CHAPTER 03

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 TRUTH GAME
SAY, WHICH IS THE TRUTH ABOUT ME?
 I AM
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
1. I PLACE EACH WORK IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS CONTRIBUTION TO
UNDERSTANDING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM BEING STUDIED.

2. I DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP OF EACH WORK TO THE OTHERS

UNDER CONSIDERATION.

3. I IDENTIFY NEW WAYS TO INTERPRET PRIOR RESEARCH.

4. I REVEAL ANY GAPS THAT EXIST IN THE LITERATURE.

 I AM
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
1. I RESOLVE CONFLICTS AMONG SEEMINGLY CONTRADICTORY
PREVIOUS STUDIES.

2. I IDENTIFY AREAS OF PRIOR SCHOLARSHIP TO PREVENT

DUPLICATION OF EFFORT.

3. I POINT THE WAY TO FULFILLING A NEED FOR ADDITIONAL

RESEARCH.

4. I LOCATE YOUR OWN RESEARCH WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF

EXISTING LITERATURE.
LESSON ONE
Review of Related Literature
 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. An account of what has been published by other
researchers
2. Surveys of existing literature, or an overview of the
sources you have explored
3. An examination of relevant books, scholarly articles,
and other sources related to the research
4. Allows the researches to be placed in the context of
its contribution
 LITERATURE REVIEW
MORE ON REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

PURPOSE CHARACTERISTICS
01 To provide an overview of what is
known, to show the reason for
02 Must be as recent as possible
(written in the last 10 years), except
additional researches, to distinguish for theories, must be relevant to the
what researches have been made, study
to describe the relationship of works
to one another.

FUNCTIONS SOURCES
03 Helps identify gaps, provides
justifications, defines boundaries of
04 Articles in scholarly journals, laws
and constitutions, books and other
the study, gives more credibility, general reference materials, grey
prevents duplication, suggest literatures
methods, provides framework,
identify new ways of interpretation
STEPS ON LIT REVIEW
CHOOSE
YOUR TOPIC

IDENTIFY
WRITE THE DATABASES
REVIEW &
RESOURCES

READ & SEARCH &

ANALYZE REFINE
 SOURCES, WHERE?
Four types of sources

GENERAL PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY

First accessed by Sources that Written by Based on

researchers to present first-hand authors secondary
give information information describing sources,
about other written by authors another explaining other’s
sources themselves researcher’s work. work.

001 002 003 004

SOURCE SOURCE SOURCE SOURCE
 TABULATE SOURCES
TABULATING SOURCES RELATED TO THE STUDY

Title of Journal, Volume, Title of the Name of Objectives of the

Issue Number and Page Article Researchers and/ Paper
Number or Author

Delineated Factors or Locus of the Method used by Finding or

Variables used in the Study the Study Conclusion of the
Study Study
 WHAT TO REVIEW?
WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN LITERATURES OR WHAT TO WRITE IN THE REVIEW?

Content A
What has been written about the
topic? Who wrote it? When and
where?

Content B
What issues were explored? Are
there related issues to explore?
A Content D
B D What data collection was used?
How were data collected and
treated statistically?
C
Content C
What theoretical/conceptual
approaches were done?
 HOW TO WRITE REVIEW OF LIT?
THERE ARE MANY FORMS, BUT LET’S FOCUS ON THREE:

INTEGRATIVE REVIEW
“summaries of past research”
Found in dissertations proposals
and dissertations

THEORETICAL REVIEW METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW

“focuses on extant theory, related “summary of studies but also
to the problem being studied” critiques of the strengths and
Found in journal articles weakness of the method sections”
Found in dissertations and review
of literature of journal articles
 HOW TO WRITE REVIEW OF LIT?
Insert the title of your subtitle Here

CHRONOLOGICAL CONCEPTUAL THEMATIC

Follows a timeline of
development – arranged this
way to see changes
overtime and because
information are time
sensitive
Clear interrelated concepts
and how it affects the other,
supports the present
research and starts with
different claims and
arguments.
Clustered by keywords, not
required to have introduction
or synthesis, appear from
international sources then
most local, must be
connected
 I AM
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
SO, HAVE YOU FIGURED OUT WHICH IS THE
TRUTH ABOUT ME?
 WRITTEN WORK, FRIENDS!
TABULATE YOUR SOURCES THIS WAY, PLEASE!

Title of Journal, Volume, Title of the Name of Objectives of the

Issue Number and Page Article Researchers and/ Paper
Number or Author

Delineated Factors or Locus of the Method used by Finding or

Variables used in the Study the Study Conclusion of the
Study Study
THANKS!
ANY QUESTIONS?
 MISS Q & A
CAN YOU ANSWER THE QUESTIONS?
 MISS UNIVERSE 2019
1. NAME SOME ETHICAL/MORAL PRINCIPLES YOU
THINK YOU SHOULD HAVE AS RESEARCHER.

2. GIVE THREE EXAMPLES OF CASES OF

PLAGIARISM.

3. GIVE THREE TIPS IN WRITING CITATIONS.

4. WHY DO YOU NEED TO CITE YOUR SOURCES

OF DATA/INFORMATION?
LESSON TWO
Ethical Standards in Writing Literature Review
 RESEARCH ETHICS
1. Like ethics alone, used to censure, assess
recommend, or interpret laws.
2. Also fulfill the aims or goals of research.
3. Based on moral principles that govern a researcher’s
behavior in conducting experiments.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
MUST BE PRACTICED
IN CONDUCTING A
RESEARCH
 HERE’S THE TEA:
GENERAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

HONESTY AND OBJECTIVITY

Content Content
INTEGRITY
01 02

RESPECT Content ACCURACY AND

INTELLECTUAL Content
CAUTIOUSNESS
PROPERTY 06 03

Content Content
ANIMAL CARE & PROTECTION OF
CARE FOR THE 05 04 HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT SUBJECTS
 REMINDER
1. Alteration of result and misinterpretation is a
violation.
2. Keep the anonymity or confidentiality of
participants. Use codes instead.
3. Guard against bias or subjective language.
4. Citation should be done.
5. Data should be kept secret on a prescriptive
peropd (usually 5).

CONSENT FORM
1. Purpose of the study
2. Identity and affiliations of the researcher/s
3. Assurance of confidentiality of data or
information of respondents
 HERE’S THE TEA:
FRAUD IN SCIENCE OR SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT

FABRICATION FALSIFICATION
MAKING UP RESULTS AND MANIPULATING BY
REPORTING THEM CHANGING, OMITTING, OR
ADDING DATA
PLAGIARISM PHOTO MANIPULATION
OWNING SOMEONE’S WORK PUBLISHING
WITHOUT GIVING PHOTOSHOPPED IMAGES
APPROPRIATE CREDIT
GHOSTWRITING AUTHORSHIP MISCONDUCT
EMPLOYMENT OF AUTHORS WITHOUT
GHOSTWRITERS TO WRITE SUBSTANTIAL
PUBLICATIONS CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
RESEARCH
 PLAGIARISM
Using somebody’s words, images, data, ideas,
or other creations without acknowledgement or
permission and claiming them as your own.
(Wager and Wiffin, 2011)
 HERE’S SOME MORE TEA
KINDS OF PLAGIARISM

a. Citation Plagiarism – failure to cite the work of previous researchers who

had published the same results, giving the impression that the work is
original

a. Plagiarism-fabrication – copying an unrelated figure from an unrelated

publication reproducing it exactly in a new publication

a. Self-plagiarism – publishing the same results using different titles in

different journals; also occurs when one fails to cite one’s own work that
is already published
 HERE’S SOME MORE TEA
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Intellectual Property refer to the creations of the mind – inventions, design, s

ymbols, literary, artistic works, names, and images used in commerce.

Intellectual Property Rights are granted to the creators of the Intellectual Pro
perty as provided by the law.

This is guarded under the exclusive rights of intellectual properties in the Phil
ippines, the Republic Act 8293 – Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
.
USED SOMEONE’S WORK?
Cite them! Always give reference to the original researcher!

CITATION
Help readers detect and locate
the source of work
 It is when the researcher refers to
another author’s work in his paper by
mentioning the last name of the author
and the year.

Proves that the opinion is well-  When the researcher paraphrases

researched statements, when the researcher
summarizes ideas, when the
researcher is quoting what was written,
when the researcher makes reference
to ideas or theories
Acknowledges the author of an
original concept or theory  Example : Santos, 2015
presented
 USED SOMEONE’S WORK?
Cite them! Always give reference to the original researcher!

Place the author(s) and date(s) in

parentheses at an appropriate
place in or at the end of a
sentence.
01
IDEA-FOCUSED

Place only the date in parentheses.

02 RESEARCHER-FOCUSED

CHRONOLOGY-FOCUSED

Integrate both the author and date

into your sentence. 03
 USED SOMEONE’S WORK?
Cite them! Always give reference to the original researcher!

1. Researchers have studied how children represent mathematical

problems (Alibali, Philips, & Fischer, 2009; Siegler, 1976)

2. Alibali, Philips, and Fischer (2009) asked, “Did the participants adopt
the taught strategies?” (p.96).

3. In 2009, Alibali, Philips, and Fischer reported that third- and fourth-
grade students improved their problem representation when they were
taught the equalize strategy but did not improve their problem
presentation when they were taught the add-subtract strategy.
 USED SOMEONE’S WORK?
Cite them! Always give reference to the original researcher!

When citing an article with

A single author Author’s surname (Year of Publication)
(Author’s surname, Year of Publication)
Two authors Author1 and Author2 (Year of Publication)
(Author1 and Author2, Year of Publication)
Three to five authors Author1, Author2 and Author3 (Year of Publication)
(Author1, Author2 and Author3, Year of Publication)
Author1 et al.,Year or (Author1 et al., Year)
Six or more authors Author1 et al.,Year or (Author1 et al., Year)
Two or more articles cited in one parentheses (de Castro, 2013; de Guzman, 2008)
Two or more articles by the same author in the same year de Castro (2013a), de Castro (2013b)
Two or more articles by authors with the same surname (B. de Castro, 2008; C. de Castro, 2010)
Unknown author (Consumers’ attitude”, 2015)
Author is an organization World Health Organization [WHO] (2010)
MISS UNIVERSE 2019
DID YOU GET THE ANSWER?
CONGRATULATIONS!
THANKS!
ANY QUESTIONS?
 A FEW ADDITIONS
1. Trustworthiness is manifested in research if data and
information about human respondents are used only for the
purposes of the research.
2. Social and Legal responsibility- Legalities, rules, and
regulations of an institution or government must be
considered when conducting a study.
3. Openness- Although research studies are based on thorough
review of literature and brainstorming by their proponents,
researchers must still be open to constructive criticism.
 A FEW ADDITIONS
1. Reduce- The least number of animal subjects is
recommended. If casualties cannot be avoided, these should
be minimized without sacrificing the quality of research result.
2. Refine- If harm cannot be avoided, research procedures are
evaluated and refined carefully to minimize possible pain and
suffering of the animal subjects.
3. Replace- If there is a possibility of replacing animals by other
materials or other nonliving or non-biological subjects,
replacement option must be explored.
 A FEW ADDITIONS
1. Philippine Republic Act No. 8485-The purpose of this act is
to protect and promote the welfare of all animals in the
Philippines by supervising and regulating the establishment
and operations of all facilities utilized for breeding,
maintaining, keeping, treating, or training of all animals either
as objects of trade, subjects of research, or household pets.
 A FEW ADDITIONS
1. Right to voluntary participation- All human respondents
should participate in a research study out of his free will.
2. Right to informed consent- All respondents should informed
all the procedures, potential risks, and benefits that the
research would bring.
3. Right to be protected from harm- The respondents shall not
be subjected to anything that may cause them
inconvenience or physical, emotional, and psychological
harm.
 A FEW ADDITIONS
1. DATA PRIVACY ACT OF 2012
This law aims to protect individual personal information from the
information and communications systems in the government
and the private sector.
A FEW MORE
SORRY. ):
GUESS GAME
CAN YOU GUESS THE PLAGIARISM
WITH MEMES?
THANKS!
ANY QUESTIONS?
 RIDDLE ME
CAN YOU FIND THE ANSWER TO THE
RIDDLE?
 RULES OF THE GAME
PAY ATTENTION, FRIENDS.

1. Group yourselves into 10 or 11 people.

2. Pay attention to the video presented in the next slide.
3. You have five minutes to form different hypothesis,
ones you THINK will work.
4. You may utilize the whole classroom for this activity.

READY?
 RULES OF THE RIDDLE
PAY ATTENTION, FRIENDS.

1. You are wearing either a black or white hat.

2. Reminder: Each member has a unique height. You
are arranged in a straight line, from shortest to tallest.
3. You cannot speak or cue any sounds other than the
words “BLACK” or “WHITE”.
4. You cannot move in your place.
5. You can only make one mistake.
6. The aliens will start asking from the tallest.
7. The number of black or white hats vary.
8. You only have 5 MINUTES.
LESSON THREE
HYPOTHESIS
 HYPOTHESIS
1. Its’ role is to provide a tentative explanation to these
questions which serves as basis of the solutions of
the identified problems in the investigation.
2. “Logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an
educated conjecture” – Leedy & Omrod (2013)
3. Must be a well-constructed, and carefully thought out.
4. Must have a basis.
 NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS
DESCRIBED AS THE FOLLOWING

001 002 003 004 005

TESTABLE CONCEPTUAL SPECIFIC PREDICTION HAS BASIS

LY CLEAR OF
CONSEQUENC
ES
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
ACCORDING TO THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE VARIABLES

Meaning, students
01 who are good in
CORRELATION The more a student English seem to be
DEALS WITH THE is good in English, low in Math, but it
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
the less is his does not mean that
TWO VARIABLES BUT
DOES NOT IMPLY performance in math. English made them
CAUSALITY.
low in Math.

Meaning, students
02 who study more get
EFFECT The more time spent good grades
DEALS WITH THE on studying, the because they
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN better the academic invested a lot of time
TWO VARIABLES BUT performance.
IMPLIES CAUSALITY. on studying.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
ACCORDING TO THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE VARIABLES

BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS
POSITIVE (+) NEGATIVE (-)
Increase Decrease
Higher Lower
Presence Absence
More Less
Better Worse
Greater Lesser
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
ACCORDING TO THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE VARIABLES

03
DIFFERENCE There is no There is significant
SHOULD EXPLICITLY significant difference in the
STATE THE TEST
VARIABLE AND THE difference in the growth of the
GROUPING VARIABLE. math performance plants using three
THE TEST VARIABLE IS of the students different types of
WHERE THE when grouped fertilizer.
DIFFERENCE IS
OBSERVED. (LIKE THE according to
DEPENDENT VARIABLE). gender.
THE GROUPING
VARIABLE INDICATES NOTE: THE GROUPING VARIABLE SHOULD BE
THE NUMBER OF
GROUPINGS BEING NOMINAL. IF NOT, DO NOT HYPOTHESIZE BY
COMPARED. NOMINAL DIFFERENCE.
MEASUREMENT.
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
ACCORDING TO FORM

01 RESEARCH SITUATION:
NULL HYPOTHESIS The researcher would like to know the effect of
INDICATES NO
private tutoring in the academic performance of
RELATIONSHIP AMONG the students enrolling in it.
THE VARIABLES.
NO EFFECT, NOT
CORRELATED, NO NULL HYPOTHESIS:
DIFFERENCE
Private tutoring has no significant effect on the academic
performance of the students enrolling in it.
02
ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS:
HYPOTHESIS
Private tutoring has significantly affects the academic
INDICATES SIGNIFICANT
RELATIONSHIP performance of the students enrolling in it.
HAS EFFECT, IS
CORRELATED, HAS
DIFFERENCE
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
ACCORDING TO FORM

01 RESEARCH SITUATION:
NULL HYPOTHESIS A study on the relationship between average
INDICATES NO
family income and food expenditure.
RELATIONSHIP AMONG
THE VARIABLES.
NO EFFECT, NOT
NULL HYPOTHESIS:
CORRELATED, NO Average family income has no significant correlation with
DIFFERENCE
the food expenditure.
02 ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS:
ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
Average family income has significant relationship with
the food expenditure.
INDICATES SIGNIFICANT
RELATIONSHIP
HAS EFFECT, IS
CORRELATED, HAS
DIFFERENCE
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
ACCORDING TO FORM

RESEARCH SITUATION:
01 The teacher is trying to determine whether the
NULL HYPOTHESIS performance of female students is the same as the
INDICATES NO performance of the male students.
RELATIONSHIP AMONG
THE VARIABLES. NULL HYPOTHESIS:
NO EFFECT, NOT
CORRELATED, NO
There is no significant difference on the performance of
DIFFERENCE the students when compared by gender. OR
There is no significant difference between the
02 performance of female students and male students.
ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS:
HYPOTHESIS
INDICATES SIGNIFICANT There is a significant difference on the performance of
RELATIONSHIP the students when compared by gender. OR
HAS EFFECT, IS There is a significant difference between the
CORRELATED, HAS
DIFFERENCE performance of female students and male students.
HYPOTHESIZE
TRY TO MAKE YOUR OWN
HYPOTHESIS
EXERCISE
1. A study on the effect of preference and awareness
of young adults of the health benefit of green foods
in their purchase intention.
2. A group of students from grade 12 is conducting a
study regarding the preference of students to watch
a series of a particular TV network. They are
claiming that 70% of the students prefer to watch
the TV series.
3. A researcher is conducting a study regarding
athletes. The researcher wanted to determine the
relationships of number of hours of practice and the
GWA of the players to their number of winnings.