Kinematics 1D

LECTURE 2

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Kinematics 1D
LECTURE 2
What is Motion and its Parameters ?
Motion An object is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with the passage of time

There are 5 basic parameters which are necessary to study a Motion

• Distance
• Displacement
• Speed
• Velocity
• Acceleration
Distance ≥ Displacement
 Speed & Velocity
100 m/s 100 m/s

Speed : 100 m/s Speed : 100 m/s

Velocity : 100 m/s (WEST) Velocity : 100 m/s (EAST)
or or
-100 ^i +100 ^i
Average Speed
The ratio of distance covered by a particle and time is called Average Speed

Place A
Place B

vavg = total distance

time

Speed is a scalar quantity

In M.K.S. = m/sec
In C.G.S.= cm/sec
Dimension [M0LT-1]
Instantaneous Speed
When the speed of an object is constantly changing, the instantaneous
speed is the speed of an object at a particular moment (instant) in time.

Place A
Place B

vinst = dx
dt
Speed is a scalar quantity
In M.K.S. = m/sec
In C.G.S.= cm/sec
Dimension [M0LT-1]
Average Velocity
It is the ratio of total displacement to the total time taken.

Place A
Place B
x1 , t1

x2 , t2

=
t2 – t1

=
Δt
Average Acceleration
It is defined as the ratio of the change in velocity to the time interval.

Place A Place B Place C

v1 t 1 v2 t 2
0 1m/s 2m/s 3m/s 4m/s 5m/s 6m/s 7m/s 8m/s 9m/s 10m/s 11m/s 12m/s

change in velocity
Average Acceleration =
time interval
Instantaneous Acceleration
It is the Rate of change of velocity

● A Vector quantity
● unit is m/s2 in SI system

Place A Place B

dt

v
ds
Kinematics Graphs
 Position - Time graph

s s

t t

How to find Average and Instantaneous Velocity from position-time graph ?

 Position - Time graph
Average Velocity: Slope of chord between any two points on position - time
graph gives us average velocity.

X (m)

=
B t2 – t1
x2

A
=
x1 Δt
t (s)
t1 t2
Position - Time graph

Instantaneous Slope of Tangent to position - time graph at any instant

Velocity: gives us instantaneous velocity at that instant

X (m)

= tanθ
A

θ
t (s)
 Example Displacement vs Time graph is plotted as shown. Find

I. The average velocity during the time of motion

II. The time at which instantaneous velocity is equal to be average
velocity over the first 2 seconds.

s = t2

t
 Example Displacement vs Time graph is plotted as shown. Find

I. The average velocity during the time of motion

II. The time at which instantaneous velocity is equal to be average
velocity over the first 2 seconds.

Solution:

Avg velocity =
Δs 4–0
= = 2 m/s
S
Δt 2–0

s = t2

t
 Example A particle moves in one direction. Displacement vs Time graph is
plotted as shown. Find
I. The average velocity during the time of motion
II. The time at which instantaneous velocity is equal to be average
velocity over the first 2 seconds.

Solution:

Δs 4–0
= = 2 m/s
Avg velocity = Δt 2–0
S

s = t2
 Example Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given plot

C
x
B D

A E

t
AB BC CD DE
v
a
 Example Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given plot

Solution: ● Change in Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous acceleration

● Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous velocity

C
· dt
x
B · · D AB BC CD DE
v +
A E
t a +
 Example Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given plot

● Change in Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous acceleration

Solution:
● Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous velocity

C
· dt
x
B · · D AB BC CD DE
v + +
A E
a + –
t
 Example Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given plot

● Change in Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous acceleration

Solution:
● Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous velocity

C
· dt
x
B · · D
AB BC CD DE
A E v + + –
t a + – –
 Example Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given plot

● Change in Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous acceleration

Solution:
● Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous velocity

x C dt
·
AB BC CD DE
B · · D
v + + – –
A E a + – – +
t
 Velocity - Time graph

v v

t t
Average and Instantaneous acceleration & Displacement from Velocity-time graph?
VT - Graph
Acceleration
 VT - Graph
Constant velocity
 VT - Graph
de-acceleration
Velocity - Time graph
Average Acceleration: Slope of chord between any two points on velocity -
time graph gives us average acceleration

v (m/s)

B = t –t
v2 2 1

v1 A = Δt
t (s)
t1 t2
Velocity - Time graph
Instantaneous Slope of Tangent to velocity - time graph at any instant
Acceleration: gives us instantaneous Acceleration at that instant

v (m/s) = tanθ

t (s)
Velocity - Time graph
The AREA between the curve and time axis represents the
Displacement:
displacement of the particle during the given time interval in
velocity time graph
v (m/s)

v2

v
v1
t (s)
t1 dt t2
Velocity - Time graph
The AREA between the curve and time axis represents the
Displacement:
displacement of the particle during the given time interval in
velocity time graph
v (m/s)

v2
 

v ⇒
v1
⇒
t (s)
t1 dt t2
Examples of Velocity- Time graph
 Example Identify the time intervals when magnitude of acceleration of
particle is maximum in velocity-time graph.
Also find the time intervals when body is retarding.

v (m/s)

250
200
150
100
50 t (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Example Identify the time intervals when magnitude of acceleration of
particle is maximum in velocity-time graph.
Also find the time intervals when body is retarding.

● Slope of tangent in v–t graph gives acceleration

Solution:
● Magnitude of acceleration is maximum from 40s to 50s

v (m/s)
250
200
150
100
50
t (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
 ● Slope of tangent in v–t graph gives acceleration
Solution:
● Retardation is between 20s to 30s and between 60s to 90s
v (m/s)
250
200
150
100
50
t (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
 ● Slope of tangent in v–t graph gives acceleration
Solution:
● Retardation is between 20s to 30s and between 60s to 90s

v (m/s)
250
200
150
100
50
t (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
 Example A body is thrown up and returns back to its initial position.
Draw displacement–time , distance-time

displacement distance

time time
Example A body is thrown up and returns back to its initial position.
Draw displacement–time , distance-time

velocity speed

time time
 Example A body is thrown up and returns back to its initial position.
Draw displacement–time , distance-time , velocity–time ,
Speed-time graphs of the body.

Solution:

displacement velocity speed

distance

time time time

time
Example Find the displacement of the body from 2s to 5s from the
graph given.
v (m/s)
A. 100 m
B. 105 m
50
C. 110 m
D. 115 m
20
t (s)
0 2 5
 Example Find the displacement of the body from 2s to 5s from graph
given.
Solution:
v (m/s)
(sum of parallel sides)×(Height)
Area = B
2 50
= (20 + 50) × 3
2 A
20
Displacement = 105 m
t (s)
0 2 3 5
Example If a body is initially at x = +2m, find the position of body after 9s
from the graph shown.
v (m/s)
A. 63 m
B. 65 m
C. 67 m 10
D. 69 m

0 2 6 9 t (s)
 Example If a body is initially at x = +2m, find the position of body after 9s
from the graph shown.
v (m/s)
(sum of parallel sides)×(Height)
Solution: Area =
2
(4 + 9) × 10 65 10
=
2
Since initially body at 2 m,
0 2 6 9 t (s)
Final Position = 65 + 2 = 67 m
Example The v-t graph of a body moving along a straight line is given
below find :
I. Average velocity in whole time of motion
II. Average speed in whole time of motion
III. Find acceleration at all 4 intervals (0 to 2 , 2 to 6, 6 to 10 ,10 to 12)

v (m/s)

10

10
2 4 6 8 12 t(s)
–10
 Example The v-t graph of a body moving along a straight line is given
below find :
I. Average velocity in whole time of motion
II. Average speed in whole time of motion
III. Find acceleration at all 4 intervals (0 to 2 , 2 to 6, 6 to 10 ,10 to 12)

A
Displacement
Solution: Avg velocity =
v (m/s) Time
A
10 = Area A – Area B = 40
A 12 12
10
2 4 6 8 B 12 t(s) Area A = 1 (4 + 8) 10 = 60 m
–10 2
Area B = 1 × 10 × 4 = 20 m
2

∴Average velocity = 3.33m/s

 Example The v-t graph of a body moving along a straight line is given
below find :
I. Average velocity in whole time of motion
II. Average speed in whole time of motion
III. Find acceleration at all 4 intervals (0 to 2 , 2 to 6, 6 to 10 ,10 to 12)

Total
Solution: Avg
A speed =
distance
Total
v (m/s) time
A Area A + Area B 80
10 = = 12
A
12
10
2 4 6 8 B 12 t(s) Area A = 1 (4 + 8) 10 = 60 m
2
–10
1
Area B = × 10 × 4 = 20 m
2
20
Avg speed =
3 m/s
 Example The v-t graph of a body moving along a straight line is given
below find :
I. Average velocity in whole time of motion
II. Average speed in whole time of motion
III. Find acceleration at all 4 intervals (0 to 2 , 2 to 6, 6 to 10 ,10 to 12)

v (m/s) 10
Solution: For 0 to 2 sec: a = = 5 m/s2
2
10
For 2 to 6 sec: a = 0
10
–20
2 4 6 8 12 t(s) For 6 to 10 sec: a = = – 5 m/s2
4
–10
10
For 10 to 12 sec: a = = 5 m/s2
2
Example A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some time, after
which it decelerates at a constant rate β, to come to rest. If the
total time elapsed is t second evaluate
I. The maximum velocity reached.
II. The total distance travelled.
 Example A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some time,
after which it decelerates at a constant rate β, to come to rest.
If the total time elapsed is t second evaluate
I. The maximum velocity reached.
II. The total distance travelled.

vmax v (m/s)
Solution:
I) α = Slope of line OA =
t1
vmax A
vmax
β = Slope of line AB =
t2 α β
vmax vmax
⇒ t1 = α , t2 = β
t (s)
O t1 t2 B
t = t1 + t2 t
vmax vmax αβ
t= α + β vmax = α+β
t
 Example A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some time,
after which it decelerates at a constant rate β, to come to rest.
If the total time elapsed is t second evaluate
I. The maximum velocity reached.
II. The total distance travelled.

Solution: v (m/s)
αβ
vmax = α+β t
vmax A
II) Distance = 1 × t × vmax
2 a β
1 αβt
= 2 ×t× α+β t (s)
O t1 t2 B
t
2
αβt
Distance= 1 Total distance is given
2 α+β
by area under v-t graph
Example The v – s graph for a particle on a straight path is shown
below. Determine the speed of the particle at s = 150m.

A. 55 m/s v
B. 60 m/s
C. 65 m/s
D. 66 m/s
70

50

s
100 200
Example The v – s graph for a particle on a straight path is shown below.
Determine the acceleration of the particle at s = 150m.
A. 10 m/s2
B. 11 m/s2 v
C. 12 m/s2
D. 13 m/s2

70

50

s
100 200
 Acceleration - Time graph
How to find Change in Velocity from
Acceleration-time graph?
Acceleration - Time graph
Change in velocity: The Area between the curve and time axis represents
the change in velocity of the particle during the given time
interval in acceleration time graph

a (m/s2)

a2

a
a1
t (s)
t1 dt t2
Acceleration - Time graph
Change in velocity: The Area between the curve and time axis
represents the change in velocity of the particle during
the given time interval in acceleration time graph

a (m/s2)

a2
⇒
a ⇒
a1
t (s)
t1 dt t2
 Find the time when particle comes back to it’s initial
Example
velocity
a
A. 20 s
B. 50 s
20
C. 60 s
D. 70 s

30 40 t
A lift starts from rest. Its acceleration is plotted against time.
When it comes to rest its height, above its starting point is
A. 20 m a (ms-2)
B. 64 m 2
C. 32 m
D. 36 m 8 12
t(s)
0 4

-2
The figure shows velocity-time graph of a particle moving
along a straight line. Identify the CORRECT statement.
V (m/s)
A. The Particle starts from origin
B. The Particle crosses it initial position 10
at t=2s
C. The average speed of the particle in 0 t(s)
the time interval, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2s is zero 1 2 3
D. All of the above -10

-20
A particle moves along the curve Here x varies with time as
Where x and y are measured in metres and t in seconds.
At t=2s, the velocity of the particle (in ms -1) is
A. 2î + 6ĵ
B. 2î + 4ĵ
C. 4î + 2ĵ
D. 4î + 4ĵ
The graph describes an airplane’s acceleration during its
take-off run. The airplane’s velocity when it lifts off at t=20 s is
A. 40 ms-1 a (ms-2)
B. 50 ms-1
5
C. 90 ms-1
D. 180 ms-1 3

0
10 20 t (s)
Two identical balls are shot upward one after another at an
interval of 2s along the same vertical line with same initial
velocity of 40 ms-1. The height at which balls collide is
A. 50 m
B. 75 m
C. 100 m
D. 125 m

t=0

40 m/s

t=2
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