lock or tag out energy isolating devices
 Release or block any stored energy
 Verify zero energy state
 LMRA
 Start maintenance work and
 Recommissioning
 Punch list Items
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
 Group lockout - each employee must have “exclusive control”.
 Shift changes - ensure lockout continuity.
 Emergency lock removal - requires mgmt. approval, document
procedure.
 Working with outside contractors - must communicate and coordinate.
LOCKOUT PROCEDURES
The key to safe & efficient lockout activity
Benefits of effective lockout procedures:
 Prevent mistakes
 Speed lockout activity

ACCESSING PROCEDURES
 Put in binders
 Access online or attach to work orders
 Post at point of use
ENERGY SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

Identify hazardous energy sources to prevent mistakes, speed lockout activity.
Alternative Solutions:
 Stock labels and tags
 Do-it-yourself printing systems
 Custom printed or engraved tags
TRAINING & AWARENESS AIDS

 Training Videos
 Training Booklets
 Posters
 Signs & Labels
 Hard hat stickers
LOCKS
 No one else should be able to open your lock!
 Locks must be standardized and distinguishable
 Lock must identify the person using it.
TYPES OF LOCKOUT/TAGOUT DEVICES

 Plug Lock
 Hasp
 Ball Valve Locks
 Group Lockbox
 Circuit breaker cover
 Gate valve locks
 Fuse cover
 Wall switch cover
DEMOLITION SAFETY
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To understand and comply the OSHS under Rule 1417-Demolition.
 To understand the demolition hazards and its controls.
 To prepare all required equipment and personnel in accordance with DO 13.
 To benchmark best practices.
GENERAL
The OSHS, Rule 1417-Demolition, DO 13, best practices and international standards shall be applied
and observed at all times.
PLANNING
 Before the start of every demolition job, the demolition contractor should take a number of steps
to safeguard the health and safety of workers at the job site.
 These preparatory operations involve the overall planning of the demolition job, including the
methods to be used to bring the structure down and the equipment necessary to do the job.
 No employee shall be permitted in any area that can be adversely affected when demolition
operations are being performed.
 Only those employees necessary for the performance of the Demolition shall be permitted in
these areas.
ENGINEERING SURVEY
 Prior to starting all demolition operations that an engineering survey of the structure must be
conducted by a competent person.
 The purpose of this survey is to determine the condition of the framing, floors, and walls so that
measures can be taken, if necessary, to prevent the premature collapse of any portion of the
structure.
 When indicated as advisable, any adjacent structure(s) or improvements should also be similarly
checked. Photographing existing damage in neighboring structures is also advisable
 During the preparation of the engineering survey, the contractor should plan for potential
hazards such as fires, cave-ins, and injuries to workers.
DEMOLITION HAZARDS
 Falling from height
 Falls through openings and fragile materials  Floods
 Uncontrolled/premature collapse  Electric shock
 Noise  Manual Handling
 Flying debris  Dust
 HAVS from tools  Asbestos
 Whole body vibration from vehicles  Silica
 Cause nearby structures to collapse  Residual contamination from previous use?
 Live services - gas, electric, water E.g. hospitals, industrial processes.
 Fire
 Broken glass from windows
 Unguarded machinery
DEMOLITION CONTROLS
 Safe demolition planning.
 Work Methodology
 JHA/HIRADC
 Competent, trained staff
 Safe system of work.
 PPE - helmets, boots, dust masks, etc.
 Keep people as far away as possible.
 Supervision by competent person.
 Where possible, demolish in reverse order of construction.
 Protect machine cabs to guard against falling objects.
 Temporary props may be required to support unstable structures.
 Remove debris as it builds up to prevent floors/walls collapsing.
 Disconnect live services (although water may be required in event of a fire).
 Remove hazardous materials.
 Provide site hoardings where necessary (about 2.5m high).
 Do not allow materials to fall into area where people are.
 Fans or covered walkways may be needed to catch falling objects.
 Erect warning notices around hoardings.
 Remove window panes before demolition.
 Erect warning notices on doors, especially where floors have been removed.
 Damp area down with water.
 Dog-leg rubbish chutes or barrier off skip area.
 Provide safe access & egress (especially where there are no floors).
 High standard of housekeeping.
 Secure ladders.
 Use safety harnesses where necessary.
 Create a buffer zone around the demolition area.
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (CRANE AND HEAVY EQUIPMENT SAFETY)
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To learn the various construction heavy equipment and their operational safety requirements;
 To understand the training, licensing, assessment and certification requirements; and
 To learn the basic hand signals and rigging plan.
INTRODUCTION
Crane, forklift, hoist and conveyor are being utilized to expedite and safely move and transfer on its
final or temporary location a certain objects (such as raw materials, products, etc.) from one place
to another.
HI-PO ACCIDENT
 The result of this accident/operator crushed, died of injuries sustained
 Out riggers not fully extended.
 Lifting out of radius
 Poor supervision
 A good example of inexperience or unsafe crane operation
 Possible reasons
 Load drifted out of radius/Windy conditions
 Crane not level
 Weight gauge not working.
 Unknown weight
 Ground collapse
 Operator inexperience
OPERATOR’S/RIGGER’S/SPOTTER’S QUALIFICATION & CERTIFICATION

 Vision Test 20/30 in one eye & 20/50 in the other (corrected & uncorrected), normal depth
perception, field of vision & color vision;
 Sufficient strength, endurance, agility, coordination & responsiveness to meet the demands of
the equipment operation;
 Adequate Hearing;
 No physical defects or emotional disorders;
 No evidence of seizures or loss of physical control;
 LTO license RC#8 & TESDA NC II Certificate for Operator;
 TESDA NC I Certificate for Rigger/Spotter; and
 18 years old and above.
CRANE TYPES
 Mobile Crane
 Tower Crane
 Barge Crane
 Overhead Traveling Crane
HOIST TYPES
 Personnel Hoist
 Material Hoist
CONVEYOR TYPES
 Guard Screw Conveyor
 Roller Conveyor
 Belt Conveyor
 Chain Conveyor
INSPECTION & TESTING CRANE

 Third Party Inspection
 Accredited Agency by DOLE
 Mobile Crane, Yearly or After Modification, Alteration, Repairs, Transfer or Re-install
 Tower Crane, Every 6 Months or After Modification, Alteration, Repairs, Transfer or Re-install
 Load Testing = 125% Above the max. Load
 Internal Inspection
 Before using on site
 Monthly
 Quarterly
 Items:
o Hoisting & Lowering
o Trolley Travel
o Swing Motion
o Brakes & Clutches
o Limit-Locking & Safety Devices
o Assembly, Foundation & Erection
o Control Operations
o Running Gear & Drives
o All other Mechanism pertinent to the safe operation of the equipment.
INSPECTION & TESTING LIFT HOIST

 Third Party Inspection
 Accredited Agency by DOLE
 Every 6 Months or After Modification, Alteration, Repairs, Transfer or Re-install
 Before using on site
 Monthly
 Quarterly
 Items: o Over speed safety devices
o Design and Installation o Emergency stop switch
o Warning Notice & Operating Rules o Controls
o Hoist way enclosure o Maximum speed
o Tower Anchorage o Maximum safe working load
o Cage Enclosure o Travel limit stops
o Door Interlocks o Hoist ropes
o Overhead Protection o Trained operator
INSPECTION & TESTING CONVEYOR
 Stopwatch
 Stop Pull Cable
 Audible Warning Signal
 Suitable Guards (i.e., Catch Nets, Side Panels, etc.)
 Conveyor Motor Control
 Danger & Warning Signs
LOAD CALCULATION
 Load Weight
 Check from name plate or tag.
 By weighing scale.
 By mathematical computation.
 Crane Capacity
 Mobile Crane
o By radius & boom length
 Tower Crane
o By radius
RIGGING RESPONSIBILITIES
 Lifting Operations Supervisor
 The supervisor has overall responsibility for the lift and must therefore plan all phases of the
operation.
 Determine the correct radius load weight and inform the operator.
 Ensure the rigging crew are experienced and capable of establishing the weights, judging
distances, heights, clearance, selecting the correct lifting equipment and rigging the load
correctly for lifting.
 Ensure the safety of all personnel effected by the crane operation in the area.
 Keep the public and non-essential personnel away from area of operation.
 Ensure that all personnel involved with the lift understand what is happening and the all
personnel have received a briefing based on the Job Safety Analysis.
 Rigger
 Checking the condition of the lifting gear and attachment points.
 Attaching and removing the load from the crane in a safe manner.
 Instructing the crane operator to lift and lower the load.
 Crane Operator
 Checking the condition of the crane and ground at the point that the crane is working.
 Operating the crane in accordance with the instructions of the rigger.
 Manufacturer's operating manuals are supplied with the machine and contain important
information concerning correct use and operation of the crane.
 They contain information such as;
o The operating instructions
o Load capacity charts
o Test and maintenance requirements
 Load Chart
o Manufactures load charts are based on design capacity and safety factors.
o The rating charts on most cranes have a bold line or shaded area dividing the charts into
two segments. This shows the operator which capacities are limited by structural strength
and which are based on stability of the Machine.
o Ratings above the line are based on structural strength and the ratings below the line are
based on stability of the machine. If a crane is overloaded in one case a structural or
mechanical component of the crane will fail and in the other case the crane will tip over.
o Load charts contain a large amount of information which must be thoroughly understood
by the operator.
o With a known load the operator can determine the correct radius and boom length to
enable the load to be lifted safely to the desired position.
o When working at boom lengths or radii between the figures shown on the load capacity
chart, the next lower capacity rating should be used.
RIGGER’S DUTIES
 Responsible in directing the load safely.
 Position himself in full view of the crane operator.
 Fully qualified and experienced with performing the operations
 Constant communication with the crane operator at all times with either hand signals or by
radio
 Responsible for keeping all unauthorized personnel outside the crane’s operating radius.
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
 Where signals are required, it is strongly recommended that 2-way radios are also used.
 During crane operations, the operator loses contact with the signalman, he must stop the crane
movement until communication is restored.
 For night time operations, adequate lighting and radio communications must be used.
RIGGER
 Only one person to be Rigger.
 Make sure the Operator can see you and acknowledges the signal given.
 Rigger must watch the load - the Operator is watching the Signalman.
 The operator shall obey a STOP signal at all times no matter who gives the signal
 DO NOT swing the load over other workers; warn them to keep out of the way.
RIGGING PLAN
 Environmental Considerations
 Load Considerations
 Equipment and Lift Criteria
 Rigging Considerations
 Personnel Considerations
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
 Wind
 Weather
 Visibility
 Temperature of the object and surroundings
 Chemical conditions and exposure
 Stability of the ground
 Underground installations

LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
 Weight and weight distribution
 Dimensions
 Center of Gravity
 Attachment point integrity
 Structural Stability (bend and flex)
 Susceptibility to crushing or compression
 Secure or loose parts
 Damaging surfaces and/or edges
EQUIPMENT AND LIFT CRITERIA

 Single or multiple crane/hoist
 Maximum and planned operating radius
 Allowable load
 Ratio of lift to allowable load
 Clearance between boom and lift
 Clearance to surrounding facilities
 Power lines and other hazards
 Clear path for load movement
 Emergency/contingency set down area
 Thorough equipment inspection
RIGGING CONSIDERATIONS
 Sling selection
 Appropriate hitch for center of gravity (above or below)
 Appropriate hitch for load control
 Load control with multiple slings
 Positive sling to load engagement
 Lift point over the center of gravity
 Load is free to move, not snagged
 Sling is adequate for angle and tension
 Suitable wear protection
PERSONNEL CONSIDERATIONS
 Trained and experienced rigging personnel
 Competent TESDA NC 2 and 1 for operator and rigger respectively
 LTO #8 for mobile crane
 Passed the medical certification
 Clear from alcohol and drug
 Area clear of unnecessary personnel
 Tag lines and spotter requirements
 Signals: Visual, audible, electronic
 Pre-lift plan and meeting
 Personnel away from danger
HEAVY EQUIPMENT
Construction heavy equipment is heavy duty vehicles like earth mover, road paver, asphalt maker
and road roller. Construction heavy equipment should only be handled by a properly trained and
certified operator who can demonstrate the ability and skill required. Not only the operator but
those who have occasion to be around the equipment can put themselves and others at great risk of
harm if safe practices are not followed.
Construction crew and engineering group are using these construction heavy equipment to
complete large projects or infrastructure activities on a timely manner.
HEAVY EQUIPMENT INSPECTION

 Safe operation of heavy equipment begins with a common sense, a thorough walk-around
inspection of the equipment and a knowledgeable staff.
 All workers should read and understand safety manuals associated with the equipment being
operated, whether driving, guiding or spotting the equipment.
 Each worker plays a crucial role in the safety of the team when working with heavy equipment.
SAFE OPERATIONS
Conduct a walk-around inspection every time before using the equipment. Walk completely around
the machine and examine each part as stated below.
 Oil and coolant in motorized machines
 Check the tires
 Undercarriage
 Dramatic wear
 Damage and leaks.
EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS CHECKLIST

 Heavy-equipment operators should conduct pre-operation inspections of all heavy equipment
before driving.
 Inspections should include checking for the correct tire pressure, making sure all controls operate
properly and noticing any fuel leaks.
 The operator should know the proper procedure in reporting any faulty equipment to the
appropriate supervisor so that it can be repaired.
DRIVING/OPERATING CONDITIONS
 Most equipment operators drive machinery during all types of weather conditions.
 Operators should check the ground to make sure heavy equipment can drive on top of it, such as
muddy spots where equipment wheels could sink into the ground and become stuck.
 Operators should also check that the appropriate barricades or personnel are present.
 Operators must constantly be aware of other employees who are walking or working near the
machinery.
 Overhead Powerlines
Contact with overhead power lines is a major cause of fatalities in the construction industry. As
many as 100 workers are killed each year by inadvertent power line contacts, most of which
occur through the use of high reaching material-handling equipment.
 Look up before you unload or load. Make sure there are no overhead lines before you start.
 Educate your crew, particularly new employees about the dangers of overhead power lines.
 Always consider all power lines as energized and dangerous.
 Any contact with a crane boom will probably cause serious injury to operators and workers,
and damage to equipment.
STRICT IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFE APPROACH DISTANCE
BLIND SPOTS
NO-GO ZONES

FLAGGING
 Flaggers should wear high visibility clothing with a fluorescent background and made of reflective
material.
 This makes employees visible for at least 1,000 feet in any direction.
 Drivers should be warned with signs that there will be flaggers ahead. Flaggers should use
STOP/SLOW paddles, paddles with lights, or flags (only in emergencies).
FLAGMAN’S SIGNALS
Confidence
 Be strong and confident with your signals
 Maintain good posture
 Stand up straight & tall
 Hold your flags up High
HEAVY EQUIPMENT FIRES

 There are numerous potentials fuels and sources of ignition on heavy equipment.
 Flammable solids include plastic and fiberglass components and the accumulation of material
from the environment of the work equipment.
 Potential sources of ignition in heavy equipment fires need to be evaluated carefully.
 For example many equipment fires are attributed to electrical faults.
 Hot surface ignition.
 Make sure a fire extinguisher is provided when refueling.
STANDARD OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE

 Inspection & Testing
 Certificate & Sticker
 Color Coding for Lifting Gears
 Preventive Maintenance
 Change Oil Every Specific Operating Hours
 Engine Wash and Equipment Cleaning
 Tire Maintenance
 Operating Procedure
 Safe Loading and Unloading of Heavy Equipment
 Traffic Management
o Worksite Speed Limit
o Separation of Equipment and Pedestrian
o Priority on Maneuvering
o Flagman at Intersection
 Color Coding of Helmet/Coverall
 Competent Personnel with Valid TESDA Certification
 Cleaning Pool/Pressurized Nozzle for Tires
 LOTOTO
 Electrical Facilities Safe Approach Distance
 Permit to Install
 Daily Alcohol & Drug Monitoring

EXCAVATION SAFETY
COURSES OBJECTIVES
 To understand the excavation requirement as per OSHS, Rule 1413.
 To highlight various excavation protection system in-order to avoid erosion.
 To learn the best practices being implemented before, during and after excavation.
INTRODUCTION
Excavation is always important part of the construction works & mining, i.e., excavation of building
& bridge foundations, trenching for buried pipelines & electrical poles, tunneling, etc. Strategic plan
should be tabled & implemented while engage for this work.
 Accidents due to cave - in occur for excavations which are not shored or otherwise supported.
Even rock that looks solid from a cursory inspection can collapse w/o warning. The sides of an
excavation may need to be suitably shored, benched or sloped back to a safe angle of repose,
depth and soil classification.
 Other types of excavation accidents are caused by contact w/ above & underground pipes and
cables, by falls of equipment and person, by persons being struck by excavating equipment, and
by hazardous atmosphere.
 Regulations
 OSH Standards Rule 1410-Construction Safety
 OSH Standards Rule 1413-Excavation
 29 CFR 1926 Sub Part P– Excavation
 Terminology
 Excavation - any man-made cavity or depression in the earth’s surface, including its sides,
walls, or faces, formed by earth removal and producing unsupported earth conditions by
reason of the excavation.
 Trench - a narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground. In general, the depth is
greater than the width, but the width of a trench is not greater than 4.5 m (15 ft.)
 Sloping - a method of excavating in which the sides of an excavation are laid to a safe angle to
prevent cave-ins.
 Benching - a method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an
excavation to form one or more series of horizontal steps, with rise between steps.
 Protective System - Methods used to protect employees from cave-ins, from materials that
could fall or roll into the excavation onto the workers or from collapse of adjacent structures.
protective systems include supports, sloping and benching, shields & other means to protect
workers.
 Shoring - hydraulic, timber or mechanical systems that supports the sides of an excavation,
designed to prevent cave-ins.
 Hydraulic Shoring - a pre-engineered support system of aluminium hydraulic cylinders (cross-
braced) used with vertical rods (uprights) or horizontal rods designed specifically to support
side walls of an excavation to prevent cave-in.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS PRIOR TO EXCAVATION

 Carry out joint site safety inspection with client / owner, consultant & company representatives.
 Identify & locate underground facilities / utilities, i.e., water / oil / gas pipelines, electric power
lines, telephone lines, sanitary sewer lines.
 Municipal Permit Requirements
 Excavation Plan
 Verify existing utilities
 Refer to as built plans
 Emergency / Contingency Plan
 Public safety
o Proximity of adjacent structures
o Weather & moisture conditions
o Sources of the vibrations
o Adjacent road footpaths
o Method of excavation
o Other possible considerations
SOIL TESTING
 Soil testing shall be done by accredited Soil Testing Firm for the following reasons:
 soil type
 pre-planning
 type of sloping / shoring required
 Compilation of Test Certificate
SOIL TYPE
 Type A - cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per square foot
(TSF)…Clay / Salty Clay / Sandy Clay / Clay Loam / Cemented soil.
 Type B - cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 TSF but less than
1.5 TSP… Granular Cohesion less Soils including angular gravel (similar to crush rock) Silt, Silt
Loam, Sandy Loam.
 Type C - cohesive soil with an unconfined compression strength of 0.5 TSF or less…Granular Soils
including Gravel, Sand & Loamy sand.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPES

Soil / Rock Type Ratio Slope (Deg)
Stable Rock Vertical 90
Type A ¾:1 53
Type B 1:1 45
Type C 1 ½:1 34
Note: This table is good for excavation less than 20 ft. deep
SIMPLE SLOPES
 Type A - 3/4:1
 Type B - 1:1

 Type C - 1½ :1
BENCHING
 Type A
 Type B
 Cohesive
soil
METHODS OF EXCAVATION PROTECTION

 Sloping - please see table for maximum allowable slopes
 Benching
 Shoring / Timbering
 Sheet Piles
 Concrete Piles
 Micro piles
 Diaphragm
 Dewatering System
SPECIFIC TYPES OF SHORES

 Timber  Pneumatic
 Screw jack  Hydraulic
OSHS REQUIREMENTS
 TRAIN WORKERS
Employees who work in or around excavations must be provided training according to their work.
 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

All workers doing excavation work must wear approved safety footwear and safety headgear.
Additional PPE is required depending on the risk assessment for the work to be undertaken.
 PROTECTION SYSTEMS
The excavation or trench must either be sloped or supported as required to comply with OSHS
Excavation over 6.6 m deep, protection system must be installed to prevent the movement &
collapse of adjacent structure shall be designed by structural engineer & approved by the proper
authority.
 LOCATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
 Tools and excavated materials must be piled in a manner that it cannot rollback into the
excavation. It must never be closer than 1 meter from edge of excavation.
 Equipment and heavy machinery shall not be place near the edge of excavation at least 1/3 of
its depth.
 PUBLIC PROTECTION & TRAFFIC CONTROL

Traffic around the site must be controlled, and barricaded, signs and/or flag persons used as
needed to control both vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
 PROVISION FOR ACCESS/ EGRESS

A suitable means of access/egress (ladders, stairways, etc.) must be provided for workers
entering an excavation.
A ladder must be located within 25 ft. or 8m of a worker’s working position.
 EXPERIENCED SUPERVISOR
An experienced and trained worker is designated to directly supervise each excavation project.
 Sloping and benching
 Shoring requirements
 Emergency rescue procedures.
 SITE INSPECTION
 Every part of an excavation over 2 m deep where workers work shall be inspected.
 A competent person shall conduct daily inspections of excavations, adjacent areas, and
protective systems for evidence of a situation that could result to an accident.
CONTRIBUTARY FACTORS IN EXCAVATION COLLAPSE

 Water (i.e., rain, natural ground water, near the water sources)
 Improper sloping technique
 Improper impoundment of excavated soil
 Wrong parking of heavy equipment, machines & vehicles
 Improper barricade, light, sign, etc.
 No regular monitoring or inspection
 No adequate training
EXCAVATION SAFETY INSPECTION

 Inspection shall be conducted
 Prior
 During
 After each hazard changing event.
 Daily Inspection shall be conducted on:
 Excavations  Failure of protective systems
 Adjacent areas  Hazardous atmospheres
 Protective systems for possible cave-ins  Other hazardous conditions
 Surface Conditions
 Cracks or Cracking
 Spoil piles set back 2’ from edge
 No equipment or material near edge
 No standing water in excavation
 No sources of vibration

 Banks and Sides of Slope or Bench
 Cracks or Cracking
 Spalling
 Change in Soil type
 Slope adequate for soil
 Shoring and Shielding
 In place
 No leakage on hydraulic cylinders
 Wedges tight
 Access and Egress
 Access every 25 feet
 Stairs, ladders and ramp set properly
 Existing Utilities
 Support Adequate
 Loose Materials
 Utilities identified and protected.
 Weather
 Rain
 Typhoon, Storm, Wind
 PPE
 Reflectorized vests in vehicular areas
 Hard hats, steel-toe shoes, etc. being used as specified.
PROTECTION SYSTEM
 SLOPING AND BENCHING
 The slope and configuration of sloping and benching system shall be selected and constructed
by competent person.
 SHORING AND SHIELDING
STANDARD PRACTICES
 The walls of every excavation over 1 m (3 ft.) deep shall be supported by adequate shoring and
timbering to prevent collapse, provided that this shall not apply to an excavation:
 In which worker is not required to enter for any purpose.
 Cut in solid rock.
 The walls are sloped to 45 degrees angle from the vertical or cut to the angle of repose.
 The walls of every excavation over 1 m (3 ft.) deep shall be supported by adequate shoring and
timbering to prevent collapse, provided that this shall not apply to an excavation:
 In which a worker is engaged in timbering or other work for the purpose of compliance with
this Rule if precautions are taken to ensure his safety.
 The top of the walls of an excavation more than 2 m (6 ft) deep shall be barricaded to a height at
least 1 m (3 ft.) to prevent the fall of workers.
 Excavated materials shall be impounded at least 1 m away from the edge of the trench.
 Excavation or trench more than 4 ft. in depth shall be provided with ladders to facilitate safe
entrance & exit. The ladder shall extend from the bottom of the trench to at least 3 ft. above the
ground surface for every 50 ft. in length.
 Keep excavated area free of water.
 Whenever excavation is near to any structure. it is mandatory to provide shoring.
 Tools and materials shall be kept a minimum of 1 m (3 ft.) away from the edge of the excavation
to prevent their being knocked down into the excavation.
 No vehicle or other machinery shall be driven, operated or located near the edge of an
excavation at least a distance 1/3 of its depth.

CONTRIBUTARY FACTORS IN EXCAVATION COLLAPSE
 Water (i.e., rain, natural ground water, near the water sources)
 Improper sloping technique!
 Improper impoundment of excavated soil!
 Wrong parking of heavy equipment, machines & vehicles!
 Improper barricade, light, sign, etc.
 No regular monitoring or inspection!
 No adequate training!
EQUIPMENT & HANDTOOLS

 Equipment  Hand Tools
 Backhoe  Shovel
 Bulldozer  Pickaxe
 Wheel Loader  Pneumatic hammer
 Grader  etc.
 Rock Breaker
EXCAVATION EMERGENCY RESPONSE

60 to 65% OF ALL FATALITIES ARE THE WOULD - BE RESCUER
 Lack of knowledge
 Lack of training
 Compassion for the victim
INCIDENT COMMAND
 Establish a trench team command structure
 Rescue Officer (required) - Officer in charge of the rescue and designates other rescue sectors.
 Rescue Safety (required) - May be in addition to the scene safety officer and
trained to the level of the incident.
 Rescue Operations - Officer who runs the rescue.
EXCAVATION RESCUE HAZARDS
 Hazards are not obvious
 Secondary collapses are common
 Dirt is heavy and moves fast
 Rescues are usually long-term operations
 Backhoes are not safe for victim rescue
 OSHA has trench limits and regulations
 Buried utilities can pose a threat to rescuers
 Impact or entrapment from falling debris or equipment
 Unprotected trenches are dangerous
 There may be inadequate equipment for shoring
 Possible legal liabilities for fire officers
ATTEMPT TO LOCATE AND MARK VICTIMS POSITION

 Throw a rope to them if arms are free
(have them tie themselves off if possible)
 Mark horizontal position within trench
 Measure & record trench depth at victim:
 Tape measure
 Pike pole or stick
 If no victim visible, mark soil level

MEDICAL CARE FOR THE EXCAVATION VICTIM
 Establish medical care for the victim as soon as protection is established and victim is accessed.
 Prepare for open & closed fractures, chest injuries, spinal injuries, crush syndrome, hypothermia,
dehydration and hypoxia.
 Give the victim a head, eye and respiratory protection as soon as possible.
10 STEPS TO EXCAVATION RESCUE

 Preparation  Support Operations
 Response  Gaining Access
 Assessment  Disentanglement
 Hazard Control  Packaging
 Removal
 Termination
WORK AT HEIGHT/FALL PROTECTION/LADDER SAFETY
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Describe the working conditions where slip, trip and fall prevention and protection is required;
 Identify the components of a Fall Arrest system;
 Know how to inspect and care for personal fall arrest system before and after use;
 Demonstrate how to put on and remove a full body harness; and
 Upon completion of this training, participant will be able to properly use and inspect fall
protection gear and working platform [scaffolding] while complying with OSHS and Company
standard.
INTRODUCTION
In 1997, an average of 4 deaths per month was recorded during maintenance and construction
activities all over Metro Manila.
DEFINITIONS
 Slip
When there is too little friction or traction between your feet (footwear) and the walking or working
surface, and you lose your balance.
 Friction: The resistance encountered when an object (foot) is moved in contact with another
(ground). Friction is necessary in order to walk without slipping.
 Trip
When your foot (or lower leg) hits an object and your upper body continues moving, throwing you
off balance. Can lead to:
 Fall
Occurs when you are too far off your center of balance.
When you step down unexpectedly to a lower surface (Misstep) and lose your balance, e.g.,
stepping off a curb.
TWO TYPES OF FALLS:
 Fall-at-the-same-level
When you fall to the surface you are walking or standing on, or fall into or against objects at or
above the surface.
 Fall-to-lower-level
When you fall to a level below the one on which you are walking, working, or standing.
For example:
 Step or stairs
 Ladder
 Platform
 Loading dock
 Truck bed
COMMON TYPES OF INJURIES:

 Sprains, strains
 Bruises, contusions
 Fractures
 Abrasions, cuts
COMMONLY AFFECTED BODY PARTS:

 Knee, Ankle, Foot
 Wrist, Elbow
 Back
 Shoulder
 Hip
 Head
CAUSES OF SLIPS
Some common causes of slips include the following:
 Wet contamination/spills on smooth floors or surfaces: water, fluids, mud, grease, oil, food
 Dry contamination making surfaces slippery: dusts, powders, granules, wood, lint, plastic
wrapping
 Highly polished floors, such as marble, terrazzo, or ceramic tile (can be extremely slippery even
when dry).
 Freshly waxed surfaces.
 Transitioning from one floor type to another (carpet to smooth surface flooring).
 Sloped walking surfaces
 Loose, unanchored rugs or mats
 Loose floorboards or tiles that can shift
 Shoes with wet, muddy, greasy, or oily soles
 Ramps and gang planks without skid/slip-resistant surfaces.
 Metal surfaces, such as dock boards and dock plates, platforms, construction plates or covers on
sidewalks and roads.
Metal has a lower force of friction/traction and can be more slippery than many other materials.
Metal surfaces can become smooth and slippery with wear, and are extremely slick when wet,
muddy, or greasy.
 Mounting and dismounting trucks, tractors, heavy equipment, machinery.
 Getting on and off truck trailers & truck beds.
 Climbing up and down ladders.
Metal rungs, steps, footholds, treads, running boards, platforms, on equipment and ladders become
even slicker when worn smooth and contaminated with water, mud, oil, grease, dirt, and debris.
CAUSES OF TRIPS AND MISSTEPS
 Uncovered cables, wires, or extension cords across aisles or pathways.
 Clutter, obstacles in aisles, walkways, and work areas.
 Changes in elevation or levels (unmarked steps, ramps).
 Irregularities in walking surfaces (thresholds, gaps).
 Missing or uneven platform.
 Damaged steps
 Taller or shorter (varying rise)
 Shallower tread depth
 Otherwise irregular
 Debris, accumulated waste materials
 Trailing cables, pallets, tools, in gangways
 Objects protruding from walking surface
 Uneven surfaces
 Sidewalk/curb drops
HUMAN FACTORS INCREASING THE RISK OF SLIPS AND TRIPS

 Physical Condition
Health and physical condition can impair a person’s vision, judgment, and balance.
 Eyesight, visual perception
 Age
 Physical state, fatigue
 Stress, illness
 Medications, alcohol, drugs
 Human Behavior
Behaviors - actions you choose and control, can contribute to a slip, trip, and fall injury if you
practice careless work habits.
Carrying or moving oversized objects, or too many objects, that may:
 Obstruct your view
 Impair your balance
 Prevent you from holding onto handrails
 Inattentive walking, distractions (using cell phone, talking and not watching where you’re going,
etc.)
 Taking shortcuts; not using walkways or designated cleared pathways.
 Being in a hurry, rushing around; moving too fast for safe practices in work environment.
 Poor housekeeping (allowing clutter to accumulate, not maintaining clean dry platforms/floors).
 Using improper cleaning methods (e.g., trying to clean up grease spill with water).
 Not using signs when slip or trip hazards exist.
 Footwear not suitable for the environment (reduced traction)
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO REDUCE RISK?

Safety is everybody business, however, it is employers' responsibility to provide safe work
environment for all employees. Employees can improve their own safety too.
 You can reduce the risk of slipping on wet flooring by:
 Taking your time and paying attention to where you are going,
 Adjusting your stride to a pace that is suitable for the walking surface and the tasks you are
doing,
 Walking with the feet pointed slightly outward, and making wide turns at corners.
 You can reduce the risk of tripping by:
 Always using installed light sources that provide sufficient light for your tasks or,
 Using a flashlight if you enter a dark room where there is no light, and
 Ensuring that things you are carrying or pushing do not prevent you from seeing any
obstructions spills, etc.
WAYS TO PREVENT SLIPS, TRIPS, AND FALLS:
 Designing the working platform
 Edge Protection
 Appropriate Illumination
 Good housekeeping; maintaining clear pathways
 Safe walking practices
 Wearing proper footwear
 Falling “properly”
SAFE WALKING PRACTICES

If you must walk on a slippery or wet surface, do the following:
 Wear high traction footwear.
 Take short, slow steps.
 Point your feet slightly outward to keep your center of balance under you.
 Pay attention to the surface you are walking on.
 Hold on to railings or other stable objects.
FALLING PROPERLY
If you do fall, you can reduce the chance of serious injury if you:
 Roll with the fall; don’t reach out. Let your body crumple and roll.
 Bend your elbows and knees and use your legs and arms to absorb the fall.
 Get medical attention after a fall to treat anything torn, sprained, or broken.
HOLES AND OPENINGS

 Provide secure temporary covers or solid barriers
 Fit the permanent covers as the works progresses
WORKERS &PUBLIC PROTECTION

Good Practice [Engineering and Administration Controls] Falling Object Protection
FALL PROTECTION AND PREVENTION

 Fall Arrest
 As a general rule, it is recommended that a fall arrest system be used at working heights of 6
feet or more.
 This system consists of: anchorage/anchorage connector body wear (full-body harness)
connecting device (shock-absorbing lanyards, self-retracting lifelines).
 Positioning
 A positioning/restraint system is used to hold a worker in place while allowing a hands-free
work environment at elevated heights and/or restrict the worker’s movement to prevent
reaching a location where a fall hazard exists.
 A typical positioning/restraint system consists of: anchorage/anchorage connector body wear
(full-body harness or body belt) connecting device (positioning lanyard).
*The positioning and suspension systems are not designed for fall arrest, and therefore a back-up
fall arrest system must be used.
 Suspension
 Suspension systems are used widely in the window washing and painting industries and are
designed to lower and support a worker while allowing a hands-free work environment.
 A typical suspension system would include: anchorage/anchorage connector (anchor bolt,
trolley, carabiner, etc.) body wear (full-body harness) connecting device (work line) suspension
device.
*The positioning and suspension systems are not designed for fall arrest, and therefore a back-up
fall arrest system must be used.
 Retrieval
 The retrieval system is primarily used in confined space applications where workers must
enter tanks, manholes, etc. and may require retrieval from above should an emergency occur.
 A retrieval system typically consists of: anchorage/anchorage connector (tripod, davit) body
wear (full-body harness) connecting device (retractable lifeline/retrieval unit).
A Personal Fall Arrest System is comprised of three (3) key components-anchorage connector; body
wear; and connecting device.
While a lot of focus has been given to anchorage connectors and body wear (full-body harnesses),
when discussing fall protection, the connecting device (a shock-absorbing lanyard or self-retracting
lifeline) between these two components actually bears the greatest fall forces during a fall.
ANCHORAGE/ANCHORAGE CONNECTOR
 Anchorage: Commonly referred to as a tie-off point (Ex: tower rigid parts, lifeline, etc.)
 Anchorage Connector: Used to join the connecting device to the anchorage (Ex: cross-arm strap,
tower rigid parts, D-bolt, hook anchor, etc.)
 Anchorages must be capable of supporting 5,000 pounds (22kN) of force per worker.
 Must be high enough for a worker to avoid contact with a lower level should a fall occur.
 The anchorage connector should be positioned to avoid a “swing fall.”
FALL PROTECTION
BODY WEAR: The personal protective equipment worn by the worker (Ex: full-body harness)
 Only form of body wears acceptable for fall arrest is the full-body harness.
 Should be selected based on work to be performed and the work environment.
 Side and front D-rings are for positioning only.
 The first component of a personal fall arrest system is the Body Wear worn by workers while
performing the job. Simply put, the full-body harness is the only acceptable form of body wear
for fall arrest.
 The body belt is no longer recommended; and, as of January 1, 1998, most regulations governing
fall protection prohibit the use of body belts for fall protection due to the concentration of fall
forces on the abdomen. Full-body harnesses distribute fall forces throughout the body,
substantially reducing the chance of injury.
 In addition, the full-body harness keeps the worker suspended upright in the event of a fall and
supported while awaiting rescue.
REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEM

 All employees shall be protected from falls of six feet or more by the use of an approved full
protection system
 Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800 pounds (8 KN) when used with a body
harness;
 Be rigged so that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet (1.8 meters) nor contact any
lower level; and
 Have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of an employee free
falling a distance of 6 feet (1.8 meters) or the free fall distance permitted by the system,
whichever is less.
 Dee-rings and snap hooks must have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 KN).
 Dee-rings and snap hooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16
KN) without cracking, breaking, or suffering permanent deformation.

CONNECTING DEVICE:
 The critical link which joins the body wear to the anchorage/anchorage connector (Ex: shock-
absorbing lanyard, fall limiter, self-retracting lifeline, rope grab, etc.)
 Potential fall distance must be calculated to determine type of connecting device to be used –
typically, under 18-1/2 ft. (5.6m), always use a self-retracting lifeline/fall limiter; over 18-1/2 ft.
(5.6m), use a shock-absorbing lanyard or self-retracting lifeline/fall limiter.
 Should also be selected based on work to be performed and the work environment.
 Shock-absorbing lanyards can expand up to 3-1/2 ft. (1.1m) when arresting a fall; attach lanyards
to the harness back D-ring only; never tie a knot in any web lanyard – it reduces the strength by
50%.
WHAT IS A LANYARD?
A flexible line made of nylon rope, wire or nylon strap with a locking type small hooks at each end
for connecting the body harness to a lifeline or anchorage point to stop the employee in the event
of a fall.
 Double Lanyard: The expandable twin tailed lanyard is an ideal choice for situations where 100%
tie-off is required.
SELF-RETRACTING LIFELINES
A Lanyard that:
 Automatically limits free-fall distance to less than two feet.
 Must be designed, constructed and tested according to the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) or other approve testing agencies.
 Be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000 lbs. when fully extended.
FALL ARREST SYSTEM INSPECTION

 Hold the harness by the back dee-ring, grasp a strap and run your hand along the entire length
checking for cuts or damaged fibers. (Use this procedure for all webbing and straps)
 Check Dee-Rings and their metal or plastic wear pad for any distortion or cracks. The dee-ring
should pivot freely.
 Inspect all hardware looking for any loose grommets, distortion, cracking or sharp edges.
 Attachments of Buckles and Dee-rings: Look for any unusual wear, frayed or cut fibers, or
distortion of hardware.
 Inspect for Frayed or Broken Strands; see chart below for damage to webbing.
 Friction and Mating Buckles: inspect for distortion, the outer and center bars must be straight.
 Lanyard Inspection: begin at one end and work to the opposite, slowly rotate the lanyard so the
entire circumference is checked; look for knots, burrs, cut or fraying material.
 Shock Absorbing Lanyard; ensure that the stitching along the top and the bottom of the shock
absorber is intact.
 Hardware: Look for distortions, cracks, corrosion, or pitted surfaces in Snaps and Thimbles.
Ensure that the snap hook is properly opening and closing.
CARE FOR THE FALL ARREST SYSTEM

 After a fall arrest, equipment subjected to a fall will be removed from use to ensure that it
cannot be reused.
 Clean equipment after use with mild soap and water. Do not use harsh chemicals or solvents.
Rinse with fresh water.
 Hang equipment in a cool, dry area that is dark and well ventilated. (UV light and excessive heat
will cause failure in the equipment.

DONNING AND DOFFING A FULL BODY HARNESS
EDGE PROTECTION
CLIMBING/DESCENDINGLADDER SAFETY
Follow the same procedures for mounting and dismounting equipment as for climbing and
descending ladders.
 Clean footwear of mud & debris.
 Clean and dry rungs or steps.
 Face the ladder at all times.
 Have a good hand-hold before stepping up.
 Place your foot on the step or rung just in front of your heel, under the arch.
 Maintain three-point contact.
 Do not jump off ladder; step down carefully.
LADDERS:
Consisting of two side rails joined at regular intervals by cross pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats,
on which a person may step either descending or ascending. Type:
 Fixed Ladder
 Step ladder
 Single Ladder
 Extension Ladder
 Sectional Ladder
 Trestle Ladder
 Trolley Ladder
 Side Rolling Ladder
Most portable ladders are designed as “one-person” equipment with proper strength to support the
worker and his tools and materials. There are 3 types:
 Type 1 Industrial - Heavy-duty with a load capacity not more than 250 pounds. This type is used
at manufacturing.
 Type 1a - A 300 lb. rated ladder.
 Type 2 Commercial - Medium-duty with a load capacity not more than 225 pounds.
 Type 3 Household - Light-duty with a load capacity of 200 pounds.
SCAFFOLDING SAFETY
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This training will further enhance the knowledge and skills of the participants on Scaffolds Safety
including erection/installation and inspection of Scaffolds, working safety on heights including
rescue and basic standard safety procedures on handling ladders and eventual certification from
TESDA NC II as Scaffold Erector and competent person in compliance to Department Order No. 128-
13 of the Department of Labor and Employment.
INTRODUCTION
 Worker Must Be Trained On:
 Recognizing hazards of the type of scaffold they’ll be using.
 Understanding the procedures to control or minimize hazards.
 Hazards including: electrical, falling off the scaffold, and falling objects.
 How to erect, maintain and disassemble the fall protection and falling object protection
systems.
 Using the scaffold and handling materials on the scaffold.
 Maximum intended load and capacity.
 Other information as needed.
Employees need training so they don’t misuse the scaffold or do things that will cause it to lose its
integrity, such as removing cross bracing so they can do their work. Training needs to be specific to
the scaffold the workers will be using. Job-specific issues would include power line clearances,
surface conditions.
 Worker Must Be Retrained When:

 You believe an employee lacks the skill or understanding to safety erect, use or dismantle a
scaffold,
 If an employee's work is inadequate,
 If there is a change in any of the following that presents new hazards:
o Worksite
o Type of scaffold
o Fall protection
o Falling object protection
o Other equipment
WHAT IS A “COMPETENT PERSON”?

 A competent person is able to:
 Identify existing and predictable hazards,
 Identify working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous or dangerous and:
 Has authority to eliminate hazards.
 A competent person must:
 Have knowledge of what the scaffolding standard requires for workplace safety training and
experience in erecting and inspecting scaffolds,
 know about the kinds of hazards that can exist around scaffolds,
 be designated by management as the competent person,
 have authority to take action to stop unsafe activities and eliminate hazards identified.

Scaffold is a temporary structure usually made of metal frames and tubing, which provides
temporary support and access for workers and materials used in construction, demolition, repair
and maintenance work. Scaffolding, when not constructed and used properly, can result in serious
injury, and sometimes death.
THE FIVE MOST SERIOUS SCAFFOLD HAZARDS

 Falls  Unsafe Access
 Falling Objects  Electrocution
 Scaffold Collapse
SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGIES
DEFINITIONS
 Mudsills - A minimum 50 mm x 250 mm (2" x 10") wood plank or other device used to support
the scaffold frame base plates or other support devices.
 Base Plates - A device used to support and distribute the leg load of a scaffold system sized
according to the manufacturer’s specification.
 Outrigger Stabilizers - A device used to extend the support length at the base of the scaffolding in
order to provide stability against overturning.
 Bracing - A system of members connecting frames or sections of scaffolding to make the scaffold
structure and add strength and rigidity between members.
 Tie-Backs - A reinforcing connection device which secures a scaffold to a fixed structure.
 Guardrail - A rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms.
 Platform - A working surface provided on a scaffold to support the weight of workers, tools and
materials.
 Scaffold Wood Planks
 12” width x 2 “ thickness x variable length
 10” [min.] width x 2 “thickness x variable length
 Fall Arrest Systems - A fall protection system that prevents serious injury or death of a worker
due to a fall, usually consisting of a full body harness secured to a lanyard and lifeline.
 Plumbness - Ensuring that the scaffold is balanced and erected at a 90-degree angle straight up
from a level surface.
 Foundations - The surface upon which the scaffold is erected.
 Coupling Devices - A connective device used to secure scaffold frames together.
 Swivel Coupler - A load bearing fitting which rotates so that tubes can be joined at any angle.
Mainly used to connect braces to standards.

 Double Coupler - Also referred to as right angle or 90? Couplers. Used to join tubes at right angles
where maximum load carrying capacity is required. Double couplers must always be used to join
ledgers and standards together.
 Putlog Coupler - A fitting used for fixing putlogs to ledgers.The fitting must not be used to join
ledgers and standards together or in any load bearing situations.
 End to End Coupler - Used to join tubes together end to end.
 Sleeve coupler
 Expanding joint pin
 Standards [Post] - Make sure the standards are sitting on a base plate and where the ground
dictates a sole board. A vertical or near vertical tube based on the ground or a structure.Used to
carry the ledgers.
 Ledgers [Runners] - A longitudinal tube fixed parallel to the face of the building.It also acts as a
support for the transoms.It can also be used to form part of the ties in the scaffold.Ledgers
should be fixed to the standard using load bearing fittings. (double)
 Transoms [Bearer]
 Board overhang and Overlap do 128

 All platforms must be fully decked or planked.
 Each abutted end of a plank shall rest on a separate support surface.
 Overlap platforms not less than 12” only over supports, unless restrained to prevent
movement, i.e.” Cleating”.
 The working deck should never be more than 14” away from the working surface.
 Toe board - A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform to guard against the falling
of materials or tools.
 Engineering Design - The design of a scaffold system by a registered professional engineer,
drawings of a scaffolding system should include all appropriate information on loading capacities
and, detailing on tie-backs, foundations, etc. These drawings must be kept on site.
RESPONSIBILITIES/DESIGN APPROVALS
 Management / Employers:
 Ensure that proper scaffolding material and equipment is provided at the project site.
 All workers must be trained in proper scaffold use, erection, and maintenance.
 Provide all necessary personal protective equipment, (i.e. safety headwear, footwear, fall
protection systems, etc.) to workers erecting and using the scaffold.

 Workers:
 Ensure that they follow safe work procedures and use all necessary equipment and any
necessary personal protective devices when erecting and using scaffold systems. Workers
must also take care to protect other workers when working on scaffolding.
 Design Approvals
 All site fabricated/conventional supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in height or a working
load of 150 kg/m2 shall be designed and inspected by the structural engineer and approved by
the appropriate authority.
 Scaffolds of more than 6 meters in height shall be designed by a structural engineer and shall
be erected, installed and dismantled by TESDA certified erectors.
 Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting without failure at
least four (4) times the maximum intended load, while suspended scaffolds shall have six (6)
times factor of safety; and
 All manufactured scaffolds and its accessories shall follow the manufacturer’s design and
specification. Technical properties and data of such manufactured scaffolds shall be design by
structural engineer and approved by appropriate authority.
 Scaffold Competent Person - The employer shall designate a competent person, who shall be
responsible for determining the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection for personnel
erecting, installing or dismantling scaffolds.
 Competent Person
o All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold training and
assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
o The competent person shall have the following certification:
 COSH Training Certificate from DOLE or its accredited safety training organization.
 Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection Certificate.
o At least 2 years experience in scaffold erection.
 Scaffold Erector
o All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold training and
assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
o Scaffold erectors shall have the following certification:
 One Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited safety training
organization.
 Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection NC II.
INSPECTION
Because of severe weather conditions, the scaffold system shall be inspected on a regular schedule
and a record of the inspections maintained at the job site.
SCAFFOLD TYPE AND SELECTION

Basic Consideration
 The weight of workers, tools, materials and equipment to be carried by the scaffold system (safe work
load)
 Site conditions (interior, exterior, backfill, concrete floors, type and condition of walls, access for the
equipment, variations in elevation, anchorage points, etc.)
 Height to which the scaffold may be erected (overhead power lines, tie-backs)

 Type of work that will be done from the scaffold (masonry work, sandblasting, painting, metal siding,
mechanical installation, suspended ceiling installation)
 Duration of work
 Weather conditions, including wind
 Requirements for pedestrian traffic through and under the scaffold area
 Means of access to the scaffold
 Configuration of the building or structure being worked on
 Wind speed limit is 48kph (DO 128) and 40kph (International Practice)
SCAFFOLD CAPACITY
Scaffolds must be capable of supporting its own weight and at least 4x the expected load.Expected
load includes:= 4xLive Load + Dead Load
 Live load includes:  Tools
 Workers  Materials
 Equipment  Environmental [wind + earthquake]
 Dead loads includes:
 Pipes
 Couplings
 Planks
 Etc.
SCAFFOLD LOAD RATINGS

Scaffolds are designed to meet specific load ratings.
Standard Load Ratings:
Light Duty 25 lbs. per square foot
Medium Duty 50 lbs. per square foot
Heavy Duty 75 lbs. per square foot
The allowable working load of scaffolding is 3,450kg per leg [TESDA]
The allowable working load of scaffolding is 150 kg per sq. m [DO 128]
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
 Tube and Coupler  Ladder Jack Scaffolds
 System Scaffold  Trestle Ladder Scaffold
 Frame Scaffolds  Carpenters Bracket Scaffold
 Cantilever Scaffold  Hanging Scaffold System
 Hanging Scaffold  Rustgo Manual Work Platform
 Tower Scaffold  Horse Scaffolds
 Shoring Scaffold  Adjustable Scaffolds
 Scaffold Public Protection  Scissor Lifts
 “Stick-Built” Pole Scaffold  Aerial Lifts
 Pump Jack Scaffolds  Two-Point Suspended Scaffolds
USE AND MAINTENANCE

 Scaffold Location
Checking the scaffold location thoroughly beforehand will eliminate many of the problems that
develop during construction and will allow erection to proceed smoothly, efficiently and safely.

Before erecting a scaffold, check the location for:
 Ground conditions  Variation in surface elevation
 Overhead electrical wires  Tie-in locations and methods
 Obstructions  Potential wind loading conditions
 Overloading
Scaffold platforms are one of the most frequent violations of good scaffold practice.
 Housekeeping
Scaffold decks are usually small, narrow and confined. Tools and materials to be used should be
stored in an orderly fashion. Debris and waste materials should not be allowed to collect on the
platform.
 Safe Scaffold Use

 Do not use damaged parts that affect the strength of the scaffold.
 Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds when they are feeling weak, sick, or dizzy.
 Do not work from any part of the scaffold other than the platform.
 Do not alter the scaffold.
 Do not move a scaffold horizontally while workers are on it, unless it is a mobile scaffold and
the proper procedures are followed.
 Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or other slippery
materials.
 Do not erect, use, alter, or move scaffolds within 10 feet of overhead power lines.
 Do not use shore or lean-to scaffolds.
 Do not swing loads near or on scaffolds unless you use a tag line.
 Do not work on scaffolds in bad weather or high winds unless the competent person decides
that doing so is safe.
 Do not use ladders, boxes, barrels, or other makeshift contraptions to raise your work height.
 Do not let extra material build up on the platforms.
 Do not put more weight on a scaffold than it is designed to hold.
SCAFFOLDING INSPECTION
 Scaffold systems and components should be inspected before each use to ensure structural
stability. Some main areas to check for include:
 Damage to frames, braces and other structural components.
 Damage to hooks on manufactured platforms.
Splits, knots and dry rot in planks.
De-lamination in laminated veneer lumber planks.
 Compatibility of components.
Sufficient and proper components for the job.
Scaffolding that has been in place for long periods of time.

SCAFFOLD CHECKLIST
Stability of the ground or work surface, proper
All components from the same manufacturer
mud sills when needed
Adjustable screw jacks with base pads in every External ladder access for steel scaffold bucks not
post designed for climbing
Erection, dismantle, alteration done under Complete decking from front to back on all working
supervision of a competent person levels
Fall protection in place once work deck reaches Daily inspection performed by a competent person
or exceeds 10 ft. for conventional scaffolds before and during the shift
Scaffold must be designed to hold four times the Tie-ins set once the height of the scaffold exceeds four
intended working load (safety factor of “4”) times the minimum base dimension
Scaffold grade planking or better for all work Planks overlapped over horizontal support no less than
surfaces 12”
Overhead protection for other trades or Pre-shift inspection of all motorized components,
personnel below proper PPE in use
SCAFFTAG SYSTEM
COLOR CODING OF SCAFFOLD MATERIAL

Contractor annually checks scaffolding material for wear / rusting etc. & certifies the material for
usability by changing color
 1st year - Red
 2 year
nd
- Yellow
 3 year
rd
- Blue
 4 year
th
- Red
WELDING SAFETY
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To learn the different welding hazards and its control measures.
 To learn the PPE requirements.
 To learn the inspection and color coding scheme.
 To understand why hot work permit is strictly require for heat ignition sources.
 To highlight the basic requirements for welding and cutting operations.

BASIC TYPES OF WELDING
 Gas-slower and easier to control than electric arc. Uses gas flame over metals until molten
puddle is formed. Most popular fuels used with oxygen include acetylene, mapp gas, and
hydrogen.
 Arc-two metals are joined by generating an electric arc between a covered metal electrode and
the base metal.
BASIC TYPES OF CUTTING

 Oxygen and Arc Cutting - metal cutting in welding is the severing or removal of metal by a flame
or arc.
 Metal Cutting in welding is the severing or removal of metal by a flame or arc. The most common
cutting processes are:
 Oxygen Cutting: Metal is heated by gas flame and an oxygen jet does the cutting.
 Arc Cutting: Intense heat of electric arc melts away the metal.
HAZARDS OF WELDING OPERATIONS

 Health hazards (Harmful dust, Smoke, Fumes, Heat, Light radiation)
 Impact  Explosion hazard
 Penetration  Released gases
 Fire hazards  Radiant energy
 Metal splatter  Fall
 Electric hazard
HEALTH HAZARDS
 Gases and Fume.
 Welding “Smoke” is a mixture of very fine particles called fumes and gases.
 Welding “Smoke” contains fumes and gases including: Chromium, nickel, arsenic, asbestos,
manganese, silica, beryllium, cadmium, nitrogen oxides, phosgene, acrolein, flourine compounds,
carbon monoxide, cobalt, copper, lead, ozone, selenium, and zinc.
Generally, gases and fumes come from:
 Base material & filler material
 Coatings & paints
 Shielding gases & chemical reactions
 Process & consumables used
 Contaminants in the air
 It is difficult to list all the health effects of welding exposures because the fumes may contain so
many different substances that are known to be harmful.
 The individual components of welding “smoke” can affect just about any part of the body,
including the lungs, heart, kidneys, and central nervous system.
Exposure to welding “smoke” may have:
 Short-term effects - may happen at or very soon after exposure.
o Exposure to zinc, magnesium, copper and copper oxide can cause metal fume fever.
o Symptoms of metal fume fever may occur 4 to 12 hours after exposure.
o Symptoms include-chills, thirst, fever, muscle ache, chest soreness, coughing, wheezing,
fatigue, nausea, and metallic taste in mouth.
o Welding “smoke” can irritate the eyes, nose, chest and respiratory tract.
o Welding “smoke” can cause coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, bronchitis,
pulmonary edema, and pneumonitis.
o Welding “smoke” can cause nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, cramps, and slow digestion.

 Long-term effects - may happen after repeated overexposures or an extended time after the
exposure.
o Studies of welders, flame cutters, and burners have shown that welders have an increased
risk of lung cancer.
o And possibly cancer of the larynx and urinary tract
o Remember: welding “smoke” can include cancer causing agents such as cadmium, nickel,
beryllium, chromium, and arsenic.
OTHER HEALTH RISKS

 Heat exposure-heat stress, heat stroke.
 Burns, eye injuries from hot slag, metal chips, sparks, and hot electrodes.
 Shirts-keep collar and sleeves buttoned to keep out sparks and remove pockets or tape them
shut
 Pants-no cuffs and come over shoe tops.
 Visible light and ultraviolet and infrared radiation.
 Intense light can cause damage to retina.
 Infrared radiation may damage the cornea and result in cataracts.
 Invisible UV light can cause “arc eye” or “welders’ flash”
 May include sandy or gritty eye, blurred vision, intense pain, tearing, burning and headache.
 Permanent eye damage
 Skin burns
 Skin cancer
 Noise
 Can result in stress, increased blood pressure, may contribute to heart disease, tiredness,
nervousness, and irritability.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 Even though welding generally uses low voltage, there is still a danger of electric shock.
 Wet work areas, cramped work spaces.
 Falls, fractures and other accidents can result from electrical exposure.
 Even small shock can cause brain damage.
 Death can occur from large shocks.
CONTROLS
 Elimination - if we can avoid welding inside the confined spaces the better. Eliminate defective
tools, equipment and PPEs.
 Substitution - replace all beyond repair defective tools, equipment and PPEs. Replace stress and
fatigue welders and watchmen.
 Engineering:
 Ventilation/fumes hood
 UV shields/welding barriers
 Grounding system
 Wire size capacity
 Flashback arrestor
 Purging/Flushing
 Administration:
 TESDA certification
 JHA/HIRADC
 Breath alcohol testing
 Work permit system
 Gas testing
 Welding machine and panel board inspection
 Safety orientation and briefing
 Fire watchman
 PPE - welding mask, helmet, leather apron, leather jacket, maong pants, welding shoes, welding
gloves, ear plugs/muffs, and respirators.
 Emergency response - fire and explosion response and personal injury first aid and rescue.
ELECTRICAL CONTROLS
 Always use dry gloves.
 Always wear rubber soled shoes.
 Always use insulating layers.
 Protect yourself from surfaces that conduct electricity.
 When working on electrically powered machinery, make sure the frame is grounded.
 Keep insulation on all welding equipment and components dry and in good condition.
 Don’t change electrodes with bare hands, wet gloves or while standing on wet or ungrounded
surfaces.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION CONTROLS

 Intense heat and sparks can cause fires or explosions if in the vicinity of combustible or
flammable materials.
 Welding and cutting should only be performed in areas free of combustible materials such as
trash, wood, paper, textiles, plastics, chemicals, and flammable dusts, liquids and gases.
 Never weld or cut on containers that have held a flammable or combustible material unless the
container is thoroughly cleaned or filled with an inert gas.
 A fire inspection should be performed prior to leaving a work area and for at least 30 minutes
after the operation is completed.
 Fire extinguishers should be nearby, of proper size, type and number for the hazards involved.
FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION

 Cutting torch temperatures can exceed 5,000 degrees F.
 Suitable fire extinguishers shall be maintained in a state of readiness.
 Fire Watchers are required whenever welding and cutting is performed in locations where other
than a minor fire might develop.
Fire Watchers are also required when:

 Appreciable combustible materials, in building construction or contents, are closer than 35 feet
to the point of operation
 Appreciable combustible materials more than 35 feet away but are easily ignited by sparks
 A fire watch shall be maintained for at least one half hour after the completion of welding or
cutting operations.
TO PREVENT TRIPS AND FALLS

 Keep work areas clear of equipment, machines, cables, and hoses.
 Always properly maintain and use handrails.
 Always use and maintain safety lines, harnesses and lanyards.
 Always make sure that scaffolds are properly assembled and used.

HEALTH PROTECTION & VENTILATION
General requirements for protecting welders are based on 3 factors:
 Dimensions of space (especially ceiling height) in which welding is to be done.
 Number of welders.
 Possible evolution of hazardous fumes, gases, or dust according to the metals involved.
NATURAL AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION

 Must not be restricted by screens
 Sufficient to keep concentrations <PEL
 Mechanical ventilation required for:
 Spaces <10,000 cubic feet per welder  Confined spaces or areas with barriers to
 Rooms with ceilings lower than 16 feet natural cross ventilation
DILUTION VENTILATION
 Contaminant should travel away from breathing zone.
 Local exhaust ventilation may be more effective.
BASIC SAFETY RULES FOR COMPRESSED GAS

1. Before you start make sure personal safety is followed.
2. Make sure you have had instruction.
3. Release adjusting screw on regulators before opening valves.
4. Stand on the opposite side of the regulator when opening a valve.
5. Open cylinder valve slowly, oxygen first all the way open acetylene just a quarter of a turn.
6. Do not use or compress acetylene at pressure higher than 15 psi.
7. Set working pressures as desired.
8. Light acetylene first, shut it off first
9. Never use oil on regulators or any equipment.
10. Do not use oxygen as a substitute for compressed air.
11. Keep heat, flames and sparks away from combustibles.
12. Keep hoses out of sparks or spatter to prevent leaks.
OXYGEN-FUEL GAS WELDING AND CUTTING

General Requirements
 Flammable mixtures of fuel gases and air or oxygen must be guarded against.
 Maximum pressures of 15 psi for acetylene must be observed (with certain rare exceptions).
 Approved apparatus.
 Competent personnel in charge of supply equipment.
CYLINDERS & CONTAINERS

Approval & Marking:
 DOT compliant
 Legibly marked
 ANSI compliant connections
 Valve protection
OXYGEN STORAGE
 Protect oxygen cylinders from fire hazards such as acetylene:
 Distance: 20 ft from fuel-gas cylinders or combustibles, or
 Barrier: 5 ft high noncombustible partition with half-hour fire-resistance rating.

HOSE COLORS
Fuel gas hose and oxygen hose shall be easily distinguishable from each other. The contrast may be made by
different colors or by surface characteristics readily distinguishable by the sense of touch. Oxygen and fuel
gas hoses shall not be interchangeable. A single hose having more than one gas passage shall not be used.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING FILTER SHADE NUMBERS

 Fire resistant gauntlet gloves  Soldering = #2
 Headcap  Torch Brazing = #3 or #4
 High top hard toed shoes  Light cutting up to 1 inch = #3 or #4
 Leather apron  Medium cutting 1 inch to 6 inches = #4 or #5
 Faceshield  Heavy cutting over 6 inches = #4 or #6
 Flame retardant clothing  Light gas welding up to 1/8” = #4 or #5
 Safety Glasses  Medium gas welding 1/8” to ½ “ = #5 or #6
 Safety helmet  Heavy Gas Welding over ½ “ = #6 or #8
HEARING PROTECTORS
 Ear plugs and/or muffs should be worn during noisy operations such as air arcing or grinding.
 Most welding operations are noisy.
RESPIRATORS
 Must be specific to the hazard.
 Must be fitted, cleaned, stored and maintained in accordance to regulation and manufacturers
specs.
 NIOSH recommends respirators whenever a carcinogen is present.
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To learn the procedures to be adopted to protect personnel working in confined spaces as well as
the guidelines for the deployment of safe and effective confined space rescue operations.
INTRODUCTION
Confined space entry is a leading cause of occupational fatalities in this country
CONFINED SPACE FATALITIES

 47% Air (Oxygen, Gases, Vapors)
 21% Drowning (Engulfment)
 19% Toxic (Liquids, Vapors, etc. above PEL)
 10% Blunt Force Trauma
 2% Electrocution (Mostly due to objects the victim took in with them)
 1% Burns
CONFINED SPACE
 Limited means of egress
 Can be bodily entered
 Not designed for continuous occupancy
 Contains or has potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
 Contains the potential for engulfment
 Internal configuration that can trap or asphyxiate entrant
 Any other serious safety or health hazards

EXAMPLES OF A CONFINED SPACE
 Closed vessels, reactors, storage tanks, agitated pressure nutche filters, mixers, boilers, big
pipelines, large drying ovens
 Pits, sumps / septic tanks, sewers, manhole, trenches, shafts, tunnels, ducts
HOW TO IDENTIFY A CONFINED SPACE?

 It is large enough and so configured that a person can bodily enter and perform work
 There are limited openings for entry & exit
 Not designed for continuous occupancy
 Favorable natural ventilation does not exist
 Holes on ground with more than 1 m depth, depending on hazard situation
FOUR TYPES OF HAZARDS IN A CONFINED SPACE

 Presence of Hazardous Atmosphere
 Configuration Hazard
 Engulfment Hazard
 Conditions Changing from Non Hazardous to Hazardous while working
PRESENCE OF HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE

 Oxygen Enriched / depleted
 Presence of Toxic, flammable Gases / liquids
 Temperature Extremes
 Presence of Dust
 Absence of Free flow of air in & out
OXYGEN ENRICHED / DEPLETED

 The acceptable range of Oxygen inside a confined space is between 19.5% to 23.5%
 Man can live
 3 weeks without food
 3 days without water
 only 3 min without oxygen
 Oxygen is required by Human Body to carryout cellular metabolism
 Less Oxygen (<19.5%) – Asphyxiation. Death
 More Oxygen (>23.5%) – Faster Combustion
Oxygen % Impact on Humans

19.5 Minimum Acceptable Oxygen Level
15 - 19 Decreased ability to work strenuously. Impair Coordination
12 – 14 Respiration rate increases. Poor Judgment
10 – 12 Lips turn Blue. Gasping for breath
8 –10 Mental failure, Nausea, Vomiting, Fainting.
6–8 8 min exposure is fatal, 6 min exposure is 50% fatal, 4-5 min possible recovery
4–6 Coma in 40 seconds. Death
Most common reason for Oxygen depletion which lead to fatality is:
Accidental use of Nitrogen in place of compressed air for providing forced ventilation
into confined space
Enriched Oxygen Atmosphere (> 23.5% O2) can cause flammable & combustible
materials to burn quickly & violently when ignited.
Caution: Never use pure O2 for ventilation

PRESENCE OF TOXIC, FLAMMABLE GASES / LIQUIDS
 Handling of chemicals, reactions can lead to trapping of toxic / flammable gases in a confined
space.
 Bio decomposition can lead to H2S, Methane in sewage systems.
H2S ppm Hours Effect on Humans CO ppm Hours Effect on Humans

10 8 Permissible Exposure Limit 50 8 Permissible
50 – 100 1 Mild irritation of eyes, Exposure Limit
throat 200 3 Slight headache,
200 – 1 Significant Irritation discomfort
300 600 1 Headache,
500 – ½-1 Unconsciousness, Death discomfort
700 1000 – 2000 2 Confusion, nausea,
> 1000 Minutes Unconsciousness, Death headache
0.005 - Odor Threshold Value 1000 – 2000 1 Tendency to
stagger
1000 – 2000 ½ Slight heart
palpitation
2000 – 2500 ½ Unconscious
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
 Extremely hot or cold spaces
 Warm spaces decreases working efficiency and can make person tired soon. Prone to more
mistakes
 Humidity Factors. Increased Fatigue
 Steam heating while cleaning
PRESENCE OF DUST
 Sensitizing, toxic dusts
 Hampers visibility & work
 Breathing difficulties
ABSENCE OF FREE AIR FLOW

 Confined space not designed for permanent worker occupancy
 After readying, the space should maintain the characteristics while work is going. Entrant exhales
carbon dioxide
 Hence free flow of fresh air is required in & out of the vessel
 Lack of it can lead to build of hazardous atmosphere
CONFIGURATION HAZARD
 Are determined by the structure of the confined space and devices / equipment connected to it.
 It is space / equipment specific & hence difficult to list.
 All such hazards shall be assessed by visiting the activity site and appropriate preventive
measures shall be taken.
EXAMPLES OF CONFIGURATION HAZARDS:

 Agitators in reaction vessels
 Slicks, wet surfaces. Slippery to work
 Very narrow openings that inhibit emergency evacuation
 Surface configuration such that toxic residues stick and cleaning prior to entry is difficult
 Falling objects with top opening vessels.

ENGULFMENT HAZARD
 Is when the entrant is fully drowned / trapped by falling material, thereby suffocating him.
EXAMPLES OF ENGULFMENT HAZARD

 A well digger is engulfed by falling sand
 Powder stored in a hopper above can fill reactor
 Flooding of confined space
A confined space with a tapered bottom configuration can trap a worker
Of course, engulfment hazards are just one of the many types of hazards
associated with confined space entry. Confined space work always
requires careful planning and every effort should be made to eliminate
the need for entry. Below is a generic list of confined spaces typically
present within Coal, A&C, Cement, Gypsum and Roofing sites. Each site is responsible for identifying
and labeling all confined spaces. In addition, spaces may become confined spaces during their
construction phase (e.g. tunnels, tanks, duct work).
CHANGING CONDITIONS OF SPACE

As work proceeds, the condition of the confined space alters, either due to work or due to presence
of the entrant inside:
 While welding toxic fumes are generated
 Generation of dust, fumes while scraping or cleaning
 Human beings exhale CO2 whose concentration can increase, depleting oxygen
PREPARE SPACE FIT FOR ENTRY

 Hazards have a potential to acutely affect the entrant and cause injury, even death
 The entrant must be assured that the confined space has been made safe for entry
 This process must be controlled through “work permit” and the entry must be approved by
competent persons only
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY: 5 STEPS

 Assessment through Work Permit  Completion & Permit Closure
 Preparation & Certification for entry  Training
 Precautions while entering
ASSESSMENT THROUGH WORK PERMIT

 Assessment shall be done by authorized person who is conversant with the process &
engineering aspects of the confined space after a visit to the location
 Assess the necessity of entry. Can the intended work be done without entry?
 If entry is necessary, decontamination requirement, isolation requirement must be specified on
permit for implementation
 Precautions to be taken while entry must be listed in the permit along with PPE requirement
PREPARATION & CERTIFICATION FOR ENTRY

 Permit must be correctly and accurately filled. The location details,
purpose for entry and validity period must be clearly mentioned
 No entry shall be allowed without the permit
 A permit shall not be valid for more than 8 hours
 Entry can begin only after the sign of and approval by the authorized
person
 Permit should be closed at the end of work
 Names of entrant & standby person to be mentioned in permit along
with required PPE for entry
 Discontinue Processing in the confined space
 Isolate of confined space from all process & material incoming lines.
Physically disconnect or at least provide tail blind
 If agitators exist, then de energize through electrical lock out. Display
cards at place of work & MCC room
 Clean the space thoroughly and remove all materials liable to present a
hazard
 Ventilate the space with fresh, uncontaminated air. Ventilate at the rate
of at least 4 volumes per hour.
VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
Volume of Confined Space Required Air Mover Capacity
Cubic meters Barrel L/s CFM
16 100 472 1000
80 500 1180 2500
160 1000 2360 5000
800 5000 4720 10000
1600 10000 7080 15000
4000+ 25000+ 9440 20000
 Test the atmosphere for oxygen concentration & absence of other hazardous fumes. Record
observations in permit
 Test all areas of confined space. Gases heavier than air tend to concentrate at bottoms and vice
versa
 As far as possible, avoid use of breathing apparatus as it becomes cumbersome in emergencies.
Level of cleaning must ensure this
 Ensure the entry hole is sufficient for the person to enter
TESTING THE ATMOSPHERE

 Verify presence of safe work
atmosphere.
 Test all areas of a confined space.
 Top, Middle, Bottom
 Methane is lighter than air.
 Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.
 Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.
 Oxygen Deficiency.
 Do not trust your senses
 Do not get rushed
 Know the meter response time
 Periodically retest
 Consult owner’s manual

PRECAUTIONS WHILE ENTERING
 The entrant must be a trained person. He must be aware of hazards and precautions associated
with work.
 A rescue attendant be provided who will keep a watch on the entrant and who will respond in
case of any emergency to the entrant.
 Rescue attendant must be conversant with emergency procedures
 A safety harness (belt) to be worn by the entrant to extricate in case of emergency
 Recommended PPE must be worn.
 Ensure adequate fresh air is supplied during entry
 Avoid self-breather apparatus as it enhances combustibility hazards. First choice is air mask with
fresh air connection
 Ensure availability of emergency equipment nearby
 While entry, if there is a need to test the space, it should be done
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR SYSTEMS (SARS)

 Respirators  SARS - SCBA
 Harnesses  SARS - EEBD
 Retrieval lines
 Chemical protective clothing
 Welding apron/sleeves
 Gloves
 Safety glasses
RESCUE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

 Conscious Worker(s)
 Unconscious Worker(s)
COMPLETION & PERMIT CLOSURE

 In case of extension, the safety measures taken must be reconfirmed & entry must be re
approved
 Oxygen check must be done afresh after an interruption
 At the end of the work, the permit must be closed and signed off
 Before taking the space back for processing, confirm the absence of people in confined space and
then close the same
TRAINING
 To Entrant on all the likely hazards and about his responsibilities
 To Rescue attendant on the same and also on emergency procedures
 To Authorized persons (permit issuers) on Hazard assessment and also on above
 Records must be available
RESCUE PROCEDURES:
CONSCIOUS WORKER(S) IN CONFINED SPACE
 Evaluate the situation and secondary existing hazards.
 If you feel dizziness and other strange condition tap or pull the lifeline to give signal the standby
man
 Standby man has to pull the victim
UNCONSCIOUS WORKER(S)
 Standby man to evaluate the visible and secondary hazards
 Cordoned-off the area
 Use SCBA to rescue
 Another rescuer has to help pulling the lifeline while the victim and rescuer are escaping
 Provide immediate first aid
RESPONSIBLE
 Attendant
 Entrants
 Supervisor and Foreman
 Rescuer
AUTHORIZED ATTENDANT RESPONSIBILITIES

 Know the hazards that may be faced during entry.
 Be knowledgeable in the use and care of applicable atmosphere sampling equipment.
 Conduct all atmosphere tests/sampling specified by the permit and render the atmosphere safe
before entry can be made.
 Be aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard exposure in Authorized Entrants.
 Continuously maintain an accurate count of Authorized Entrants in the confined space.
 Remain outside the permit space during entry operations until relieved by another Authorized
Attendant.
 Communicate with Authorized Entrants as necessary to adequately monitor their status.
 Monitor activities inside and outside the confined space and order Authorized Entrants to
evacuate when necessary.
 Summon rescue services if needed (by use of portable radio or phone).
 Keep unauthorized persons out of the permit space.
 Do not perform any duties that might interfere with monitoring duties.
AUTHORIZED ENTRANT RESPONSIBILITIES

 Recognize signs and symptoms of exposure.
 Properly use entry equipment.
 Communicate with the Authorized Attendant as necessary to enable the Attendant to monitor
Authorized Entrant status and to enable the Attendant to alert Entrants of the need to evacuate
the space.
 Alert the Authorized Attendant whenever warning signs or symptoms of exposure to a dangerous
situation are recognized or a prohibited condition is detected.
 Exit from the space as quickly as possible whenever:
 An order to evacuate is given by the Attendant or the Entry Supervisor.
 Any warning signs or symptoms of exposure to a dangerous situation are recognized.
 A prohibited condition is detected.
 An evacuation alarm is activated.
CONFINED SPACE SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES

 Know the hazards that may be faced during entry.
 Verify by checking that the appropriate entries have been made on the permit, that all tests
specified by the permit have been conducted, and that all procedures and equipment are in place
before endorsing the permit and allowing entry to begin.
 Terminate entry and cancel the permit as required.
 Verify rescue services are available and that the means for summoning them are operable.
 Remove unauthorized individuals who enter or attempt to enter the permit space during
operations.
 See that entry operations remain consistent with the permit
 Ultimately, the Confined Space Supervisor is responsible for all confined space entry activities.
RESCUER RESPONSIBILITIES
 Understand the hazards of the space
 Be certified in emergency first aid and CPR
 Understand appropriate entry procedures
 Know how to use rescue equipment
 Practice confined space rescues at least annually
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY STEPS

 JO-Scope of Work  De-energize the equipment
 Safety Orientation  Draining and Flushing
 CSE Training  Lock or tag out energy isolating devices
 TESDA NC II  Release or block any stored energy
 Safety Inspection  Verify zero energy state
 JHA/JSA/Risk Assessment  LMRA
 Tools and Equipment  Start maintenance work and
 PPE  Re-commissioning
 Communicate planned activity  Punchlist Items
 Energy isolation + confined space permit
 Toolbox meeting
 Shutdown the equipment
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
OVERVIEW
The information provided is intended to assist workers, team leaders, supervisors, department
heads, managers, directors, etc., improve the quality of their working conditions, and reduce the
occurrence of workplace injuries and illness, while increasing worker productivity and morale, and
maintaining compliance with regulatory agencies. This course provides the techniques and
resources required to perform a Job Hazard Analysis (JHA).
JHA TRAINING OBJECTIVES INCLUDE:

 Define a Job Hazard Analysis.
 Identify how the JHA can be a valuable planning, production, profit and safety tool.
 Identify which jobs to assess and how to prioritize.
 Know the 5-step process of completing a Job Hazard Analysis.
WORKERS IN THE FIRST YEAR WITH THEIR NEW EMPLOYER ACCOUNT FOR MORE THAN 50% OF
DISABLING CLAIMS
So why are these workers getting hurt?
 They receive little or no safety training.
 They perform unsafe work procedures.
 They use inadequate Personal Protective Equipment. (PPE)
 There is no safety oversight.
 No prior JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS or JHA!
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

 Method of identifying hazards
 Means of breaking the process down
 System for employees to easily understand hazards

WHY PERFORM JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS?
 Identify existing hazards
 Identify potential hazards
 Prioritize corrective actions
 Reduce and/or eliminate hazards
BENEFITS OF JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

 Reduces injuries
 Reduces absenteeism
 Increases productivity
 Increases morale
 Protects employees
 Assists in standard-specific compliance (e.g., personal protective equipment)
HOW JOBS ARE SELECTED FOR JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

 Jobs with high accident and injury rates
 Close calls
 New jobs
 Jobs with procedure or process changes
 All other jobs
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS - KEY TERMS

WHAT IS A JOB?
Any activity (mental or physical, or both) that has been assigned to an employee as a responsibility
and carries with it both positive and/or negative consequences based on the performance of that
job.
Examples of a job include:
 Operating a forklift.
 Unpacking heavy boxes and stacking books on upper shelves.
 A research project using chemicals in a laboratory.
 Using hand or power tools to fix something.
WHAT IS A HAZARD?
A hazard is the potential for harm. In practical terms, a hazard often is associated with a condition or
activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result in an injury or illness.
Examples of a hazardous activity or condition include:
 Using a table saw with a missing blade guard. (cut hazard)
 Using a corrosive cleaning solvent. (exposure hazard)
 Working on a rooftop that has no guard rails. (fall hazard)
 Performing welding activities. (burn and inhalation hazards)
 Performing medical response activities. (biological hazard)
 Working outdoors in an extreme weather environment. (physical hazards like heat or cold
stress)
WHAT IS A CONTROL?
 Safe procedures or other protective measures
 Any provision taken to reduce or eliminate the exposure to a hazard.
To assist you in developing your JHAs, various types and examples of controls will be further
explained later in the presentation.

WHO SHOULD CONDUCT J.H.A.?
 The immediate supervisor
 Thorough analysis by having another person
 Member of the joint occupational health and safety committee.
 The worker should be experienced and capable in all parts of the job.
STEPS IN PERFORMING A JHA

Step 1 - Break down the job [Work Method]
Step 2 - Identify the hazards
Step 3 - Evaluate the hazards
Step 4 - Recommend control measures
Step 5 - Revise the Job Hazard Analysis
BREAKING DOWN THE JOB

 List each job step in order of occurrence
 Describe each action
 Examine each step for hazards
 Conduct a “what if” scenario for each step
IDENTIFYING HAZARDS
 Chemical
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Physical
 Biological
 Ergonomics
 Psychosocial
 Natural
EVALUATING HAZARDS
 What PPE is available?
 Has worker been trained?
 Is the worker positioned properly?
 Is lockout/tagout used?
 What is the flow of work?
 What are the sources of chemicals, noise, etc.
 Are slips, trips, and falls a possibility?
The JHA form is comprised of a few key areas you’ll need to understand, see appendix-JHA form.
WORK PERMIT SYSTEM
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the training you should be able to:
 Explain why we need a work permit.
 Tell the difference between work permit issuer & receiver.
 Describe the restricted areas & give example.
 Tell the difference between safe & unsafe gas readings.
 Establish your own work permit procedure & checklist forms.
INTRODUCTION
 Most work areas anywhere are not considered very hazardous & most jobs are reasonably safe.
But there are work areas that could be hazardous under certain conditions; just as there are safe
jobs that could become unsafe if the conditions changed around them.
 For example, using an electrical portable drill or a pick-ax are normally reasonably tools to use on
a job if used correctly. But, if the drill is used in a flammable atmosphere or the pick-ax is used
w/o knowing that a gas line is just below where a person has to dig, both situations become very
dangerous.
 This session will focus more on internal work permit.
WHAT IS A WORK PERMIT?

 Documented authorization to perform specific activity such as operation, construction,
maintenance, inspection or repair in areas identified by the management as restricted, w/c
represent a potential hazard to company operations, personnel or equipment.
 Verbal work permit should be given only during emergency.
WORK PERMIT PURPOSE

 Communication
 Identify hazard…by site inspection
 Define special precautions
 Prevent accidental loss
 Permission to do work
 Consensus that work can proceed
 Provide safe working location
 Record of events
WHERE ARE WORK PERMIT NECESSARY?

 Any Specified Restricted Areas  Loading Piers
 Around HC, Chemical, Oxydizers  Service Station
 Power Plant  Around Explosives Or Radioactive
 Petroleum Processing Plants  Enclosed Space
 Pump Station  Excavation
 Pipeline (100’/ 30m)  Welding & Cutting
 Powerlines (200’/60m)  Overhead Work
 Tank Farm!

EXTERNAL PERMITS AND CLEARANCES
 DOLE:  HOUSING & LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD
 Registration  Subdivision clearnace
 Registration of OSH committee  LGU & OTHERS:
 DENR:  Barangay permit
 Waste disposal  Municipal & building permits
 Permit to install STP  Zoning clearance
 ECC  Blasting permit
 DOH:  Explosives handling permit
 Sanitary permit  Marine operation…navigation permit
 Health certificate  Etc.
 DAR
 Land use conversion
INTERNAL PERMITS AND CLEARANCES

 Cold
 Hot
 Confined space
 Gas & hazardous substance release
HOT WORK PERMIT

 Heat Ignition Sources
 Welding, Cutting, Grinding
 Electrical Equipment
 Vehicles
 Abrasive Blasting
 Considerations:
 Explosive Atmosphere
 Other Flammables
 Isolation
 Fire Protection
 Fire Watch
 Effect On Other Workers / Job
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY WORK PERMIT

 Any Confined Space
 Tank or Vessel
 Excavation 4’
 Sewer or Valve Boxes
 Inside Pipeline
 Considerations:
 Oxygen Content
 Toxic Content
 LEL Content
 Isolation
 Lock-out & Tag -Out
 Stanbyman
 PPE
 Ventilation

GAS & HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RELEASE WORK PERMIT
 Actual or Potential Release
 Oil, Steam, Air, Hazardous Materials
 Blinding Operations
 Opening / Draining Equipment
 Controlled Releases
 Considerations:
 Ignition Source
 PPE
 Breathing Equipment
 Danger to Other Workers or Public
COLD WORK PERMIT

 No Hot, Entry & Release Work Permits
 Hand Digging
 Clean-up Work
 Adjusting /Inspecting
 Brush Painting
 Scaffold Erection
 Considerations:
 Site Hazards
 PPE
 WORK PERMIT ISSUER

Authorized personnel who have been certified to sign & issue work permit.
 WORK PERMIT RECEIVER

Authorized personnel such as craft supervisors, foremen, craftsmen or others who have been
certified to sign & receive work permit.
GAS TEST INFORMATION

SAFE LIMIT
 FLAMMABLE…..O LEL
 O2………….……..21%
 NH3………...……25 PPM
 H2S………….……10 PPM
 SO2…………....….5 PPM
 SO3…………………5 PPM
 CO…………………50 PPM
 CO2………….5,000 PPM
OTHER INFORMATION
 Flammable
 Any reading above 0.0 LEL…no hot work permitted.
 0.05 - 0.5 LEL…breathing apparatus must be used.
 0.5 LEL or greater…no entry permitted.
 H2S
 Above 10 ppm…breathing apparatus must be used.
 100 ppm & above…higher management approval.
 O2
 Less than 21%…breathing apparatus must be used & approved by higher management.
GUIDELINE IN OBTAINING WORK PERMIT
PERMIT MECHANICS
 Request Permit from Issuer
 Joint Site Inspection
TERMS & CONDITIONS
 Gas Testing
 Good for Specific Task
 Identify Hazard  Normally Good for 1 Shift Only
 Define Special Precautions  Posted on Site
 Lock-out & Tag-out
 Stop Job if Condition Change
 Isolation
 Competent Person Assigned
 Flushing & Purging
 Complete & Sign Work Permit
 Close Work Permit
HANDLING WORK PERMIT DESIGNING WORK PERMIT FORMS

 Availability on site  Benchmarking
 Work permit box  Know the Application
 Visibly placed at prominent location(s)  Work Permit Contents
 Validity of work permit  Color Coding
o 8 hours  Work Permit Size
o 24 hours  Type of Material
o 7 days  Number of Copies
o 1 month  Cost of Reproduction
o Or until the work’s completion
 Renewal
 Reference for any future dispute
 Filing
 Expired & valid work permit
 Keep & maintain for 2 yrs.
WORK PERMIT PROGRAM

 Rules & Regulations
 Training
 Workplace Inspection & Testing
 Issuing & Receiving
 Dissemination
 Validity
 Handling
 Penalty
 Standard Work Permit Forms
COURSE OBJECTIVE
 Identify the requirements for PPE.
 Develop a hazard assessment program as it pertains to PPE.
 Evaluate a variety of PPE devices and determine the types of equipment necessary for their farm.
 Understand the training requirements for the workers on proper usage of PPE.

WHAT IS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT?
 PPE is any physical material or equipment that is placed between the employee and workplace
hazards in-order to reduce the injury potential of the hazard.
 PPE is designed to protect employees from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from
contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
INTRODUCTION
Employees must be protected from the potential hazards at workplace. Various control methods to
protect employees are Engineering Control, Work Practices, Administrative Control and Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE). Sometimes one or more of the above is being used or all controls are
used to provide adequate protection. When only PPE is used, the PPE is the only thing protecting
the employee from the danger. This topic discusses basic types of PPE and the employer
requirements.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be provided to employees when necessary by reason
of hazards encountered that are capable of causing injury or impairment.
 PPE (last line of defense) is not a substitute for engineering, work practice, and/or administrative
controls.
 PPE creates barrier between hazard and route of entry.
 Use of PPE does not eliminate the hazard so if the equipment fails then exposure occurs.
 Suitable and sufficient PPE must be worn to provide protection.
RESPONSIBILITIES
Management Shall:
 Provide PPE and training for personnel.
 Post areas requiring PPE with signs.
 Ensure full compliance of responsibilities of employees, set forth in the safety program and/ or
policies.
Supervisors Shall:
 Ensure that appropriate PPE is available to employees.
 Ensure PPE is properly used.
Employees Shall:
 Use PPE in accordance with instruction and training received.
 Guard against damage to PPE.
 Care for their PPE properly.
 Report PPE malfunctions or problems to supervisory personnel.
 Follow safe work practices while working with hazardous materials and wastes.
Health and Safety Committee:

 Conducts workplace hazard assessments to determine the presence of hazards which necessitate
the use of PPE.
 Conducts periodic workplace reassessment as requested by supervisors
 Maintaining records on hazards assessments.
 Provides training and technical assistance to supervisors on the proper use, care, and cleaning of
approved PPE.
 Provides guidance to the supervisor for the selection and purchase of approved PPE.
 Periodically reevaluating the suitability of previously selected PPE.
 Reviewing, updating, and evaluating the overall effectiveness of the PPE program.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
 RULE 1080 - Personal Protective Equipment and Devices
 RULE 1081 - General Provisions
 RULE 1082 - Eye and Face Protection
 RULE 1083 - Respiratory Protection
 RULE 1084 - Head Protection
 RULE 1085 - Hand and Arm Protection
 RULE 1086 - Life Lines, Safety Nets Body Harness
 RULE 1087 - Safety Shoes
DEVELOPMENT OF PPE PROGRAM

 Set the procedures for selecting, providing and using PPE as part of an employer’s routine
operation.
 Assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which
necessitate the use of PPE.
 Once the proper PPE has been selected, the employer must provide training to each employee
who is required to use PPE.
ELEMENTS OF PPE PROGRAM

 Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control
 PPE Limitation
 PPE Testing
 Cost Comparative Analysis
 Selection
 Fitting
 Medical Records and Health Aspect
 Issuance and Record
 Proper Use
 Compatibility
 Cleaning and Maintenance
 Proper Disposal
 Information and Training
 Supervision
 Storage and Inventory
 Record Keeping
 Inspection of PPE
 Review and Revise
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL

 The employer must assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present that may require
the use of PPE.
 The hazards encountered may include chemical exposures, falling or dropping objects,
particulates, temperature extremes, light radiation, moving equipment and parts, sharp objects,
etc.
 Procure the suitable and sufficient PPE for specific job.
PPE LIMITATION
 Additional hazards may be developed to the wearer.
 Obviously the hazards may transfer to another person or location.
 They are not suitable for continuous use (i.e. respiratory protective equipment).
 May not always be worn properly.
 Not effective once defective.
PPE TESTING
 Helmet, safety shoes, safety glasses and full body harness must passed the impact test before
using on site.
 Only with updated impact test certificate must be accepted from the suppliers.
PPE COST COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

 In-order to acquire the best PPE, at least minimum 3 suppliers must be invited to quote for cost
comparison.
 The lowest cost of course must be chosen, however, only PPE with impact test certificate must be
short listed.
PPE SELECTION
 OSH committee, Safety Manager and Purchasing Manager must select the PPE requirement as
per the hazard identification, assessment and control.
 Experienced and trained personnel with adequate information of the task, hazards, personnel,
materials, must be part of the committee.
PPE FITTING
 After attending the OSH orientation, the PPE to be issued to employees must be fitted, tested
and comfortable to end user.
 The warehouse personnel must maintain various sizes of PPE.
 Do not force the PPE to fit the body.
 Report any discomfort, problems or questions to your supervisor or safety manager.
MEDICAL RECORDS AND HEALTH ASPECT

 Some employees may have difficulties in using certain equipment. The Company Physician must
carefully assess employees under such condition.
 Use of PPE may impact to employees’ health (e.g..... skin irritation, heat stress)
PPE ISSUANCE AND RECORDS

 Individual PPE issuance must be recorded via index card, issuance form or centralized computer
record.
 Issuance must be controlled as per the PPE shelf life.
 Whenever the replacement is due to abuse and negligence, PPE cost must be charged to end user.
PPE PROPER USE

 Suitable and sufficient PPE is effective if worn properly for the appropriate task.
 Mandatory use of PPE must be strictly implemented on site.
 Whenever PPE is not worn properly or not used at all, means no protection given to end user.
This is an unsafe act and a serious violation.
 Employees must be prevented from taking used PPE for domestic purposes.
PPE COMPATIBILITY
 The PPE to be issued must be compatible with the task involved.
 Should more than one type of PPE is required (i.e., helmet, full face shield and ear muffs), check,
fit and test if they can be attached to one another, before receiving from the suppliers.
PPE CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE

 Following manufacturer’s suggestions, all PPE must be kept clean and properly maintained.
 PPE must be inspected, cleaned at regular intervals
 PPE shall not be shared between employees until it has been properly cleaned and sanitized.
 Exempted PPE are disposable or single use items.

PPE PROPER DISPOSAL
 Be familiar with the life expectancy of your PPE and dispose of when needed.
 Used PPE can be contaminated with toxic agents and disposal procedures require careful
consideration. Depending on the circumstances, equipment may need to be treated as toxic
waste
PPE INFORMATION AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

 Employees must be given sufficient information and proper training about the hazards associated
with their jobs to enable them to work safely with minimal risk to health and injury.
 When is PPE necessary?
 What PPE is necessary?
 How to properly don, doff, adjust and wear PPE?
 The limitations of PPE.
 The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE.
PPE RE-TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

 Changes in the workplace
 Changes in types of PPE to be used
 Inadequacies in an affected employee’s knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate that the
employee has not retained training
 Accident Investigations
SUPERVISION
 PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first line supervisory personnel are
knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use of PPE.
 Supervisors must lead by example, particularly by wearing PPE as appropriate and ensure its use
by others as required.
STORAGE OF PPE AND INVENTORY

 PPE shall be properly stored to protect against environmental conditions that might reduce the
effectiveness of the equipment.
 PPE having a Shelf-life limitation shall be checked periodically to ensure compliance with the
expiration date.
RECORD KEEPING
 Written records shall be kept by the warehouse personnel and OSH department.
 Record must be kept and maintained at least 3-5 years for inspection and audit purposes.
 Record can be archived later.
INSPECTION OF PPE
 The end user and Supervisor must check the condition of their PPE on daily basis.
 The behavior on proper usage must be observed.
 Any deviation on proper wearing of PPE must corrected immediately.
REVIEW AND REVISE

 During OSH committee meeting, the pie chart statistics for injury and illness must be analyzed to
determine its root cause.
 The OSH committee must decide if the PPE program must be revised accordingly. The usual
review and revision is every 6 months.

TYPES OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
 Eye & Face Protection
 Respiratory Protection
 Head Protection
 Foot Protection
 Electrical Protective Devices
 Hand & Skin Protection
 Hearing Protection
 Fall Protection
EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

 Protect from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids, caustic liquids, chemical gases
or vapors, and light radiation.
 Sideshield protection needed for flying particles.
 Use safety prescription lenses or eye protection worn over regular glasses or contacts.
 Protection needed to cover multiple hazards.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
 Respiratory protection is required when employees are in areas where effective engineering
controls are not feasible to protect the health of the employee from:
 lack of oxygen
 harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays or vapors.
 Respiratory Protection must comply with Rule 1080 and applicable standards.
 Exposure levels exceed PEL.
 During installation of engineering or work practice controls.
 Maintenance and repair activities that may result in exceeding the PEL.
 Emergency Response where type and/or concentration of contaminant is unknown.
 Voluntary Usage.
CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING CONFORT

 Mask position on nose  Room to talk
 Room for eye protection  Mask position on face and cheeks
CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING ADEQUACY OF FIT

 Chin properly placed
 Adequate strap tension, not too tight
 Fit across nose bridge
 Respirator of proper size to span distance from nose to chin
 Tendency of respirator to slip
 Self-observation in mirror to evaluate fit and respirator position
FIT TESTING
 Fit testing is required for all employees using negative or positive pressure tight-fitting respirators.
 Must be repeated annually and whenever a different respirator is used.
 Qualitative Fit-Testing is used for this program.
 Employee shall be allowed to pick the most acceptable respirator from all the models and sizes
that will provide most adequate protection.
 Fit test shall be performed wearing any applicable safety equipment that may be worn during
actual respirator use.
 No respirator will provide adequate protection without a tight seal between the face piece and
the face of the wearer.

 Employer shall demonstrate:
 How to put on a respirator
 How it is positioned
 How to set strap tension
 How to determine an acceptable fit
 Employee shall conduct:
 Negative seal check
 Positive seal check
 Normal breathing
 Deep breathing
 Turning head side to side
 Moving head up and down
 Talking
 Grimace (smile or frown)
 Bending over
HEARING PROTECTION
 Required in high noise areas, depending on the duration of worker exposure.
 Long term exposure can result in permanent hearing loss or impairment.
 Improperly worn or maintained PPE will not sufficiently reduce the noise levels.
 PPE - earplugs or earmuffs
 Common workplace injury
 Gradual increase over time
 Damage can be caused without pain
 Incorrect protection or protection worn incorrectly can be equally damaging.
YOU NEED PROTECTION WHEN

 Workplace sounds are irritating
 You must raise your voice to be heard from two feet away
 Ears ringing after leaving work
 Sound levels reach 85 decibels over an eight-hour period
 Short bursts of high-pitched, loud, or continuous sounds
HEAD PROTECTION
 Be in good condition. If it is damaged, disposed of properly.
 Fit the person wearing it and be worn properly.
 Not stop the wearing of hearing protectors as well (when needed).
 Only be obtained from a reputable supplier - there are fake hard hats on the market.
TYPES OF HEAD PROTECTION

 Class B hats protect the head from:
 Impact
 Penetration from falling and flying objects
 Shock and burns
 Mainly used in electrical work
 Class C hats are designed for lightweight comfort and impact protection.
 Used where there is no danger from electrical hazards.
PROPER CARE OF HARD HATS

 Check hats daily for dents, cracks, or penetration

 Inspect the:
 Shell
 Suspension
 Headband
 Sweatband
 Keep hats out of the rear-window shelf of cars.
 Clean the hats once a month in warm, soapy water.
 Avoid getting paint on the hard hat.
AFFECTED EMPLOYEES
Employees who are exposed to hazards that require PPE
 Construction workers
 Tree trimmers  Shipbuilders
 Loggers  Miners
 Electrical utility workers  Petroleum/chemical workers
HEAD PROTECTION
 Class A - Protection From Falling Objects
 Class B - Against fall of a wearer from certain height
 Class AB - Combination of category A and B
 Class AE - Falling articles and electricity
 Class ABE - Combination of AE and B
ANSI Z59-1-1969 is adopted
FOOT PROTECTION
 Metatarsal guards must be worn when you are around objects that may fall or roll.
 Shoes with puncture resistant soles must be worn when there is a danger of objects piercing the
sole of your work shoe.
 Shoes or boots with electrical protection must be worn when there is a danger of electrical
hazards to your feet.
 Rubber boots or shoes must be worn when you work in or around water or where there is a slip
hazard.
 When working with hazardous chemicals, make sure you wear the appropriate chemical-resistant
foot protection in case of splashing or spilling.
 This would be impermeable rubber or neoprene boots as shown.
 All DFCM employees doing maintenance activities must wear steel-toed shoes while at work.
Contact your supervisor if you do not have steel-toed shoes.
WEAR AND CARE OF FOOT PROTECTION

 Inspect before each use.
 There should be no cracks or holes in chemical or waterproof boots.
 Should be comfortable.
 Check soles for excessive wear.
 Keep clean and dry. Spray off mud, dirt or chemicals after each use to keep the footwear in good
condition.
FOOT & LEG PROTECTION

 Hazards from falling or rolling objects, objects piercing the sole, electrical hazards, molten metal,
hot surfaces, slippery surfaces.
 Shoes / boots may provide impact protection, compression protection, puncture protection.
 Leggings protect the lower legs and feet from molten metal and welding sparks.
FOOT PROTECTION - BOOTS & SHOES
 Steel Toed Safety Shoes And Boots
 Puncture Proof Soles
 Non-Conductive For Electrical Work
 Rubber Or Synthetic Footwear Around Chemicals
Class H - Heavy work

Class S - Normal work
Class L - Light work
FOOT PROTECTION
 Avoid Leather Around Chemicals
 Foot Guards Or Ankle Shields May Be Needed For Some Jobs.
 A Static Free Shoe Designed To Drain Off Static Electricity May Be Needed Around Computers.
HAND PROTECTION
You must wear hand protection when you are exposed to any of the following hazards:
 Skin absorption of hazardous materials
 Severe cuts
 Severe abrasions  Chemical burns
 Punctures  Thermal burns/ harmful temperature extremes
GLOVES
 Gloves are the most important and common part of hand protection. There are many different
types of gloves that protect you from different hazards.
 If you are working with chemicals, always check the MSDS to know what type of glove you should
wear.
SELECTING HAND PROTECTION

 Chemical-resistant gloves
 Kevlar, metal mesh, cut-resistant gloves
 Leather work gloves
 Extreme temperature gloves
 Electrical work gloves
CHOOSE THE CORRECT GLOVE FOR THE JOB

 PVC Coated  Gardening with PVC coating
 Blue latex dipped  Kevlar
 Heavy leather palm  Full leather palm
 Snow glove  Jersey
 Chore glove  Nitrite disposable
 Leather driver  Welders
GLOVE CARE
 Inspect your gloves routinely for holes and cracks. Discard your gloves at any sign of
deterioration.
 After use, clean and allow to dry.

ARM & HAND PROTECTION
 Hazards from chemicals and other substances, temperature extremes, sharp objects.
 Injuries include cuts, abrasions, burns, amputations, shock, chemical absorption.
 Glove protection information to be obtained from the manufacturer.
 Protection includes gloves, sleeves, hand pads, wristlets, etc.
 Rubber insulating equipment needed for electrical workers.
TORSO PROTECTION
 Hazards include heat, splashes from liquids, impacts, cuts, and radiation
 Injuries include heat burns, radiation burns, and chemical burns, lacerations, and abrasions
 Equipment includes vests, jackets, aprons coveralls, and full body suits.
CHEMICAL PROTECTION
 Anytime you work with chemicals you must wear appropriate PPE to protect yourself.
 Always check the chemical’s Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). The MSDS will tell you the PPE
you should wear.
CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING INCLUDES

 Gloves
 Aprons
 Boots
 Coveralls
 Other items may be required to prevent your contact with chemicals.
PLANNED SAFETY INSPECTION
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To identify unsafe acts / conditions and make an action plan to address them.
Always look for potential hazards
 Unsafe Acts
 Unsafe Conditions
SAFETY INSPECTION
Items to consider in planning and conducting an inspection:
 What to inspect?
 How to inspect?
 Who will inspect?
1. WHAT TO INSPECT
Types of Workplace Hazards
 Chemical  Biological
 Mechanical  Ergonomics
 Electrical  Psychosocial
 Physical  Natural
UPDATED FIVE SUBSYSTEMS WITHIN THE TOTAL WORKPLACE SYSTEM

 Man
 Machine
 Material
 Method
 Mother Nature

2. HOW TO INSPECT
3. WHO WILL INSPECT

 Members of the health and safety committee
 Supervisors and managers
 Safety staff or first aid people
 Government and worker’s representatives
 Third Party
SAFETY INSPECTION
Inspection is the careful examination of people, equipment, material and the environment (PEME),
the close & critical scrutiny for comparison with standards.
SAFETY AUDIT
Audit is a regular & critical examination of records & management performance to program
standards.
The health and safety audit subjects the whole work system to closer examination.
 The work system includes both the work environment and the management environment.
 The management environment has responsibilities that are reflected at the workplace in specific
quantifiable terms.
 The need to establish standards that measure variables such as the provision of information, the
adequacy of instruction and training and the levels of co-operation and consultation are now
imperative as these matters have been factored into the legislation.
WORKPLACE INSPECTION
 The workplace inspection addresses the work process and primarily considers aspects of the
work activity and how they compare with a set of predetermined standards.
 Workplace inspections must look at the relationships between the people, the equipment and
the procedures in determining if standards are being met and maintained. It is of limited benefit
to merely consider what can be seen in the workplace as this may be in a continual state of
change.

REASONS FOR WORKPLACE INSPECTIONS
 Identification of hazards.
 Assess the potential losses from these hazards.
 Select control measures designed to eliminate or reduce the hazards to an acceptable level.
 Monitor the effectiveness of control measures.
 Review compliance with established standards.
HAZARDS
Are conditions existing or potential, produced or inherent, which can result in an accident that
interrupts or interferes with the expected orderly process of an activity.
IDENTIFYING HAZARDS
Chemical Biological
Mechanical Ergonomics
Electrical Psychosocial
Physical Natural
THE WORKPLACE INSPECTION TEAM

Members of the health and safety committee
Supervisors and managers
Safety staff or first aid people
Government and worker’s representatives
Third Party
INSPECTIONS CAN BE:

Planned (formal)
 Ex. Every Monday inspection headed by Plant/Project Director
Unplanned (informal)
 Ex. Plant/Project Director findings during his/her site visit
TYPES OF INSPECTION
General inspections
Relate to checks on matters such as housekeeping, chemical use, handling techniques, use of
personal protective equipment, machine guarding and noise exposure. General inspections tend
to cast a wide net and require careful attention in defining the scope of the inspection for the
results of the inspection to be meaningful.
Critical inspections
Are more specific and often of a more technical nature than general inspections. A critical
inspection would be used to check cranes, lifting devices, electrical systems, noise levels from a
particular source(s), explosives handling, chemical storage, lighting levels around walkways and a
wide range of other factors that have a direct influence on the employee’s safety.
TOOLS FOR WORKPLACE INSPECTION

 Checklists, Proforma, Guidance Notes
 Regulations, Standards and Codes of Practice
 Safety Notices, Alerts, Bulletins or Advice
 Standard Operating Procedures
 Accident Statistics or Data, Accident Investigation Details, Sick Leave Trends etc.
 Camera

INSPECTION CHECKLISTS
 The checklist is a widely used instrument and is ideal as a starting point in workplace inspections.
 The important criteria when using checklists is that they must be flexible enough to allow items
that are not listed on the check sheet to be considered.
 Checklists are only a guide to assist in the process of inspections; they must not set the agenda,
but rather be part of it.
 The checklist is beneficial in providing a means of measuring performance against a
predetermined standard. In order to achieve some reliability, there must be consistency.
ADVANTAGES OF USING SAFETY INSPECTION CHECKLISTS

 Prevent overlooking hazards during an inspection.
 Ensure consistency of every inspection.
 Allow different people to conduct equally thorough inspections.
 Provide written documentation that an inspection was done and which hazards were discovered.
CREATING CHECKLISTS:
 Write down every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in your work area.
 Check the written sources you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.
Written records:
 Previous inspection reports
 JHA
 Maintenance records
 MSDS
 Accident investigation reports
 Work environment monitoring
 Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any conditions that need to be checked,
and note the locations of the hazards already listed.
A sketch or layout allows you to distinguish between:
 Similar pieces of equipment
 Similar safety devices
 Other checklist items
 Have employees review your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and identified
the locations of each one.
Rating Systems:
 Poor - Fair - Good - Very Good - Excellent
 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10
 Standard Not Met - Meets Standard - Exceeds Standard
 0% 10 % 2 0% 3 0% 40% 50 % 60% 70 % 8 0% 9 0% 100 %
PLANNING YOUR INSPECTION

 Determine the extent of the area to be surveyed.
 Determine the number of people to be involved in the inspection. Generally, about three people
(or include your top management).
 View and assess applicable Regulations and Standards.
 View previous inspection reports and data if available.
 Use general checklist for initial survey, then develop your own for future survey
INSPECT AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE
 Daily
 Weekly  Monthly
 Bi-weekly  Quarterly

RECOMMENDING CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
 Aimed toward reducing or eliminating the hazard
 Priority-based
Aimed toward reducing or eliminating the hazard

Priority-based
HAZARD CORRECTION PRIORITY
 Class A - Fatal, Total disability, loss of equipment [on the spot]
 Class B - Partial disability, interruptive mechanical failure [within 3-day]
 Class C - Minor injury, non-disruptive equipment failure [within 7-day]
KEYS TO EFFECTIVE INSPECTION
 Create checklists (modify checklists as needed);
 Schedule inspections and must be approved by the highest authority;
 Assign 2-3 members of inspection team;
 Focus on one hazard at a time and reflect on central hazard register;
 Follow-up corrective actions and ensure closing out as required;
 Communicate and involve management and employees on identified hazards and its status via
central hazard register; and
 Acknowledge commitment and participation
RE-ENTRY PLANNING
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, ANALYSIS AND REPORTING
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To determine the causes of accidents
 To recommend an appropriate corrective actions.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
 Accidents can be prevented by early detection, reporting and abating!
INTRODUCTION
 Accident investigation is a necessary and effective technique for preventing the occurrence of
similar and related accidents. Thorough accident investigation can point out the problem areas
within organization.
 Accident investigation should be aimed at fact finding, rather than fault finding; otherwise, the
investigation may do harm than good!

ROLE OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Identification of Corrective Actions:
 Immediate corrective actions - Prevents recurrence of accident to same employee.
 Long term corrective actions - Prevents same accident from occurring to other employees doing
same or similar job.
 Evaluation and follow-up of corrective actions - To determine if corrective actions are effective in
preventing similar accidents.
WRONG REASONS TO ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

 The “OSH department” wants a report
 Leads to superficial investigations.
 Just simply wants compliance but no real effort to correct the root causes.
 Need to find out who is at fault
 No attempt made to find root causes.
 Person at fault is usually injured person.
PROBLEMS OF NOT REPORTING ACCIDENTS

 No lessons learned from unreported accidents.  Fear of medical treatment.
 Accident root causes not corrected.  Fear of embarrassment.
 Infections/ aggravation of injury.  Not wanting to lose work time.
 Practice of not reporting will become part of culture.  Not wanting an accident on their record.
 Fear of reprisal from supervisor.  Not wanting to ruin a safety record.
 Fear of getting bad reputation.
MAJOR INVESTIGATION ERRORS

 Reluctance to accept management responsibility.
 Emphasis on a single cause only.
 Failure to establish the root causes.
 Narrow interpretations of environmental causes.
 Treating major injury accidents as minor events, not considering high potential incidents.
QUALIFICATION OF INVESTIGATOR
 Technical Knowledge
 Objectivity
 Analytical approach to problems
 Familiarity with the job, process or operation
 Tact in communicating
 Intellectual honesty
 Inquisitiveness & curiosity
INVESTIGATION GRAB BAG

 Clipboard, paper (including graph) and pens  Magnifying glass
 Camera  Compass
 Tape measure  Danger tags
 Recorder and spare tapes  Yellow crayon
 Accident investigation report forms  Orange fluorescent spray paint
 Hi-viz barrier tape for scene preservation  Torch with batteries
 First aid kit  Hi-viz orange vest
 Identification tags for parts  Hearing & eye protection
 Gloves (industrial & medical)  Plastic containers for samples
 Safety helmet  Paper rolls or towel
 Specimen containers
INVESTIGATION PRE-PLANNING
 Establish the objectives and procedure for investigation with the approval of higher management.
 Prepare a detailed course of action such as scheduling and budgeting of the required resources.
 Develop a training presentation either by internal and external resource persons.
 Conduct training for proper investigation techniques, documentation and the correction of root
causes.
BEFORE AN ACCIDENT OCCURS

 Brief meeting and secure contact of emergency services (medical/hospital, fire, police, gas and
electric utilities, water, etc.).
 Shutdown of equipment unless it must be operating to preclude further loss.
 Isolate sources of secondary accidents and injuries (gas or liquid fuel, electric, etc.).
 Provide required interruption of business or certain activity for sufficient periods to permit
thorough investigation.
ON DISCOVERY OF ACCIDENT
 Immediate notification of Incident Commander.
 Immediate notification of the higher management personnel.
 Grab the accident investigation grab bag then proceed quickly to accident scene.
 Call other investigation team members and ask to report at accident scene.
ARRIVAL AT ACCIDENT SCENE

 Secure the area to preserve the factual evidences.
 Rescue the injured or endangered personnel.
 Reduce risk of further injury or damages to control loss.
 Identify the evidences involved in the accident to initiate the reporting and investigation of the
accident.
 Preserve all evidences gathered for a thorough investigation.
AFTER THE EMERGENCY SITUATION IS UNDER CONTROL

 Interface w/ other investigation prescribed by public law.
 Systematic preservation, collection & examination of evidence.
 Special briefings for Investigators & Specialized Assistants.
 Notification of regulatory agencies as required by public laws.
 Public news releases and statements to members of the press.
5 STEPS IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

1. Gather the Facts (Evidence Collection)
2. Root Cause Analysis (Loss Causation Model by Mr. Frank Bird)
3. Take Preventive Actions
4. Document Findings and Actions
5. Follow-up
1. GATHER THE FACTS (EVIDENCE COLLECTION)

Answers what happened:
 Look at the accident scene
 Record information: who, what, when, and where
 Preserve the accident scene and any evidence
 Interview witnesses independently
 Ask open ended questions

IMPORTANT SOURCES OF EVIDENCE:
 Positions of people.
 Positions of equipment.
 Positions of materials.
 Physical parts of environment at the accident site.
POSITION EVIDENCE
 Diagrams
 Maps
 Sketches
 Photographs
EVIDENCES - PARTS
 Parts evidence is analyzed for defect, misfit, malfunction and faulty design.
 Removal of parts for testing and examination is a controlled, methodical process.
 Careful removal of parts essential to avoid investigative action damage.
 Cleaning for further examination.
 Avoid destruction of evidence during examination.
 Wrapping and tagging parts for preservation & examination.
 Fluid parts require special care in removal and examination.
EVIDENCES - RECORDS REFLECTING HAZARDS ANALYSIS DECISIONS

 Proper job analysis
 Systems safety analyses
 Condition or hazard reports
 Employee suggestions on safety and loss potentials
 Repair of previous mechanical failure
 Inspections
 Previous accidents
 OSH statistic records
EVIDENCES - RECORDS OF EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS PURCHASING

 Regulatory standards.
 Work proposals to develop, fabricate or change products.
 Management specifications to purchasing.
 Purchase orders, contracts and invoices.
 Documents which reflect proposed changes and substitutions.
 Records of acceptance
EVIDENCES - RECORDS OF FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

 Critical parts inspection
 General preventive maintenance
 Damage and deterioration repairs and replacements
EVIDENCES - RECORDS OF PERSONNEL DEVELOPMENT

 Supervisor selection or hiring
 Supervisor management and safety management training
 Supervisor appraisal
 Employee application for employment
 Employee physical and mental aptitude examinations
 Employee company and job orientation
 Employee skill training
 Employee follow-up or enrichment training
 Employee skill certification
 Employee appraisal and counseling
REENACTMENT
 When information about the actions or sequence of events cannot be obtained in any other way.
 When precise, step-by-step observations are needed to develop preventive, remedial action.
 When key facts from witnesses are in conflict and need to be verified for analysis.
HUMAN FACTORS IN ACCIDENT CAUSATION

 Factors regarding the physical aspects.(size and movement)
 Factors regarding the physiological.(stresses and limits)
 Factors regarding psychological nature and stress limits.
WITNESS INTERVIEWS AND STATEMENT

Controlling Distortion of Testimony
 Separate the witnesses.
 Ask them to prepare initial statement using the form and maps of the accident while other are
being interviewed.
Promptness Essential for Valid Information
 The validity of many aspects of an investigation is highest when the investigative actions start
immediately after the accident occurs.
WITNESS INTERVIEWS AND STATEMENT

Finding the Witnesses to Interview:
 Prompt arrival at the scene of an accident is of great benefit to most investigators.
 Transient witnesses
 Workers in adjacent section.
 Area residents.
 Municipal personnel
 Each witness may be able to identify others & should be so questioned.
 News reporters may have found witnesses and have names already, ask them.
 THE INTERVIEW PROCESS - investigator to survey the accident scene and environment - to get
the “big picture” of the accident.
 SETTING UP THE INTERVIEW

 Select an appropriate place
 Establishing communication with the witnesses
 Taking initial information
 Expanding the interview for details
 Evaluating credibility
 Closing the interview
 Recording the witness’ testimony
 Evaluating the witness’ testimony
 Nonverbal communication
 Feedback to the witness

INTERVIEWING WITNESSES
 Interview one at a time in a private office.
 Seat the interviewee across a table, facing you, and try to make him/her comfortable.
 Let employee know purpose of investigation is to prevent recurrence.
 Let employee know purpose of investigation is not to find fault.
 Let the witness tell the story
 Begin with open-ended questions
 Don’t ask leading questions
 Summarize
 Ask for recommendations
 Get written statements
 Thank the employee
 Close on a positive note
INFLUENCE OF WITNESS’ PERSONALITY
 Extroverts will very convincing witnesses but their evidence may not be as correct as it appears.
 Introverts will appear as poor witnesses. Interviewing them may seem a waste of time, but they
might have the most important information.
 Suspicious will be reluctant to get involved. They hate publicity, guard their privacy & resent
being questioned.
 Illiterate witnesses may appear timid & hesitant, to cover their illiteracy, or decline to give a
statement for this reason. They will need compassion & patience to draw out their testimonies.
 Prejudiced witnesses are psychologically ill-suited to give testimony.
 Intoxicated or drugged witnesses should be listened to, but re-interviewed in full when sober.
 Juvenile witnesses can give very objective evidence.
 Excitable witnesses tend to exaggerate, elaborate & distort evidence.
 Know-nothing witnesses are the ones identified as prime witnesses who insist they do not know
& did not see anything.
 Devious witnesses may distort their testimonies to avoid personal implication or unfavourable
reflection on an associate.
 Injured witnesses should generally not be questioned until after they have received medical
treatment.
INFLUENCE OF INVESTIGATOR’S PERSONALITY

 Commanding type investigators may frighten the witnesses into silence by their officious manner.
 Proud, overly confident investigators overestimate their personal abilities to obtain information.
 Overly-eager investigators induce errors and contradictions in evidence given in testimony
through tendencies toward excessive questions.
 Timid investigators appear to the witnesses as willing to grab the least bit of information and run
with it, they feel the investigator will never have the courage to identify basic causes to
management.
 Prejudiced investigators react to aspects of the witnesses’ dress and mannerism. They have little
chance of success in the investigation.

2. ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS (LOSS CAUSATION MODEL)
3. TAKE PREVENTIVE ACTIONS

 Corrective actions must address the cause(s) of the accident.
 Look for both immediate-term and long-term solutions.
 Decide the responsible persons and the required timing of its correction.
 Report the corrective actions to the safety committee.
 Reflect any improvements on the final report.
4. DOCUMENT FINDINGS AND ACTIONS

 Complete the incident report. State only the facts in the incident report.(no opinions)
 Review the completed report by appropriate higher level of management. These are the weakest
steps of the accident prevention process.
 GENERAL REPORT FORM CONTENTS

 Location
 Time of occurrence
 Identification of primary people involved
 Description of accident
 Type of accident / incident
 Analysis of causes
 Evaluation of potential severity and frequency
 Remedial action plan for prevention
 Follow-up to action plan
5. FOLLOW-UP
Must be monitored to ensure that corrective action plan has been taken and its effectiveness in
reducing accidents.

FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the course, the participants will have increased awareness and understanding of the
fire causes, hazards, fire prevention measures and fire safety program.
Members of the Emergency Response Team will have the tools and techniques necessary to provide
an effective initial response to fire emergency in the plant.
INTRODUCTION
Most of the fires occurrences in the Philippines resulted in catastrophe, fatalities and major
property damage for example, the Ozone Disco fire.
Most of the victims were trapped inside the six-storey Manor Hotel in Quezon City. They were
trapped by anti-burglary iron bars which were attached to the building’s windows. The hotel also
had no emergency alarms, no functioning fire equipment and inadequate fire exits72 people died on
August 18, 2001.
In Makati [April 2011], a huge fire razed a sprawling residential compound in the Philippine capital's
financial district Tuesday, leaving up to 10,000 people homeless, authorities said. Arson
investigators said the blaze was triggered by a faulty electric cooker in a house at the Laperal
compound in Makati city in Manila. It was the fifth major fire at the compound, which is filled with
informally built shanties.
MANILA [January 2013]. The incidents of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tank explosions could have
been prevented had Congress passed a long-pending bill seeking to enforce the safe manufacture of
LPG tanks, a lawmaker said yesterday. LPG Marketers’ Association party-list Rep. Arnel Ty made the
statement after an LPG tank explosion injured at least 12 people in a three-story house in Sta. Mesa,
Manila Wednesday. House Bill 5052 was approved by the House of Representatives trade and
industry committee in August 2011, but has since been pending in the plenary, Ty said. He said the
bill sets measures to ensure that every LPG tank coming out of a refilling plant has gone through
pains taking safety tests. The measure also enables the orderly replacement of all substandard tanks
in the open market. It includes a one-time cylinder exchange program for the benefit of consumers
owning rundown tanks. “The unchecked proliferation of unsafe tanks has contributed in a big way to
the rise in highly destructive accidental fires in homes as well as commercial settings,” Ty said.
DEFINITION
 Fire - is a chemical reaction known as combustion.
 It is the rapid oxidation of combustible material.
 It is accompanied by a release of energy in the form of heat and light.
 Flash Point - the lowest temperature at which a substance will give off enough vapors to form a
flammable mixture with air near the surface of the substance that will burn when a flame or
spark is applied.
 Fire Point - the temperature at which a fuel will continue to burn after it has been ignited. This is
a few degrees hotter than the flash point.
 Ignition Temperature - is the lowest temperature when a substance auto-ignites (without flame
or spark)
 Explosive or Flammable Range - is the concentration of a flammable vapor between the Lower
Explosive Limit and Upper Explosive Limit in a given quantity of air that will readily burn.

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Flammable/Combustible Liquids
 Flammable Liquids
 Flash point =< than 61 deg C
 Gasoline, propane, acetone
 Combustible Liquid
 Flash point > 61 deg C
 Mineral oil, peanut oil, diesel fuel.
THE CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
The Fire Triangle - as shown in the following illustration, oxygen and

fuel in proper proportion can be ignited by heat to create a fire. If
one of the three elements are removed a fire cannot exist.
Fire Tetrahedron Theory

 Simply adds a fourth component of fire termed as the chain reaction
 The tetrahedron is a transition from the plane geometric triangle to a four- sided pyramid
 The chain reaction will rage until one of the 3 elements is exhausted.

FIRE DEVELOPMENT
FIRE GROWTH FLASHOVER
FULLY DEVELOPED FIRE
OXYGEN AND COMBUSTION

PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
FOUR CLASSES OF FIRE
FLAMMABLE/COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
 Flammable Liquids
 Flash point =< than 61 deg C
 Gasoline, propane, acetone
 Combustible Liquid
 Flash point > 61 deg C
 Mineral oil, peanut oil, diesel fuel.
FIRE CAUSES
 ELECTRICAL (23%) - the leading cause of industrial fires. Most start in wiring & motors. Most
prevented by proper maintenance. Special attention needed for equipment at hazardous
processes & in storage areas.
 SMOKING (18%) - a potential cause of fire almost everywhere. A matter of control (self-discipline)
& education.
 Smoking strictly prohibited in dangerous areas, involving flammable liquids…
 Provide designated smoking area(s)
 Initiate Quit Smoking programs
 FRICTION (10%) -hot bearing, misaligned or broken machine parts, jamming of material, and poor
adjustment of power drives & conveyors. Prevented by a regular schedule of inspections,
maintenance & lubrications.
 OVERHEATING MATERIALS (8%) - abnormal process temperatures, especially those involving
heated flammable liquids / materials. Prevented by supervision & competent operators,
supplemented by well-maintained temperature controls.
 HOT SURFACE (7%) - heat from furnaces, hot ducts, lamps, welding machines, generators,
exhaust manifolds, etc. Prevented by ample clearances, insulation & ventilation (air circulation
between hot surfaces & combustible / flammables).
 BURNER FLAMES (7%) - improper use of portable torches, boilers, dryers, ovens, furnaces,
portable heating units. Prevented by adequate ventilation, combustion safeguards & ample
clearance.
 COMBUSTIBLE SPARKS (5%) - sparks & embers released from incinerators, furnaces, fire boxes,
various process equipment and industrial trucks / heavy equipment. Prevented by proper
enclosing of working area & provision of spark arrestor.
TRANSMISSION OF FIRE
 Conduction
 Transmission of heat through solid bodies
 Flames catching from one object to another
 Convection
 Transmission of heat through movement of heated matter,
smoke, heated gases & flying embers
 Most life threatening& the fastest way fire travels
 Radiation
 Transmission of heat through space or vacuum
 Heat rays causing nearby combustible objects to
burst into flames.
METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENTS
 REMOVE HEAT - cooling a fire calls for the application of something w/c absorbs heat. Although
there are others, water is the most common agent.
 REMOVE FUEL - often removing the fuel from a fire is difficult & dangerous. Shutting or closing
off the valves.
 REMOVE OXYGEN - oxygen can be removed from a fire by displacing it with a heavier than air gas
likeCO2.O2 flowing into the fire can be also be stopped by covering the fire with a wet blanket or
cover the burning surfaces with foam or sand.
 STOP THE CHAIN REACTION - recent studies indicate that the use of dry chemical on fire tends to
inactivate the intermediate processes of burning resulting in a reduction of the combustion rate
& in the extinguishment of fire.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 WATER EXTINGUISHERS - are effective for Class A fires. Water serves as cooling, quenching &
displacing agent.
 FOAM EXTINGUISHERS - are effective for Class B fires where the foam forms a cohesive floating
blanket on the surface of the burning liquid.
 CO2 EXTINGUISHERS - are effective for Class B & C fires. CO2 reduces the O2 content.
 DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHERS -are effective for Class A, B & C fires. It breaks the chain reaction
inhibiting the oxidation process w/in the flame itself.
 DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS - are effective for Class D. It absorbs the remaining fuel & prevent
re-ignition
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS’ DISTRIBUTION CRITERIA / MAINTENANCE

 Visible from all directions (free of sight obstructions)
 Easily accessible (within immediate reach), no obstructions
 Near normal path of travel (entrance / exit ways)
 Within 23 m (75 ft.) max. travel distance (Class A Hazards)
 Within 15 m (50 ft.) max. travel distance (Class B Hazards)
 Elevated off the ground / floor
 Reasonably away from immediate source of fire (i.e. not mounted on an operating machine;
outside flammable storage room, etc.)
 Properly identified
 Regular inspection (monthly as minimum)
 Periodic hydrostatic test
PROPER USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

 Remember this easy acronym when using an extinguisher -P.A.S.S.
 Pull the pin.
 Aim the nozzle.
 Squeeze the handle.
 Sweep side to side at the base of the fire.
 NOTE: If, when using a fire extinguisher, the fire is physically

larger than you can safely handle, evacuate the area and notify
others by activating the emergency pull station and call the Fire
Department.
CAUSES OF DEATHS & CASUALTIES

 Inadequate fire exits, firefighting equipment
 Lack of detection & alarm devices, occupants unaware of fire
 Inadequate design: no enclosure for stairways, elevators shafts & openings through floors to
prevent spread of fire
 Inadequate planning for emergency

FIRE LOSSES
 Loss of customer / client  Excessive replacement costs due to overtime,
 Loss of return on capital investment inability to cope the target timing of delivery or
 Loss of profits on finished products or completed completion of project
works.  Cost of demolition
 Loss of confidence of stockholders  Cost of replacing depreciated buildings &
 Loss of credit standing equipment w/ new facilities
 Loss of goodwill of customer / client, employees  Cost of hiring temporary quarters
 & the community  Loss of patterns valuable records
 Loss of trained personnel who transferred to  Loss of value of past advertising
other job  Inability to defend against unjust claims due to
 Cost of retaining personnel during shutdown loss of records
 Seizure of fire insurance payments by uneasy  Loss of rent from tenant
creditors
FIRE SAFETY PROGRAM

 Design and Evaluation of Fire Protection Systems
 Internal and external fire hydrant system
 Portable fire extinguishers
 Automatic sprinkler systems
 Automatic flooding systems
 Fire truck
 Plant Fire Safety Inspections and Audits
 Fire protection facilities
 Fire and accident hazards
 Storage practices
 Organization of Fire Brigades
 Hot Work Permit System
 Inspection Programs
 Dust aspiration system
 Electrical installations at hazardous areas
 Ammonia refrigeration systems
 Fire Safety Education and Training
 Fire Safety Promotions Programs
 Fire Brigade competitions
 Good housekeeping contests
 Safety posters/slogan, contests
FIRE PREVENTION
 Prime purposes of Fire Prevention
 Locate the hazard
 Determine the cause
 Predict the probable effect & correct the fault.
SIMPLIFIED FIRE SAFETY ELEMENTS

Fire Prevention
 Fire Safety Engineering
 Good Housekeeping
 Electrical Safety
 Proper Storage
 Safe Practices
Fire Protection
 Detection
 Alarm
 Fire Locator
 Extinguishments
 Evacuation
 First Aid
 Salvage
HAZARD RECOGNITION/ANALYSIS
 1. List down Fuel Supply, form, shape, characteristics
 2. List down Heat Sources & heat travel form, i.e., conduction, radiation, convection
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS INSPECTION

 Accessibility & proper location
 Inspection Tag (last recharge & inspection)
 Nozzle
 Corrosion & Damage
 Lock pin & seal
 Content (water level/pressure gauge/weight)
 Hose & Hose coupling
 Hydrostatic Test Validation
 Procedure to Use
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL RULES OF FIRE FIGHTING

1. Save Life
2. Locate Fire
3. Confine Fire / Enclose
4. Extinguish Fire

FIRE EVACUATION DRILL
 Twice a year (minimum)
 Evacuation Plan
 Exit
 Route
 Assembly Area
 Fire X Location
 First Aid Location
 Evacuation Procedure
 Permits
 Announced / Unannounced
 Paraphernalia
FIRE SEARCH & RESCUE

 Building Orientation  Rescue vs. Recovery
 Search Orientation  Vent-Enter-Search
 Primary & Secondary Search  Oriented Person Search
 Search Methods  Traditional Search
 Search Priorities  Search Progress
 Search Area Safety
10 COMMANDMENTS TO SAFE PRIMARY SEARCH AND RESCUE

1. Search with a partner
2. Conduct a thorough size up
3. Carry a tool and hand light
4. Use all of your PPE
5. Control the door
6. Have a plan
7. Stay in contact with a wall
8. Ensure your partner and team members know where you are
9. Monitor fire conditions
10. Remain oriented
PRIORITIZING SEARCH AREAS

 How do you determine where a search will begin?
 What areas will be searched first?
 How is time of day a factor in your search?
 What other factors are included in your decisions on where to search?
 Most severely threatened
 The largest numbers (groups)
 Remainder of fire area
 The exposed areas
ORIENTED PERSON SEARCH METHOD

 Emphasizes team search methods
 Must have a predetermined plan and this must be practiced before use
 This method is ideal for use when small rooms are involved
 Search leader remains oriented to one place in structure
 On hose or rope line
 In entry way to room
 In hallway
 Oriented persons job is to guide the searching firefighter back to them
 Searching firefighter will use traditional search methods while working inside a room
 Right hand, left hand, quick primary search sweeps.
TRADITIONAL SEARCH
 Search in teams of two.
 Remain in visual, voice, or physical contact.
 At least one team member must have a radio and be in contact with the IC.
 Maintain contact with a wall.
 Progress through structure on same wall.
 Make turns in same direction to return to the point that you entered from.
 Notify IC when search of each area is complete.
SECONDARY SEARCH
 Thorough search conducted after the situation is under control.
 Locates victims not discovered in primary.
 Completed when conditions improve but may still present hazard. IDLH?
 Slow and methodical covering all areas
 Use several teams of firefighters
 Include all areas of the building.
SEARCH PROGRESS
 “All Clear” is given once primary and secondary searches have been completed.
 Mark rooms that have been searched
 Give an example of a radio report after the primary search reveals no victims?
 What actions need to be taken upon finding a victim?
FIRE FIGHTING DRILL

 Lecture / Theory
 Preparation
 Fire Extinguishers
 Fire Hoses
 Materials for Creation of Small Fire
 Observer
 Local Fire Rep
 Other Qualified Personnel
 Actual use of firefighting equipment
 Use of Portable Fire Extinguishers
 Use of Fire Hoses
FIRE EVACUATION DRILL

1. Immediately stop what you are doing.
2. Go to designated assembly area.
3. Everybody out in 3 minutes.
4. Stay with your department and your safety marshal.
5. Go back only on the ‘ALL CLEAR’ signal of safety marshal.
ORGANIZING THE FIRE BRIGADE

 Fire Brigade - A group of employees organized and trained to respond to fire emergency in the
plant before professional help arrives.

 Size of Fire Brigade depends on:
 Size and area of the plant
 Manufacturing process
 Materials handled
 Plant location in relation to outside help
The best way to deal with fire is to prevent fire from happening.
DUTIES OF THE FIRE BRIGADE

 Fire Prevention
 Conduct fire safety inspections.
 Inspect and maintain firefighting equipment.
 Fire Control & Extinguishment

 Sound alarm/call fire department
 Direct the evacuation of personnel, important documents, equipment, etc.
 Shut off power/machinery, gas, etc.
 Extinguish fires.
 Move motor vehicles away from plant.
 Conduct salvage operations.
 Take steps to prevent recurrence.
DELIVERING TOOLBOX TALKS OR SAFETY BRIEFINGS
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To explain why toolbox talk and safety briefing are important.
 To explain who toolbox talk and safety briefing should be delivered to.
 To provide some advice on how to prepare for toolbox talk and safety briefing.
 How to structure toolbox talk and safety briefing and what they should contain.
 To provide an advice on presentation and delivery.
DEFINITIONS
 TOOLBOX TALKS:
 Short talks that focus on a specific topic e.g. manual handling, working at heights etc.
 Allow you and your workers to explore the risks of specific health and safety issues and think
about ways to deal with them.
 Help inform inexperienced workers and provide reminders to experienced workers of correct
control measures.
 SAFETY BRIEFINGS:
 Short talk to detail the health and safety hazards and risks workers will face.
 Inform all workers of necessary control measures.
WHY TOOLBOX TALK AND SAFETY BRIEFING ARE IMPORTANT?

TOOLBOX TALKS:
 Allow you and your workers to explore the risks of specific health and safety issues and think
about ways to deal with them.
 Encourage worker engagement.
 Help support a planned series of site observations.
 Encourage health and safety to become everyone’s responsibility.

SAFETY BRIEFINGS:
 Are simple ways of sharing health and safety problems on a daily basis.
 Are essential for fostering a good health and safety culture on site.
 Encourage staff to report potential failures without fear of getting done.
PREPARING FOR YOUR TOOLBOX TALK OR SAFETY BRIEFING

Who should be present?
Toolbox talks: don’t need to be an expert but…
 Some experience of training is useful.
 Good presentation skills are essential.
 Presenter needs to be serious about health and safety and take the tt seriously.
Safety briefings: this should be the site supervisor. They need…
 Good communication skills.
 The ability to question and explain.
PREPARATION FOR YOUR TOOLBOX TALK OR SAFETY BRIEFING

 Who  Lighting
 When  Flip Charts/DVD player
 How long  Guidance/Information
 Location  Preparation Time
 Seating
TOPICS COVER BY SAFETY BRIEFING?

 Reminder about specific activities.
 Any Staff/Site changeovers.
 Check risk assessments and method statements are still relevant.
 Weather conditions.
 Ground conditions.
 Excavations.
 Existing buried and/or overhead services.
 Working at heights.
 Public safety.
 Traffic on and off site.
 Plant and machinery.
 Site Health and Safety performance.
 Any feedback/suggestions from staff.
 Capture any information on near misses or dangerous occurrences.
 Deliveries, visitors, arrival of specialist equipment, sub-contractors.
TOPICS COVER BY TOOLBOX TALK

Toolbox talk should cover specific issues that you have identified from walking around the site,
issues raised during safety briefings or those which cause the most accidents or near misses on site.
Examples:
 Manual handling  Noise induced hearing loss
 Slips and trips  Back injury
 Asbestos  Hand arm vibration syndrome
STRUCTURE AND DELIVERY OF TOOLBOX TALK

 Allow enough time at least 10-15 minutes.
 Have a beginning, middle and an end.
 Tell workers you will be asking if they have any questions as you go along.
 Tell them not to be afraid to ask.
 Do not assume you need to know all the information - draw on others’ experience.
 Do not read from a script. You will lose the interest of your audience if you do!
STRUCTURE AND DELIVERY OF SAFETY BRIEFING

 Allow enough time e.g. 10-15 minutes.
 Make sure all workers are present before you begin.
 Explain the task and hazards. Highlight safety problems, and control measures for each hazard.
 Inform workers of changes.
 Tell workers not to be afraid to ask questions. Discuss issues raised.
 Finish by asking if everyone understands.
HOW TO BEGIN TOOLBOX TALK

 Get the attention of workers quickly by showing enthusiasm and professionalism.
 Give them a reason for being there which will mean something to them.
 Give them some numbers to think about such as the number of days lost due to injury or the
number of fatalities.
 Let them know which hazards are associated with the site.
HOW TO DELIVER TOOLBOX TALK

 Know your material.
 Do not get side tracked by other topics.
 Make eye-contact.
 Involve staff using open questions.
 Summarize key points.
 Make sure your voice carries to the back of the room.
 Avoid talking like a robot.
 Do not speak too quickly or too slowly.
 If you get nervous breathe slowly and deeply.
 Keep an eye on your timings.
HOW TO FOLLOW-UP A TOOLBOX TALK

 Give out feedback sheets at the end of the sessions.
 Talk about some of the issues raised during the toolbox talk during your walkabouts.
 Focus your site observations on the specific topic presented at toolbox talk .
HOW TO DELIVERY A SAFETY BRIEFING

 First impressions count - be clear about what you want to say.
 Know your audience (e.g. do workers have English as a second language?).
 Keep it simple, straightforward and avoid jargon.
 Consider your tone!
 Be respectful - listen to your workers.
 Keep it positive - focus on what workers can do to create a healthy and safe working environment.
 Be brief!
 Pace yourself - explain and summarize.
SUMMARY
 Remember, toolbox talk and safety briefing are there to:
 Aid communication with your workers about health and safety issues.
 Highlight problems and identify solutions.
 Involve your workers.
 Check your workers know and understand the risks and control measures.
 Spend time preparing for them!
 Use the time effectively!
EMERGENCY ACTION PLANS
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To minimize the possibility of panic;
 To enable employees to leave an endangered place in the shortest practicable time; and
 To enable emergency responders to respond in the shortest practicable time.
INTRODUCTION
 Emergencies and Disasters - at office, plant facilities and home - and their associated costs can be
devastating in terms of employee casualties, business interruption, loss of assets, etc.
 Emergencies may happen in spite of preventive measures. Management can reduce frequency of
occurrence and severity of injuries or damage with correct identification and evaluation of
hazards, effective preparation/ planning, training, and implementation.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 EMERGENCY is an unforeseen event that requires an immediate action from trained personnel;
an urgent need of assistance or relief.
 DISASTER is an extremely serious state of emergency where the possibility of loss of life, severe
injury or extensive damage to property exists.
EMERGENCY ACTION PLANS

 Required by OSHS and benchmarked from best practices
 Must be in writing
 Kept in the workplace
 Available to employees
 Used to evacuate personnel from a building in an emergency.
 Medical emergency
 Fire
 Bomb threat
 Hazmat spill
 Etc.
 Evacuation plans
 Designed for the building and department
 Designate an assembly locations for each building
 Staff training
 Developed by workgroups
 Originally distributed to all plant personnel
 Placed on website [if possible]
 Designed to assist personnel in conducting a safe and effective evacuation of their building or
work area.
 Evacuation may be required for the following events:
 Fire
 Police action/civil disturbance/bomb threat
 Hazardous material
 Severe weather
 Utility outage
 Disease outbreak
 Explosion/structural collapse

 Elements:
 Procedures for reporting emergencies.
 Alarm system description.
 Evacuation policy and procedures.
 Procedures for employees who remain on site after the evacuation alarm sounds.
 Designed to assist personnel in conducting a safe and effective evacuation of their building or
work area.
 Evacuation may be required for the following events:
 Names or titles, departments and phone numbers of employees who can be contacted for
additional information or clarification of some aspect of the plan.
 List of key personnel or departments who should be contacted during off-hour emergencies.
 Element A - Procedures for reporting emergencies.
 Element B - Alarm System Description

 Type of building fire alarm system
 How to activate the alarm
 Is the alarm audible and visible
 What does it sound like
 Remote signal
 Location of fire alarm panel
 Annunciator panel
 Connection of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, System (HVAC) to the fire alarm system
 Elevators
Some buildings do not have a fire alarm system.

 Indicated in the EAP.
 If there is no fire alarm system in the work area, then immediately and aggressively advise the
persons of the emergency.
 Be clear, direct, distinct and effective in your communication.(Do not scream, “Fire.”)
 Element C - Evacuation Policy and Procedures

 For a full evacuation, ERT Commander may initiate evacuation.
 In the case of an emergency situation in which responders are not immediately available, a
person who discovers the occurrence may initiate evacuation.
 Use the nearest exits.
 Occupants must not use the elevators.
 Stay at least 100 feet away from the building.
 Assemble at the location as designated in the EAP.
 Do not block exits.
Evacuation Policy and Procedures - Special Needs Persons

 May include persons who are mobility-impaired, hearing-impaired, vision-impaired,
breathing/other health issues, mental health problems, and other impairments.
 Supervisors must consistently pre-audit their department for occupants with special needs.
 In the case of an emergency and the special needs persons are able to evacuate, then they
should do so immediately.
 If they are unable to evacuate using the stairs or without assistance, they should remain in
their area & immediately contact emergency responder.
 Rescue will be initiated by the ERT Commander.
 A person should remain with them to assist.
 Element E - Procedures to account for employees after evacuation
 When alarm sounds, verify that the area is completely unoccupied & doors closed.
 At the assembly area, evacuees should remain together.
 Visibly check for those present at the assembly area.
o Conduct a head count, ask other staff members.
o Check sign in sheet or other occupant list and/or
o Use cellphone or two-way radios to verify evacuation.
 Report status of evacuation to ERT Commander.
 Element F - Responsibilities for Rescue and Medical Task Procedures
 Element G - Employee Training
 To be done as per the following:
o When the plan is developed.
o When the employee is assigned initially to a job.
o When the employee’s responsibilities under the plan change.
o When the plan changes.
o When the employee is relocated to another job site.
 Review each EAP element with the employees
 Show them the following in your work area:
o Exit route assignments.(How to get out of the building using all possible exits? Show location of
exits & stairs)
o Outside assembly area.
o Fire alarm pull station, smoke detectors, automatic sprinklers, fire alarm horns/speakers and
strobes in the hallways or rooms.(if available)
 Element H - Names or titles, departments and phone numbers of employees who can be contacted for
additional information or clarification of some aspect of the plan
 See the EAP for the list of employees
o Members of the EAP Workgroup.
 Element I - List of key personnel or departments who should be contacted during off-hour emergencies.
 Use the emergency telephone numbers.
FIRE EAP
 Emergency alarms and detectors [connected to CPAB]
 Plant wide emergency alarm testing
 Provision of firefighting equipment
 Muster points
 Evacuation routes posted at strategic locations
 Emergency contacts [internal and external]
 Updated fire brigade team [24/7 to cover all shifts]
 Evacuation and fire fighting drills
 Local fire truck respond drill
MEDICAL EAP
 Provision of site clinic.
 Provision of emergency vehicle or ambulance.[fully equipped]
 Paramedic team deployment.[24/7 to cover all shifts]
 First aid and CPR training.
 MOA or MU with nearest hospital.
 Actual drill using the emergency vehicle from plant to nearest hospital.[to check driver’s ability,
vehicle capability and timing]
 Actual drill using helicopter medical evacuation.
 Monthly medical emergency drill with different scenario.[to cover all hi-po medical emergency]
EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN (EAP)
 Primary concerns:
 Check the scene.(is it safe?)
 Initial Survey
 Activate EAP/EMS
 Establish and maintain CV function.
 Secondary concern:
 Establish level CNS function.
 Treat/Prepare the victim to be transported.
PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT
 Appropriate acute care cannot be provided without a systematic assessment occurring on the
playing field first
 On-field assessment
 Determines nature of injury
 Provides information regarding direction of treatment
 Divided into primary and secondary survey
PRIMARY SURVEY
 Performed initially to establish presence of life-threatening condition.
 Airway, breathing, circulation, shock and severe bleeding.
 Used to correct life-threatening conditions.
SECONDARY SURVEY
 Life-threatening condition ruled out.
 Gather specific information about injury.
 Assess vital signs and perform more detailed evaluation of conditions that do not pose life-
threatening consequences.
THE UNCONSCIOUS WORKER

 Assume life-threatening condition.
 Note body position and location.
 Check and establish airway, breathing, circulation.(ABC)
 Assume neck and spine injury.
 Once stabilized, a secondary survey should be performed.
OPENING THE AIRWAY

 Head-tilt, chin lift method.
 Push down on the forehead and lifting the jaw moves the tongue from the back of the throat.
 Modified technique can be used when neck injury is suspected
 Modified jaw thrust maneuver
ESTABLISHING BREATHING
 Look, listen, and feel.
 Pinch nose, hold head back.
 Take deep breath, create seal around lips, and perform 2 slow breaths.
 Each breath should last 1 second.
 If breath does not go in, re-tilt and ventilate.
 If airway is obstructed, perform 5 chest thrusts to a depth of 1.5 to 2 inches. If you see an object,
sweep it out with your index finger.

ESTABLISHING CIRCULATION
 Locate carotid artery and palpate pulse while maintaining head - tilt position.
 Locate the center of the breastbone.
 Place one hand with the edge of the palm on the center of the breast bone.
 Place other hand on top with fingers parallel and directed away from athletic trainer.
 Keep elbows locked with shoulders directly above patient.
 Compress chest 1.5 - 2”.
 30 times per 2 breaths.
 For child (<8yr.) 30:2 ratio should also be used.
 Compress chest 1-1.5 inches.
 Look for movement and recheck for breathing every two minutes.
 If not present continue cycle.
OBSTRUCTED AIRWAY MANAGEMENT

 Choking is a possibility in many activities.
 Mouth pieces, broken dental work, tongue, gum, blood clots from head and facial trauma, and
vomit can obstruct the airway.
 Individual cannot breath, speak, or cough, may become cyanotic.
 The standing abdominal thrust technique with back blows can be used to clear the airway.
 Stand behind athlete with one fist against the body and other over top just above the navel.
 Provide forceful thrusts to abdomen.(up and in)
 Next perform 5 back blows just between the scapula with the patient in a bent over position.
 Repeat these steps until the obstruction is clear.
 If worker becomes unconscious, open airway and attempt to ventilate.
 If airway still obstructed, re-tilt and re-ventilate.
 If no ventilation, perform 5 chest thrusts, finger sweep to clear obstruction, and two breaths.
 Be sure not to push object in further with sweep.
 Repeat cycle until air goes in.
 When athlete begins to breathe on own, place in comfortable recovery position while lying on
their side.
 Index finger should be inserted in mouth along cheek.
 Using hooking maneuver, pull across to free impediment.
 Attempt to ventilate twice after each sweep until athlete is breathing.
AUTOMATIC EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)

 Device that evaluates heart rhythms of victims experiencing cardiac arrest.
 Can deliver electrical charge to the heart.
 Fully automated - minimal training required.
 Electrodes are placed at the left apex and right base of chest - when turned on, machine indicates
if and when defibrillation necessary.
CONDUCTING A SECONDARY SURVEY

 Once worker is deemed stable, secondary survey can begin.
 Recognizing vital signs:
 Heart rate and breathing rate
 Blood pressure  Movement
 Temperature  Presence of pain
 Skin color  Level of consciousness
 Pupils

ON-FIELD INJURY INSPECTION
 Determine injury severity and transportation from field.
 Must use logical process to adequately evaluate extent of trauma.
 Knowledge of mechanisms of injury and major signs and symptoms are critical.
 Once the mechanism has been determined, specific information can be gathered concerning the
affected area.
 Brief history
 Visual observations
 Gently palpate to aid in determining nature of injury.
 Determine extent of point tenderness, irritation and deformity.
 Decisions can be made with regard to:
 Seriousness of injury.
 Type of first aid and immobilization.
 Whether condition require immediate referral to physician for further assessment.
 Manner of transportation from injury site to hospital.
 Individual performing initial assessments should document findings of exam and actions taken.
OFF-FIELD ASSESSMENT
 Performed by Physician once worker has been removed from site of injury.
 Divided into 4 segments:
 History
 Observation
 Physical examination
 Special tests
 History
 Obtain information about injury.
 Listen to worker and how key questions are answered.
 Visual Observation
 Inspection of injured and non-injured areas.
 Look for gross deformity, swelling, skin discoloration.
 Palpation
 Assess bony and soft tissue.
 Systematic evaluation beginning with light pressure and progressing to deeper palpation.
- Beginning away from injured area.
 Special Test
 Designed for everybody region for detecting specific pathologies.
 Used to substantiate findings from other testing.
IMMEDIATE TREATMENT FOLLOWING ACUTE INJURY

 Primary goal is to limit swelling and extent of hemorrhaging.
 If controlled initially, rehabilitation time will be greatly reduced.
 Control via PRICE:
 PROTECTION
o Prevents further injury.
o Immobilization and appropriate forms of transportation will prevent further damage.
 REST
o Allows healing to begin immediately.
o Days of rest differ according to extent of injury.
o Rest should occur 72 hours before rehab begins.
 ICE (Cold Application)
o Initial treatment of acute injuries.
 Used for strains, sprains, contusions, and inflammatory conditions.
o Used to decrease pain.
o Promotes vasoconstriction.
o Lowers metabolism and tissue demand for oxygen.
o Ice should be applied for 20 min.
 Repeat every 1 - 1 1/2 hrs.
 Applied during the first 72 hrs.
 COMPRESSION
o Decreases space allowed for swelling to accumulate.
o Important adjunct to elevation and cryotherapy, and may be most important component.
o A number of means of compression can be utilized.(Ace wraps, foam cut to fit specific areas
for focal compression)
o Compression should be maintained daily and throughout the night for at least 72 hours.
 ELEVATION
o Reduces internal bleeding due to forces of gravity.
o Prevents pooling of blood and aids in drainage.
o Greater elevation = more effective reduction in swelling.
EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN

 Must be executed with techniques that will not result in additional injury
 No excuse for poor handling
 Planning is necessary and practice is essential
 Additional equipment may be required
EMERGENCY RESPONSE ORGANIZATION

CONSTRUCTION OSH PROGRAM
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To practice preparing construction OSH program in compliance to Rule 1410 of the OSHS and DO
13, series 1998 and best practices.
 To submit to DOLE-OSHC the construction OSH program duly signed by the Project Manager and
OSH Consultant, for their review and approval.
 To fully understand that construction OSH program must be strictly implemented, monitored and
sustained until project completion.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
When submitting the construction OSH Program to DOLE-OSHS for their review and approval, the
following must be incorporated:
 Three (3) copies of letter of intent;
 Name of authorized contact person with telephone numbers; and
 Three (3) copies of the Occupational Safety and Health Program. One (1) copy-Client, one (1)
copy-RO, one (1) copy-OSHS.
CONTENTS OF CONSTRUCTION OSH PROGRAM

 Name of Person who prepared the program
(please indicate if accredited by DOLE as OSH Practitioner)
 Project Description
 Specific name of project  Name of main contractor
 Location of the project  Estimated number of workers to be deployed
 Project classifications  Estimated start of execution of project
 Project owner  Estimated duration
 Company Safety Policy written on a company letterhead.
 Must be duly signed by the highest company official or the highest ranking company
representative who has over-all control of project execution.
 Management/Owner's Commitment to comply safety and health policy.
 Composition of Safety and Health Committee.(Per project)
 Must specify the proposed structure and membership of the safety and health
committee.(specify the names)
 Names of site safety and health personnel.(depending on the number of workers to be deployed
in the in the construction site)
 Specific duties and responsibilities of the Safety Officer.
 SPECIFIC PROVISIONS ON THE FOLLOWING:

 On site safety and health promotion and continuing information dissemination.
 Accident and incident investigation and reporting.
 Protection of the general public within the vicinity of the construction site.
 Environmental control.
 Guarding of hazardous machinery.
 Personal Protective Equipment.
 Handling of Hazardous substances.
 General material handling and storage procedures.
 Workers’ skills and certification.(for critical occupation)
 Provisions for transportation facilities for workers in case of emergency
 Temporary Fire Protection Facilities and equipment
 First aid and health care medicines, equipment
 Workers’ Welfare Facilities
 Minimum wage and other statutory benefits
 Proposed Hours of Work and Rest Breaks
 Construction waste disposal
 Testing and inspection of construction heavy equipment (if construction heavy equipment will
be utilized in the project per requirements of Sec. 10, D.O. No. 13)
 Disaster and Emergency Preparedness contingency plan.
 Standards Operating Procedure and Job Hazard Analysis for the following activities and other
hazardous work not outlined herein.
 Site cleaning
 Excavations
 Erection and dismantling of scaffolds and other temporary working platforms
 Temporary electrical connections/installations
 Use of scaffolds and other temporary working platforms
 Working at unprotected elevated working platforms or surfaces
 Use of power tools and equipment
 Gas and electric welding and cutting operations
 Working in confined spaces
 Use of internal combustion engines
 Handling hazardous and/or toxic chemical substances.
 Use of hand tools
 Use of mechanized lifting appliances for movement of materials.
 Use of construction heavy equipment.
 Demolition
 Installation, use and dismantling of hoist and elevators.
 Penalties/Sanctions for violations of the provisions of the OSH Program

 ATTACHMENTS
 Application Form, 3 copies
 Photocopy of Registration Forms received and approved by the concerned DOLE Regional
Office per D.O. 18-02 (require yearly renewal)/PCAB per Rule 1020 of the OSHS.(one time
Registration)
 Photocopy of Invitation to Bid/Project Contract.
 Photocopy of Certificate of Completion on required Training of all designated OSH Personnel.
o Safety Officer - Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training for Construction Site
Safety Officer.
o OH Nurse - Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training for OH Nurse (for more than 50
workers.
o First Aider - Standard First Aid Training and valid PNRC ID as First Aider.
o OH Physician - Basic Course on Occupational Medicine.
 Certificate of Inspection and Testing of Construction Heavy Organization accredited by
DOLE.(if any)
 Skills Certificate of Construction Heavy Equipment operators issued by TESDA.(if any)
 Contract with nearby hospital/clinic in lieu of the required infirmary hospital.(if any)
CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES
 To understand the safe work practices;

 To learn roles in the event of an emergency;
 To understand the importance of wearing suitable and sufficient PPEs; and
 To learn the basic site OSH rules & regulations.
GENERAL PROVISIONS
 All appropriate precautions should be taken to ensure that all workplaces are safe and without
risk of injury to the safety and health of workers;
 All appropriate precautions should be taken to protect persons present at or in the vicinity of a
construction site from all risks which may arise from such site.
 All openings and other areas likely to pose danger to workers should be clearly indicated.
 Adequate and safe means of access to and egress from all workplaces should be provided,
indicated where appropriate and maintained in a safe condition.
 A suitable housekeeping program should be established and continuously implemented on each
construction site which should include provisions for the proper storage of materials/equipment
and the removal of scrap, waste and debris at appropriate intervals.
 Loose materials which are not required for use should not be placed or allowed to accumulate
on the site so as to obstruct means of access to and egress from workplaces and passageways.
 Workplaces and passageways that are slippery owing to ice, snow, oil or other causes should be
cleaned up or strewn with sand, sawdust, ash or the like.
 Precautions against the fall of materials, persons and collapse of structures.
 Adequate precautions should be taken such as the provision of fencing, look-out men or barriers
to protect any person who might be injured by the fall of materials, or tools or equipment being
raised or lowered.
 Where necessary to prevent danger, guys, stays or supports should be used or other effective
precautions should be taken to prevent the collapse of structures or parts of structures that are
being erected, maintained, repaired, dismantled or demolished.
 All openings through which workers are liable to fall should be kept effectively covered or
fenced and indicated in the most appropriate manner.
 As far as practicable, guard-rails and toe-boards in accordance with national laws and
regulations should be provided to protect workers from falling from elevated work places.
 Adequate safety nets or safety sheets should be erected and maintained.
 Adequate safety harnesses should be provided and used.
PREVENTION OF UNAUTHORISED ENTRY

 Construction sites in built-up areas and alongside vehicular and pedestrian traffic routes should
be fenced to prevent the entry of unauthorised persons.
 Visitors should not be allowed access to construction sites unless accompanied by or authorised
by a competent person and provided with the appropriate protective equipment.
FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING

 All appropriate measures should be taken by the employer to avoid the risk of fire, control
quickly and efficiently any outbreak of fire, and bring about a quick and safe evacuation of
persons.
 Sufficient and suitable storage should be provided for flammable liquids, solids and gases.
 Secure storage areas should be provided for flammable liquids, solids and gases such as liquefied
petroleum gas cylinders, paints and other such materials in order to deter trespassers.
 Smoking should be prohibited and "No Smoking" notices be prominently displayed in all places
containing readily combustible or flammable materials.
 In confined spaces and other places in which flammable gases, vapours or dusts can cause
danger, only suitably protected electrical installations and equipment, including portable lamps,
should be used and there should be no naked flames or similar means of ignition. There should
be notices prohibiting smoking. Oily rags, waste and clothes or other substances liable to
spontaneous ignition should be removed without delay to a safe place. Adequate ventilation
should be provided.

 Combustible materials such as packing materials, sawdust, greasy/oily waste and scrap wood or
plastics should not be allowed to accumulate in workplaces but should be kept in closed metal
containers in a safe place.
 Regular inspections should be made of places where there are fire risks. These include the
vicinity of heating appliances, electrical installations and conductors, stores of flammable and
combustible materials, hot welding and cutting operations.
 Welding, flame cutting and other hot work should only be done on the orders of a competent
supervisor after appropriate precautions, as required, are taken to reduce the risk of fire.
 Places where workers are employed should, if necessary to prevent the danger of fire, be
provided as far as practicable with suitable and sufficient fire-extinguishing equipment, which
should be easily visible and accessible. An adequate water supply at ample pressure.
 Fire-extinguishing equipment should be properly maintained and inspected at suitable intervals
by a competent person. Access to fire-extinguishing equipment such as hydrants, portable
extinguishers and connections for hoses should be kept clear at all times.
 All supervisors and a sufficient number of workers should be trained in the use of fire
extinguishing equipment, so that adequate trained personnel are readily available during all
working periods.
 Where necessary to guard against danger, workers should be suitably trained in the action to be
taken in the event of fire, including the use of means of escape.
 Where appropriate, suitable visual signs should be provided to indicate clearly the direction of
escape in case of fire.
 Means of escape should be kept clear at all times. Escape routes should be frequently inspected
particularly in high structures and where access is restricted, as in tunnel workings.
 Sufficient and suitable means to give warning in case of fire should be provided where this is
necessary to prevent danger. Such warning should be clearly audible in all parts of the site
where persons are liable to work. There should be an effective evacuation plan so that all
persons are evacuated speedily without panic and accounted for and all plant and processes
shut down.
 Notices should be posted at conspicuous places indicating the nearest fire alarm and the
telephone number and address of the nearest emergency services.
LIGHTING
 Where natural lighting is not adequate to ensure safe working conditions, adequate and suitable
lighting, including portable lighting where appropriate, should be provided at every workplace
and any other place on the construction site where a worker may have to pass.
 Artificial lighting should, as far as practicable, not produce glare or disturbing shadows.
 Where necessary to prevent danger, lamps should be protected by suitable guards against
accidental breakage. The cables of portable electrical lighting equipment should be of adequate
size and characteristics for the power requirements and of adequate mechanical strength to
withstand severe conditions in construction operations.
WELFARE
 At or within reasonable access of every construction site an adequate supply of wholesome
drinking water should be provided.
 At or within reasonable access of every construction site, the following facilities should,
depending on the number of workers and the duration of the work, be provided, kept clean and
maintained sanitary:
 washing facilities or showers;
 facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of clothing; and
 accommodation for taking meals and for taking shelter during interruption of work due to
adverse weather conditions.
 Men and women workers should be provided with separate sanitary and washing facilities.
DRINKING WATER
 All drinking water should be from a source approved by the competent authority.
 Where such water is not available, the competent authority should ensure that the necessary
steps are taken to make any water to be used for drinking fit for human consumption.
 Drinking water for common use should only be stored in closed containers from which the water
should be dispensed through taps or cocks.
 If drinking water has to be transported to the worksite, the transport arrangements should be
approved by the competent authority.
 The transport tanks, storage tanks and dispensing container should be designed, used, cleaned
and disinfected at suitable intervals in a manner approved by the competent authority.
 Water that is unfit to drink should be conspicuously indicated by notices prohibiting workers
from drinking it.
 A supply of drinking water should never be connected to a supply of water that is unfit to drink.
SANITARY FACILITIES
 The scale of provision of toilet or sanitary facilities, and the construction and installation of
water flush toilets, privies, chemical closets, plumbing or other toilet fixtures should comply with
the requirements of the competent authority.
 No toilet other than a water flush toilet should be installed in any building containing sleeping,
eating or other living accommodation and should be adequately ventilated and not open directly
into occupied rooms.
 Adequate washing facilities should be provided as near as practicable to toilet facilities.
WASHING FACILITIES
 The number and standard of construction and maintenance of washing facilities should comply
with the requirements of the competent authority.
 Washing facilities should not be used for any other purpose.
 Where workers are exposed to skin contamination by poisonous, infectious or irritating
substances, or oil, grease or dust, there should be a sufficient number of appropriate washing
facilities or shower-baths supplied with hot and cold water.
CLOAKROOMS
 Cloakrooms should be provided for workers at easily accessible places and not be used for any
other purpose.
 Cloakrooms should be provided with suitable facilities for drying wet clothes and for hanging
clothing including, where necessary to avoid contamination, suitable lockers separating working
from street clothes.
 Suitable arrangements should be made for disinfecting cloakrooms and lockers in conformity
with the requirements of the competent authority.
FACILITIES FOR FOOD AND DRINK

 In appropriate cases, depending on the number of workers, the duration of the work and its
location, adequate facilities for obtaining or preparing food and drink at or near a construction
site should be provided, if not otherwise available.
SHELTERS
 Shelters should, as far as practicable, provide facilities for washing, taking meals and for drying
and storing clothing, unless such facilities are available in the vicinity.

LIVING ACCOMMODATION
 Suitable living accommodation should be made available for the workers at construction sites
which are remote from their homes, where adequate transportation between the site and their
homes or other suitable living accommodation is not available. Men and women workers should
be provided with separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
 All waste materials should be segregated.
 All Hazardous waste should be stored in the designated Hazardous waste area.
 All waste movement should be recorded.
 No disposal of chemical into drains/sewer.
ROLE OF SAFETY OFFICERS
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To understand the requirement to become a Safety officer; and
 To learn the role of Safety Officer.
DEFINITION
Safety Officer - any employee / worker trained & tasked to implement OSH programs in the
workplace in accordance with the OSHS. Synonymous to the term "Safety Man” as used in the OSHS.
OSH Personnel - refers to Physician, Nurse, Dentist, Chemist, Engineers, Safety Officer, First-Aider &
other persons engaged by the employer to provide OSH services as required by the OSHS.
OSH Practitioner - any qualified person as assessed and duly-accredited by the OSHC to practice &
render OSH services in a defined & specific scope or core competency.
OSH Consultant - any practitioner in OSH or group of persons or organizations duly-accredited by
OSHC to practice, perform &/or render consultative &/or advisory services on OSH in at least two (2)
fields of specialization.
RULE 1033: TRAINING & PERSONNEL COMPLEMENT

 Safety Officers must complete the COSH 40 hours-prescribed training course prior to their
appointment.
 At least the following number of supervisors or technical personnel shall take the required training and
shall be appointed safety man, full time or part-time depending on the number of workers employed DO
13, Series of 1998.
Duties of the Safety Officer: The duties of the safetyman are specified under Rule 1040 of OSHS. A
part-time safetyman shall be allotted at least four (4) hours per week to perform the duties as
safetyman.
 The employment of a full-time safety man may not be required if the employer enters into a
written contract with a qualified consultant or consulting organization whose duties and
responsibilities shall include the following, among others:
 to assist, advise or guide the employer in complying with the provisions of this Standards,
including the development of health and safety programs;
 to make at least a quarterly appraisal of programs and safety performance of the
establishment, including the activities of the safety committee;
 to be present during scheduled safety inspection by authorized government agents, and during
regular safety committee meetings; and

 in the performance of these activities, to be in the establishment at least six (6) hours a week.
The employment of a consultant, however, will not excuse the employer from the required
training of his supervisors or technical personnel.
QUALIFICATIONS OF A SAFETY CONSULTANT:

 A qualified safety consultant shall mean one who has been a safety and health practitioner for at
least five (5) years and has taken the necessary training prescribed by the OSHC.
 Safety practitioners with at least ten (10) years of experience in all fields of occupational safety
and health may not be required to undergo the required training provided they secure from the
OSHC a certification attesting to their competence to qualify as consultants.
 All safety consultants or consulting organization shall be accredited by the OSHC, and registered
with the Regional Office concerned.
RULE 1047-ROLE OF SAFETY OFFICERS

The principal function of the Safety Officer is to act as the employers' principal assistant and consultant in the
application of programs to remove the hazards from the workplace and to correct unsafe work practices. For
this purpose, the Safety Officer has the following duties:
 Serves as Secretary to the Health and Safety Committee. As such, he shall:
 prepare minutes of meetings;
 report status of recommendations made;
 notify members of the meetings; and
 submit to the employer a report of the activities of the committee, including recommendations made.
 Acts in an advisory capacity on all matters pertaining to health and safety for the guidance of the
employer and the workers.
 Conducts investigation of accidents as member of the Health and Safety Committee and submits his
separate report and analysis of accidents to the employer.
 Coordinates all health and safety training programs for the employees and employer.
 Conducts health and safety inspection as member of the committee.
 Maintains or helps in the maintenance of an efficient accident record system and coordinates actions
taken by supervisors to eliminate accident causes.
 Provides assistance to government agencies in the conduct of safety and health inspection, accident
investigation or any other related programs.
 For purposes of effectiveness in a workplace where full-time safety man is required, he shall report
directly to the employer.
DO 13, SERIES 1998, SECTION 7-SAFETY PERSONNEL

To ensure that a Construction Safety and Health Program is duly followed and enforced at the
construction project site, each construction project site is required to have the minimum required
Safety Personnel, as described herein:
 The General Constructor must provide for a full time officer, who shall be assigned as the general
construction safety and health officer to oversee full time the overall management of the
Construction Safety and Health Program.
 The general construction safety and health officer shall frequently monitor and inspect any health
and safety aspect of the construction work being undertaken. He shall also assist government
inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time whenever work is being
performed or during the conduct of accident investigation.
 The General Constructor must provide for additional Construction Safety and Health Officer/s in
accordance with the requirements for Safety Man/Officer of Rule 1033 (Training and Personnel
Complement), depending on the total number of personnel assigned to the construction project
site, to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the
site, under the direct supervision of the general construction safety and health officer.

 The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer for
every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective
compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction project site, in
terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance.
 Each construction subcontractor must provide for a representative, who shall have the same
qualifications as a Safety Man/Officer, to oversee the management of the Construction Safety
and Health Program for the subcontractor’s workforce and the specific area of work operations in
accordance with the requirements of Rule 1033 of the OSHS.
All safety personnel who will be employed by an employer on full-time basis should be accredited
by the OSHC of the DOLE.
EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION PROGRAM
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To recognize the benefits of workers’ compensation;
 To complete reports and help workers file claims;
 To maintain contact with employees on leave and ease their return to work; and
 To help prevent workplace accidents and keep workers’ comp costs down.
ILO: Workplace accidents and ailments are more deadly than wars, 6,300 people die every day, 1
every 15 seconds, 2.3 million per year from ailments or accidents related to their work.
ILO: Work hazards kill millions, cost billions
WORK CONTINGENCY PREVENTION is not a 100% guarantee against work-connected sickness,

injury or death that is why there is the EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION PROGRAM.
THE EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION PROGRAM

Designed to provide employees and their families with income benefits, medical, and other benefits
in the event of work-connected sickness, injury or death.
 Enjoyed only by those with Employee- Employer relationship.
 Coverage/entitlement to benefits begin on the first day of employment.
 Benefits are in addition to SSS and PhilHealth benefits.
THE BENEFITS OF EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION PROGRAM

 Employees’ compensation is good for our company and our employees
 It ensures prompt and proper care for work-related injuries and illness
 It provides income while workers recover and eases their return to work
 Loss of Income Benefit
 Medical Benefits
 Carer’s Allowance
 Death Benefits
 Rehabilitation Services
COMPENSABLE OR WORK-RELATED ILLNESS

 Not all diseases are compensable.
 Only diseases caused by work or the working environment are compensable.
 List of 32 Occupational Diseases with specific conditions set.
 Conditions or risk factors on the job must be present for the disease to be compensable.

 Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish causal
connection with the nature of his work or the working environment “Increased Risk Theory” but
not for pre-existing disease.
COMPENSABLE OR WORK-RELATED INJURIES

For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the injury must be the result
of an accident arising out of or in the course of employment.
SEVEN INSTANCES WHERE INJURY CAN BE COMPENSABLE:

1. Happened at the workplace
2. Happened while performing official function
3. Outside of workplace but performing an order of his employer
4. When going to or coming from work
5. While ministering to personal comfort
6. While in a company shuttle bus
7. During a company sponsored activity
EXCEPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
 Intoxication
 Notorious negligence
 Willful intent to injure oneself or another
LOSS OF INCOME BENEFIT

 Under the ECP, it is not the illness or injury that is compensated.
 It is the incapacity to work (DISABILITY) as a result of the illness or injury.
TYPE OF DISABILITY
 Temporary Total Disability (TTD)
 Permanent Total Disability (PTD)
 Permanent Partial Disability (PPD)
DAILY INCOME BENEFIT FOR TTD

 for disabilities not exceeding 120 days
 paid from the first day of disability
 may go beyond 120 days but not to exceed 240 days
 P200/day
MONTHLY INCOME BENEFIT FOR PTD

For disability that is permanent and total which includes, but not limited to:
 Complete loss of sight of both eyes
 Loss of two limbs or complete paralysis of two limbs
 Brain injury resulting to imbecility or insanity
MONTHLY INCOME BENEFIT FOR PTD

Guaranteed for life if disability remains until death of the worker, but may be suspended due to the
following:
 failure to present for examination
 failure to submit quarterly medical report
 complete or full recovery
 upon being gainfully employed
PERMANENT PARTIAL DISABILITY

 Loss of the use of a body part including function loss
 Lump sum or monthly pension for PPD per ECC schedule
MONTHLY INCOME BENEFIT FOR PERMANENT LOSS OF THE USE OF BODY PART OR PERMANENT
PARTIAL DISABILITY (PPD)
MEDICAL BENEFITS
 Ward services for hospital confinement
 Surgical expense benefit
 Reimbursement of cost of medicines
CARER’S ALLOWANCE
 Granted to employee who got permanently and totally disabled and has difficulty taking care of
basic personal needs
 P575/month allowance for both private and public sector employees
DEATH BENEFITS
 Monthly Income Benefit pension to beneficiary plus 10% for each dependent child not exceeding
five
 Funeral benefit of P10,000
REHABILITATION SERVICES FOR ODW’S

 Physical Therapy
REHABILITATION APPLIANCES, E.G. HEARING AID, CRUTCHES, WHEELCHAIR, ETC.

 KAGABAY Program of ECC
 Re-skilling for re-employment
 Training for entrepreneurship
WHAT IS THE KAGABAY PROGRAM?

It is a component of the Employees’ Compensation Program (ECP) that extends Rehabilitation
services to Occupationally Disabled Workers (ODWs)
ECC-QUICK RESPONSE TEAM PROGRAM (ECC-QRTP)

The Employees’ Compensation Commission (ECC) extends assistance to private and public sector
employees or their dependents in the event of work-related sickness, injury or death. In view of this,
the ECC believes that there is a need for its presence to be felt as soon as the contingency occurs. It
is on this premise that the ECC-QRTP was created.
AVAILING OF ECP BENEFITS
 Claims for EC Benefits are filed with the System
 SSS for private sector
 GSIS for public sector
 Fill up prescribed forms and attach supporting documents such as
 Proof of job description
 medical/hospital records
AVAILMENT OF ECP BENEFITS

PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD
No claim for compensation shall be given due course unless said claim is filed with the Systems
within THREE (3) years from the time of sickness, injury, or death.
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER

 Report all injuries and illness promptly
 Help workers file claims
 Maintain contact with workers on leave
 Help make the transition back to work
 Help reduce claims and keep down costs by promoting safety and preventing accidents
OSH RE-ENTRY OSH PLANNING AND SCHEDULING
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To learn the different aspects of planning.
 To practice preparing a re-entry OSH plan in-order to comply or bridge the gap of compliance to
OSHS.
 To practice preparing OSH plan to rectify all hazards, concerns and problems being discovered
during walk around, safety observation, inspection, audit, JHA, HIRADC and WEA.
 To learn how to monitor the progress of all actionable within the target time frame.
WHAT IS SAFETY PLANNING

 Safety Planning means utilizing the basic planning principles in safety management for optimum
control and implementation.
 The safety environment involves a lot of uncertainties and unforeseen events. With proper safety
planning we can minimize these uncertainties and gain more control.

“AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN A POUND OF CURE”
Prevention of loss can only be facilitated if we have significant information on what we are trying to
prevent, its root causes, effective counteractions and the resources required for proper
implementation.
“FOREWARNED IS FOREARMED”
In cases where prevention has failed and we have in our hands an incident or event, what will be our
controlling and rehabilitation procedures. We should be able to spring into action at a moments
notice to implement the most potent cure.
“TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE”

Time is of the essence especially when this incident involves human injuries or lives. In these events
we cannot afford to make mistakes. During these emergencies we do not have the time to think.
Emotions and pressures could easily cloud our judgement.
“ESSENCE OF PROPER PLANNING”

With proper planning we can handle these difficult situations by following a previously planned
course of action involving a series of carefully thought of sequence of activities. This is why proper
safety planning is essential in implementing safety.
THREE MAIN ASPECTS OF PLANNING

 Scheduling
Collecting information and preparing a comprehensive sequence of activities.
 Monitoring
Monitoring the progress on each activity and comparing this progress against the planned activity.
 Forecasting
Evaluating the new completion dates and if necessary devising schemes to maintain the
programme or mitigate the delay.
PREREQUISITES OF PROPER SAFETY PLANNING

 Local and International OSH Standards
 Company and Client OSH Policies
 Plant/Project OSH Requirements
 OSH Team Objectives and Function
 OSH Organization Structure
 OSH Plan
 OSH Monitors and Reports
OSH PLANNING Table Top Exercise

 Divide the participants into 4 groups. Each group will be given either a brief accident scenario or
specific workplace for inspection.
 Group brainstorming: analyze carefully the given task, identify all hazards, evaluate its risks and
recommend controls.
 Fill-up the re-entry OSH Plan form:
 Concern/Particular-Hazard
 Action Plan-Hierarchy of Controls
 Accountability-Responsible Persons
 Target Time-Target Date of Completion
 Status-Current Update
 Select your best presenter and discuss.

OSH MOTIVATION
OBJECTIVES
 To learn different strategies of safety motivation.
 To influence and improve positively the behaviour towards safety of all employees.
 To involve employees in the implementation and adherence of OSH program.
WHY MOTIVATE EMPLOYEES?

 The high cost of employee turnover.
 Maintaining the competitive edge.
 Satisfied employees keep clients happy.
 More clients to come.
 Excellent employees’ behaviour, safety culture, company records and reputation.
 More profit will be generated.
 BENEFITS OF MOTIVATION
 Commitment to best results and responsibility for actions
 Open communication between the management and workers
 Low employee turnover
 Creativity and ingenuity, especially in solving problems
 Collaboration
 Excellent customer service, both internally and externally
WHAT MOTIVATES EMPLOYEES?

 Various things motivate different person
 Challenges - employee want to use their talents, skills and knowledge
 Recognition - employee want to do something rewarding and intrinsically valuable
 Promotion - employee want to excel
 Flexibility
 Common goal
 Innovation
 Working environment
 Excellent family future
 Self esteem
 Self imposed discipline
 Lead by example
THINGS THAT DO NOT MOTIVATE

 Personal Attacks
 Conflicts
 Commotion
 Embarrassing
 Governing by Fear
 Shouldering All Responsibility
 Overworking Employees
MOTIVATION MYTHS
 Everyone is in agreement in a motivated workplace
 Motivated employees work plenty of overtime
 Employees who are motivated do not need much input from management
 A formal plan for motivating employees is unnecessary
 Money motivates best
 Retires satisfactorily
REMEMBER
What motivates you does not always motivate your staff.
MOTIVATION STRATEGIES
 Balance
 Benefits
 Communication
 Compensation
 Corporate culture
 Recognition and rewards
 Responsibility
 Teamwork
 Training and promotion
 Deterrent
 Lead by example
BALANCE
 Equal opportunity
 No favouritism
 Equal salary on same level
 Work and enjoy with your family
 All work, no play
BENEFITS
 Money is not everything!
 SSS
 Pag-Ibig
 Health insurance
 Retirement plan
 Incentives
 Bonuses
 Cooperative plan
COMMUNICATION
 It Is not just about what you have to say.
 Employees have opinions too.
 Personal communication
 Coaching for personal development
 KPI review
 Advise for weaknesses
 Group communication
 Toolbox/Shift meeting
 OSH committee meeting
 General assembly
CORPORATE CULTURE
 OSH Policy
 OSH matter is a priority
 Exhibit leadership commitment
 OSH management team directly reporting to President
 Mandatory attendance to all OSH meetings
 Health and stress management
 Keep promises, if not, apology must be given ahead
 Engaging in sport activities
 Team building and outing
 Off-the-job safety
RECOGNITION
 Verbal praise and recognition of safe work
 Pat on the back
 Express appreciation for exceptional performance
 Recognize deserving employees
 Emphasize personal gains of working safely
 Always explain why a safe practice is required
 Encourage employee on safety participation
REWARDS
 Written endorsement
 Material rewards
 Significant safe man-hour milestone, i.e., 1M man-hour
 Safe worker of the month
 Slogan contest
 Best safety suggestion
 STAR system (benchmark from Dubai Petroleum)
 Safety cross puzzle words
 Safety singing and dancing contest
 DOLE GKK
RESPONSIBILITY
 Leadership commitment
 KPI development and monitoring
 Responsibilities clearly discussed to workers and signed-off
 Delegation of work
 Empowering workers
TRAINING AND PROMOTION

 Training means professional and skills growth
 Training needs analysis
 Training program
 Safety orientation
 Specific and technical training
 Simulation and drills
 Safety Promotion
 Safety news
 Safety memos
 Bulletin boards
 Safety signage
 Storm tracker
 PAG-ASA

DETERRENT
 Stress the occurrence of previous accidents
 Highlight severity potential
 Always correct unsafe practices
 Get key employee’s to show disapproval of unsafe practices
 Always explain why an unsafe practice is unsafe
 When necessary, last resort is discipline.
 Warning of disciplinary action for unsafe work
 Discipline and punishment
LEAD BY EXAMPLE
 Management must lead by example. Remember: the higher the position of the person setting the
wrong example, the more likely it will be talked about and passed from employee to employee
 Demonstrate compliance with safety rules and regulations. Your actions and demeanor set the
stage for others. People will look to you as the example of what is expected.
 Set yourself an example in using PPE.
 Never order employees to work unsafely
 React to hazards as you would want employees to react
 Do a good job of carrying out your safety responsibilities
 Never belittle your company safety program.
STAY UPBEAT AND POSITIVE

 Laugh it up (Appropriate Humor)
 Be cooperative and approachable
 Practice open communication
 Stay calm
 Be part of the solution, not the problem
 Choose your friends
 Share good news
FINDING PERSONAL MOTIVATION

 Be proud of your work
 Practice good time-management skills
 Pat yourself on the back
 Indulge your passion, whether at work or after hours
 Take classes to indulge your creative side
 Make time for friends
 Do something totally different from your work
 Relax over the weekends
 Take a vacation
 Change your routine, get a different perspective
 Pay attention to your health
ACTIONS SPEAK LOUDER THAN WORDS

 Always come back on time from lunch.
 Respect deadlines and commitments.
 When something comes up and you cannot attend a meeting, arrange for someone else to take
your place.
 Make sure that you show up for work each day.
 Offer to assist your colleagues when you can.
 Show that you really care by remembering birthdays, taking employees out to lunch on occasion,
and regularly thanking them for a job well done.
MOTIVATING AND REWARDING EMPLOYEES EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. I found the presentation material easy to understand.
2. This advantage session increased my knowledge of the subject presented.
3. I will be able to use some of the information from this session in the future.
4. The presenter was well prepared for this Advantage session.
5. This presentation should be repeated in future semesters.
USE:
a) Strongly agree
b) Agree
c) Disagree
d) Strongly disagree
e) Don’t know
END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU FOR THIS OPPORTUNITY
 We are hoping that our professional experience, expertise, training and

achievement relevant to this COSH training will satisfy your requirements.
 We look forward to hearing from you, with a positive response. Thank you very
much for this opportunity to be a part of your training program and prestigious
firm.
Engr. Alexander B. Trillana

OSH Consultant/General Manager

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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

SALIENT FEATURES OF DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13, SERIES OF 1998 CONTENT:

 SECTION 3: DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY

 SECTION 5: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

 SECTION 6: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

No. of Workers Safety Personnel

 SECTION 8: EMERGENCY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES

51 to 200 1 full-time Registered Nurse

201 to 300 1 full-time Registered Nurse

more than 300 1 full-time Registered Nurse

 SECTION 9: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNAGES

 SECTION 10: SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT

Chairperson: Project Manager

 SECTION 12: SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION

 SECTION 13: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING

Specialized instruction and training:  Workers engaged in pile-driving

 SECTION 14: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH REPORTS

5MCSS 3 COSH MANUAL REV2

 SECTION 16: WORKER’S WELFARE FACILITIES

 SECTION 17: COST OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

 SECTION 18: EFFECTS ON OTHER ISSUANCES DEFINITION OF TERMS

 SECTION 19: VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES

 SECTION 20: EFFECTIVITY

OVERVIEW OF BEST OSH PRACTICES

MAKE SAFETY A WAY OF LIFE ON AND OFF THE JOB.

TABLE TOP EXERCISEOSH Best Practices - Preventing Accident

“Preventing Accidents Requires Team Effort”

HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT AND CONTROLS

ELIMINATION CONTROL - SAMPLES

ENGINEERING CONTROL - SAMPLES

ADMINISTRATION CONTROL - SAMPLES

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

EMERGENCY RESPONSE - SAMPLE

HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT AND CONTROLS

CONSTRUCTION RISKS PROFILE

5MCSS 9 COSH MANUAL REV2

PRE-QUALIFICATION PHASE (Short List)

BIDDING PHASE (Short List)

KICK-OFF AND MOBILIZATION PHASE (Short List)

5MCSS 10 COSH MANUAL REV2

 Brief list of proven OSH practices:

 Brief list of proven OSH practices:

ACCIDENT CAUSES AND ITS EFFECTS

5MCSS 11 COSH MANUAL REV2

What is Root Cause Analysis?

Types of Accidents Requiring an Investigation

Types of Accidents Requiring an Investigation/Incident Report to DOLE

5MCSS 12 COSH MANUAL REV2

Who Should Investigate Accidents?

2. The Supervisor  Loss of prestige by:

5MCSS 13 COSH MANUAL REV2

Accident Ratio Study

Root Cause Analysis

How Does RCA Work?

5MCSS 14 COSH MANUAL REV2

Why Determine Root Cause?

Loss Causation Model

Unsafe Acts and Conditions

5MCSS 16 COSH MANUAL REV2

DEFINITION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

KEY CONCEPTS IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

FUNCTION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES:

A. Mandatory Health Program

KEY ELEMENTS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM