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CHAPTER 13
GAS MIXTURES
PURE SUBSTANCE
A substance that has a fixed chemical
composition throughout is called a pure
substance e.g. Water, nitrogen, helium, and
carbon dioxide are all pure substances. A pure
substance, however, does not have to be of a
single chemical element or compound.
A mixture of various chemical elements or
compounds also qualifies as a pure substance
as long as the mixture is homogeneous. Air
(gaseous), for example, is a mixture of several
gases, but it is often considered to be a pure
substance because it has a uniform chemical
composition (Fig. 3–1).
However, a mixture of oil and water is not a
pure substance. Since oil is not soluble in water,
thus forms two chemically dissimilar regions.
PURE SUBSTANCE Cont.
A mixture of two or more
phases of a pure substance is
still a pure substance as long as
the chemical composition of all
phases is the same (Fig. 3–2). A
mixture of ice and liquid water,
for example, is a pure
substance because both phases
have the same chemical
composition.
PURE SUBSTANCE Cont.
A phase is identified as having a distinct molecular arrangement
that is homogeneous throughout and separated from the others by
easily identifiable boundary surfaces. The two phases of 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 in
iced water represent a good example of this.
Following equation is called the ideal-gas equation of state, or
simply the ideal-gas relation, and a gas that obeys this relation is
called an ideal gas.
𝑷𝒗 = 𝑹𝑻
where the constant of proportionality R is called the gas constant.
In above equation, P is the absolute pressure, T is the absolute
temperature, and 𝒗 is the specific volume. The gas constant R is
defined as:
PURE SUBSTANCE Cont.
𝑅𝑢 is the universal gas constant and M is the molar mass (also
called molecular weight) of the gas. The constant 𝑅𝑢 is the
same for all substances, and its value is:
PURE SUBSTANCE Cont.
When we say the molar mass of nitrogen is 28, it simply means
that 28 kg mass of nitrogen carries 1 kmol, or 28 lbm of
nitrogen carries 1 lb.mol, i.e. M = 28 kg/kmol.
COMPOSITION OF A GAS MIXTURE:
MASS AND MOLE FRACTIONS
To determine the properties of a mixture, the
composition of the mixture as well as the
properties of the individual components are
required.
There are two ways to describe the
composition of a mixture: either by specifying
the number of moles of each component,
called molar analysis, or by specifying the
mass of each component, called gravimetric
analysis.
COMPOSITION OF A GAS MIXTURE:
MASS AND MOLE FRACTIONS Cont.
Dalton’s law of
additive pressures:
The pressure of a gas
mixture is equal to the sum
of the pressures each gas
would exert if it existed
alone at the mixture
temperature and volume
(Fig. 13–5).
P-v-T BEHAVIOR OF GAS MIXTURES:
IDEAL GAS Cont.
Amagat’s law of
additive volumes:
The volume of a gas
mixture is equal to the
sum of the volumes each
gas would occupy if it
existed alone at the
mixture temperature and
pressure (Fig. 13–6).
P-v-T BEHAVIOR OF GAS MIXTURES:
IDEAL GAS Cont.