This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. 1
A Review on Energy Management, Operation
Control and Application Methods for Grid
Battery Energy Storage Systems
Xiangjun Li, Senior member, IEEE, Shangxing Wang
 output active and/or reactive power. Comparing other energy
Abstract—Energy storage is the key means to improving the
flexibility, economy and security of the power system. It is also
important in promoting new energy consumption and energy
Internet. Therefore, energy storage expected to support
distributed power and micro-grid, promote open sharing and
flexible trading of energy production and consumption, and
realize multi-functional coordination. In recent years, with the
rapid development of the battery energy storage industry, its
technology has shown the characteristics and trends for
large-scale integration and distributed applications with
multi-objective collaboration. As a grid-level application, energy
management systems (EMS) of battery energy storage system
(BESS) were deployed at utility control centers as an important
component of power grid management in real-time. Based on the
analysis of the development status of BESS, this paper introduced
its application scenarios such as reduction of power output
fluctuations, accordance to the output plan at renewable energy
generation side, power grid frequency adjustment, power flow
optimization at power transmission side, and distributed and
mobile energy storage system at power distribution side. The
studies and application status of BESS in recent years were
reviewed. The energy management, operation control methods,
and application scenes of large-scale BESS were also prospected
in the study.
Index Terms—battery energy storage system (BESS); new
energy integration; energy management systems (EMS);
multi-objective collaborative control; power grid ancillary service
I INTRODUCTION
B ATTERY energy storage system (BESS) is an important
method to store energy with its flexible configuration for
different application requirements without geographical
conditions. Its fast response can simultaneously input or
_____________________________________
This work was supported by State Grid Corporation of China Science and
Technology Project (DG71-18-009): Intelligent coordination control and
energy optimization management of super-large scale battery energy storage
power station based on information physics fusion.
Xiangjun Li and Shangxing Wang are with the State Key Laboratory of
Control and Operation of Renewable Energy and Storage Systems, Energy
Storage and Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power
Research Institute, Beijing, 100192, China, (corresponding author, e-mail:
lixiangjun@epri.sgcc.com.cn; li_xiangjun@126.com).
DOI: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2019.00160
systems, BESS has a relatively higher energy efficiency. The
said advantages make BESS an irreplaceable option in
centralized and distributed new energy integration, and
ancillary grid operation [1-5].
With the rapid development of the electric vehicle (EV)
industry in recent years, battery manufacturing and
application-related technologies have made great progress.
Battery life and cost issues have further improved, making
battery storage the most popular and fastest-growing type of
energy storage technology [6, 7].
Nowadays, the application scale and scenarios of BESS is
larger, and more diverse. The emergence of a 100-megawatt
BESS plays a positive role in the large-scale integration of this
new energy along with the safe and stable operation of the
power grid. Distributed and mobile energy storage is also a
rapidly developing technology in the field of distribution
network smart management of renewable energy power
resource, and intelligent transportation. With its rapid
development and improvement, energy storage systems with
large-scale integration and distributed applications is expected
to have multiple application modes and diverse applications.
Ensuring the positive role of centralized or distributed BESS in
the new energy integration support and grid safety control,
achieving multiple objectives, multi-level collaborative
optimization control and efficient operation is an important
goal for the future development of BESS.
This paper reviews the research results and development
status of BESS on the power supply side, grid side and power
distribution side. A forecast of the key technologies,
application prospects, and operation modes of BESS is
included in this study. This paper is organized as follows.
Section II presents the overview of BESS monitoring and
applications. Section III presents the BESS in the power supply
side. Section IV describes the BESS in the power grid side.
Applications of BESS in the power distribution side are
discussed in Section V. Section VI is the conclusions and future
directions for grid BESS.
II OVERVIEW OF BESS MONITORING AND APPLICATIONS
Lithium-ion, lead-carbon, sodium-sulfur, and redox-flow
batteries are the main battery technologies that are used for
energy storage. With the continuous release of support
policies and improvements of the manufacturing processes,
the energy storage battery technology has developed rapidly.
CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 1, MARCH 2015

Its key technical indicators, such as battery safety, cycle life, (China)
and energy density, have greatly improved. On the other hand,
the application costs have dropped significantly. With this, Henan grid-side Lithium-ion
1) Peak regulation; 2)
the scale of global energy storage applications has distributed BESS 2018.12 Battery: 100.8
Frequency and voltage
maintained its rapid growth (see Fig. 1) creating an regulation; and 3)
project (China) MW/125.8 MWh
optimistic prospect for the technology. Emergency response.
BESS have been widely used in all aspects of power
systems and have become a new focus in the development of Jiangsu Zhenjiang 1) Peak regulation; 2)
Lithium-ion
grid-side distributed Frequency and voltage
the power industry. According to the experience of global 2018.07 Battery: 101 MW/
BESS project regulation; and 3)
energy storage application, the energy storage application 202 MWh
(China) Emergency response.
scenarios can be divided into three categories and 16 kinds
according to the power supply side, the power grid side, and SDG&E Escondido Lithium-ion
the power distribution side (see Fig. 2). Participate in electricity
BESS project 2017.02 Battery, 30 MW/
market transactions
(USA) 120 MWh

1) Instruction tracking; 2)
Golmud New era Reduction of the
Lithium-ion
energy 50-MWp abandonment of PV
2016.07 Battery: 15 MW/
photovoltaic power power generation; and 3)
18 MWh
station (China) Smoothen output
fluctuations.

Lithium-ion
Virginia Beech
Battery: 31.5 Participate in the frequency
Ridge BESS project 2015.05
MW/ 12.06 regulation market
(USA)
MWh

Fig. 1. Global BESS application scale in recent years (Data West Sendai
source: CNESA)
substation Lithium-ion
frequency 2015.02 Battery: 40 MW/ Frequency regulation
regulation BESS 20 MWh
(Japan)

Primus, California 1) Smoothen output

Redox-flow
Irrigation fluctuations; 2) Stability
2012.10 battery: 25 MW/
community project support; and 3) Improve
100 MWh
(USA) power quality.

Lithium-ion
Battery: 14
MW/63 MWh;
Zhangbei Redox flow 1) Instruction tracking; 2)
Fig. 2. BESS application scenario division Wind-photovoltaic- battery: 2 MW/8 Smoothen output
storage-transmissio 2011.12 MWh; Lead-acid fluctuations; and 3)
Various engineering projects that utilized BESS
n Demonstration batteries: 2 MW/ Frequency and voltage
technology of different application scenarios and using
Project (China) 12 MWh; regulation.
different battery types are listed in Table I.
Lithium titanate
TABLE I battery: 2 MW/1
LARGE-SCALE BESS APPLICATION PROJECTS MWh

Date of 1) Smoothen output

Project name Configuration Main Function
operation fluctuation; and 2) Solve the
Aomori, Rokkasho- Sodium-sulfur
problem of low-voltage ride
1) Instruction tracking; 2) Futamata wind farm 2008.08 battery: 34 MW/
Qinghai Luneng through (LVRT) and
Lithium-ion Smoothen output (Japan) 245 MWh
Gelmud reactive power
2018.12 Battery: 50 fluctuations; and 3)
multi-energy compensation.
MW/100 MWh Frequency and voltage
complementary
regulation.
national project
AUTHOR et. al.: TITLE IS LIMITED TO 50 WORDS 3

As seen in Table I, in the presented practical engineering III BESS IN THE POWER SUPPLY SIDE
applications used Lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur, and redox-flow The application of BESS in the power supply side is mainly
batteries as components of BESS. All of which have different
divided into two categories: the combined operation of BESS
application scenarios due to their different security, energy and new energy to smoothen the output fluctuation and tracking
density, life cycle, and cost (as shown in Table II). planned output, etc., and the combined operation of BESS and
TABLE II traditional thermal power unit to improve frequency and
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT BATTERIES voltage regulation capability of traditional thermal power unit.
All A. Smooth power output fluctuation
Sodium-sulfur Vanadium Lithium-ion Lead-acid
battery battery New energy sources, such as wind power and photovoltaic
redox-flow battery
battery power, are characterized by randomness, and intermittence in
Battery cell energy
density (Wh/(kg))
150 25 70~250 50 output. Direct integration of new large-capacity energy power
generation equipment will have a great impact on the grid
Battery cell power dispatching operation and control, and can even lead to safety
100 100 1000 500
density (W/(kg))
or instability accidents. The combination of the BESS and
Energy efficiency (%) 80 70 95 75 renewable energy power generation device can convert the
Cycle life /cycle >2500 >10 000 >5000 >500 random varying output power into a relatively stable output,
which is beneficial to meet various technical requirements of
Cost ($/(kWh)) 285 570 430 110
the grid connection.
Many theoretical methods, research and analyses focused
on the applications of BESS for smoothing new energy
The positive role of BESS in new energy integration and generation. Establishing a new energy power source and BESS
grid operation control draws great attention from the worldwide combined model is the first problem that should be addressed.
power industry. According to reports, several 100-MW BESS Paper [8, 9] modeled a grid connected to a wind turbine PMSG
in China are planned to be put into production in the near integrated with BESS to analyze the performance in a real
future. The continuous development of electric vehicles and system. Paper [10] presented a model for the analysis and
intelligent transportation technology also makes a promising evaluation of the performance of NaS-based BESS. BESS
application in mobile energy storage. For such applications, capacity decision is among the main research direction of the
different integration and application modes, such as technology considering its high cost. Paper [11] estimated the
centralized, distributed, and mobile mode, will be used. A large capacity of BESS for the mitigation of wind power fluctuation
number of researchers conducted in-depth studies in the with smoothing effect in Jeju Island. Paper [12] developed a
multi-objective, multi-level operational control, and intelligent control method using wind velocity and long period power
management. The design of the monitoring system is vital to variation of the power grid to reduce the BESS capacity needed
ensure that the BESS meets the multi-time scale and to suppress fluctuation. Paper [13] established a 4-step
multi-target operation control requirements of the power grid. coordinated control technique based on ADALINE (Adaptive
A typical three-layer BESS monitoring architecture is shown in linear neuron) using a small BESS capacity. Paper [14]
Fig. 3. With this architecture, the BESS can establish proposed an intelligent wind power smoothing control using a
communication with remote regulation system, receive recurrent fuzzy neural network (RFNN). Fluctuation
scheduling commands, and perform energy management suppression is a process in need of frequent actions. Paper
according to the ESS unit information collected by the local [15-18] proposed a smoothing control method for reducing the
monitoring system widely used in the practical project [2]. output power fluctuations and regulating the battery SOC under
typical conditions. Paper [19] established a control strategy of
BESS to mitigate the fluctuation of PV station based on the
fuzzy control theory to avoid the over-discharge of BESS,
thereby decreasing the potential damage to the system. Without
scientific and reasonable state of charge (SOC) management
method, the operating life and operation effect of the battery
will be affected.
Paper [15] defined and proposed a smoothing problem based
on the power fluctuation rate as shown in Eq. (1) to (3). The
power fluctuation rates over the investigated time period were
used to evaluate the control effects of the wind and PV power in
smoothing both with and without BESS.
Fig. 3. A typical three-layer BESS monitoring architecture
CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 1, MARCH 2015

 P max  P min  (1)

T
rWPPV  f  WPPV rated WPPV 
 PWPPV T

 Phybrid
max min
 Phybrid 
T
rhybrid  f  (2)
 rated
Phybrid 
 T
W V
Rated
PWPPV   u kWP PWP _ k   u k PPV _ k
Rated PV Rated
(3)
k 1 k 1

T
where rWPPV is the original PV and WP generation power
T
fluctuation rate during the investigated time period T, rhybrid is
max
the hybrid wind/PV/BESS power fluctuation rate, PWPPV and Fig. 4. A typical EMS architecture of BESS
min
P WPPV
is the maximum and minimum power value for the
max
From the research results, BESS has a significant effect on
original PV and WP generation, respectively, Phybrid and smoothing the output fluctuations of new energy power
min
Phybrid is the maximum and minimum power value for the generation. The evaluation index of the power grid output
fluctuation is the core issue of reasonable control strategy when
hybrid wind/PV/BESS, respectively, and PWPPV
rated
is the total new energy power generation is connected to the grid. With this,
rated power of the PVGS and WPGS. The smoothing control the closed-loop control is an effective way to solve the optimal
power of BESS was then calculated based on the real-time control problems with the output fluctuation as an input
feedback control of the SOC and power fluctuation rate. variable. Presently, the assessment index of the output
Meanwhile, the rate of power change at time t, and charge and fluctuation of new energy power generation is relatively loose.
discharge power for each power conversion systems (PCS), i, Future studies in this field should involve considering the
was calculated using Eq. (4) to (7), respectively. output fluctuation as one of the constraints, combined with
PWPPV t   PWPPV t  1 (4) other grid constraints of new energy generation process such as
 WPPV t   tracking the output deviation of the power generation plan,
t
ui SOC i ini (5) studying the optimization control method of the energy storage
Pi  L
PBESS system, and developing economic and reliable operation
 u SOC 
i 1
i i control and energy management methods.
B. Output tracking and economic dispatch
u i SOD i ini (6)
Pi  L
PBESS The output of new energy power generation systems is
 u SOD 
i 1
i i generally intermittent and extremely difficult to accurately
predict. This problem is rooted on scientific and rational
SOD i  1  SOC i (7) day-ahead, within-the-day, and ultra-short time (real-time)
output plan that ensure efficient export of new energy under the
where PBESS
ini
t  is the initial power of the BESS at time t, ui is the premise of meeting the schedule and storage constraints.
start-stop status of PCS i, SOCi is the SOC of BESS unit i, SODi In the field of output tracking, current research can be
is the SOD of BESS unit i, and L is the total number of PCS. divided into three aspects: day-ahead, within-the-day and
A typical EMS architecture of BESS is shown in Fig. 4. First, ultra-short time (real-time) output tracking. Literatures using
the main-EMS calculated the power commands in real-time the day-ahead output plan proposed compensating control
based on the total power demand of BESS according to the methods of energy storage devices for new energy power
current collection status information of each transformer unit. generation to address active and reactive power plans,
The sub-EMS then allocated the transformer unit demand respectively. Good results in the peak load shifting and power
power to each PCS unit according to its status. The status flow improvement [15-18] were achieved. Within-the-day
parameters include the allowable maximum charge/discharge output plan focused on introducing the optimal performance
power of the PCS unit, and the SOC among others. The index function based on real-time electricity price, load
real-time demand power was guaranteed to prevent overcharge demand, and new energy output to achieve the additional goal
or discharge of the battery, thereby ensuring the safety and of extending the battery life while tracking the output plan [19,
reliability of the transformer unit [2]. 20]. For real-time output, reduce the day-ahead short-term
forecast error of the new energy as its control objectives [21,
22].
AUTHOR et. al.: TITLE IS LIMITED TO 50 WORDS
BESS plays an important role in improving the schedule
tracking ability and utilization of new energy power generation.
Effective coordination and integration of different time scales
in the output planning and tracking control strategies and
improvement of the instruction tracking performance of the
BESS is a research direction for further exploration in this field.
C. Frequency regulation and voltage control with power
sources
The growing installed capacity of utility-scale BESS
provides more viable solutions in revising frequency regulation
strategies and improving the stability of power systems. The
abnormalities of the system frequency profile can be regulated
and restored with the integration of BESS as it can act as an
energy buffer. As shown in Fig. 5, inertial response is crucial
for maintaining the frequency stability of power systems. It
stores kinetic energy in a rotating mass of conventional
synchronous generator (SG) which can be released to arrest the
rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) during sudden power
supply-demand imbalance [28-30]. Many virtual inertia
algorithms and virtual synchronous generator control schemes
were proposed by researchers for power electronics conversion
systems to achieve a smoother transition to a
renewable-energy-dominant system. In many cases, droop
control was incorporated in the virtual inertia control diagram.
Generally, various virtual inertial control methods for BESS
can be divided into two categories: frequency-based inertial
control (FBIC), and swing-equation-based inertial control
(SEBIC).
Fig. 5. System frequency profile during a frequency event [28]
Fig. 6. Frequency-based inertial control (FBIC)
C.1. Frequency-based inertial control (FBIC)
FBIC is a commonly used inertial control method in
commercial DGs, including BESS and wind turbines. Fig. 6
presents the block diagram of the FBIC method [31-34]. FBIC has
5
two control branch: the upper branch based on the rate of
change of frequency (ROCOF), and the lower branch designed
as a droop-control-based on frequency deviation. The “If”
block represents the threshold that determines whether the
FBIC should be enabled based on the measured system
frequency deviation. The ROCOF-based term was dominant at
the beginning of the frequency event whereas, the droop-based
term became more dominant when the system frequency is
close to its nadir. Intuitively, FBIC is more feasible for power
networks with relatively smooth frequency profile,
transmission networks or bulk power systems. For power
systems with relatively high penetration level of renewable
energy or islanded micro-grids, the enabling threshold of FBIC
could be difficult to determine.
C.2. Swing-equation-based inertial control (SEBIC)
Contrary to FBIC which is widely adopted by different kinds
of DGs, most SEBIC applications depend on BESS. Different
SEBIC methods including virtual inertia control [29], virtual
synchronous generator (VSG) [35-39], virtual synchronous
machine (VSM) [40, 41], Synchro-inverter [42], and inertia
emulator [43], incorporate the swing equation of a conventional
SG to imitate its electromechanical transient behavior by
controlling the power conversion system of BESS. Fig. 7
illustrates the control diagram of a SEBIC.
Fig. 7. The diagram of a swing-equation-based inertial control
According to Fig. 7, Eq. (8) to (9), and Papers [36] and
[44], SEBIC can be considered as an extension of a droop
controller due to its similar steady-state responses in terms of
active power. Paper [44] demonstrated the equivalence between
SEBIC and frequency-droop control in a Laplace domain,
whereas Paper [36] performed detailed theoretical simulation,
and experimental comparisons. In sum, better frequency
stability can be achieved using SEBIC method even with
heavier power oscillations. In Fig. 7, Pm and P are considered as
emulated mechanical power and electromagnetic power of an
SG, respectively. Tm and Te are the emulated mechanical and
electromagnetic torques, respectively. ω is the output
frequency of SEBIC and ωn is the system nominal frequency,
both in angular speed. Control parameters J and Dp represent
the virtual inertia constant and damping coefficient,
respectively, which can be tuned without limitations.
− = + ( − (8)
t
= −
= ≈ (9)
= ≈
CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 1, MARCH 2015
The implementation of SEBIC requires the reconstruction
of the inverter control system instead of being an add-on
controller. Similar to the operation of an SG, the “power angle”
of BESS with SEBIC is passively increased during frequency
event to release energy within BESS in a controlled manner and
realize an inertial response. The validity of SEBIC using BESS
was proven by many research papers and demonstration
projects. However, there are still many areas that are promising
for future research. A self-tuning VSM was proposed and
implemented in Paper [45] and [46] using BESS for the
dynamic frequency support of an autonomous power system.
Thus, the frequency nadir and ROCOF was minimized while
maintaining the optimal inertial and droop constants.
The introduction of the swing equation enlarges the time
constant of the active power loop (APL) of inverter systems. As
a result, slower dynamics and larger oscillations are observed in
the application of SEBIC with satisfactory frequency support.
Paper [47] proposed a bang-bang control strategy to design the
variable inertia for a PV-BESS-based VSG. The authors
demonstrated the ability of the variable inertia control strategy
to maintain the stability of power systems after faults. In [48],
the virtual inertia and droop coefficient were unified and jointly
designed using fuzzy logic. A simpler control structure for
BESS inertia control that maintained the inertia response was
introduced. Paper [49] proposed a virtual inertia design scheme
based on the model predictive control (MPC) for micro-grid
control. The energy used to accomplish the virtual inertia block
was obtained from energy storage systems. The simulation
results illustrated the advantages in terms of robustness and
frequency stabilization of the proposed MPC-based virtual
inertia in comparison to variable inertia achieved by fuzzy logic
approaches. The employment of variable inertia and droop can
greatly improve the dynamic response and tracking
performance of SEBIC. However, in the perspective of
frequency regulation of power systems, they can cause
vulnerability of inertial controller to some system frequency
dips. In this case, SEBIC may operate in low-inertia or
low-droop mode during its recovery stage or BESS ramping
stage as it cannot react to frequency dips, especially second
frequency dip, due to the uncertainty of power system
frequency events. This contradicts the original goal of
developing inertia controllers.
Currently, most SEBIC applications require BESS as the
DC power supply of inverter systems or a part thereof. Paper
[50] described a single-phase Synchro-inverter architecture for
a grid-connected roof top PV-BESS. Similar with [43] and [47],
majority of the energy used for inertial response was extracted
from BESS even with the system employed for the
implementation of virtual inertial control. Paper [51] proposed
a VSG control of a type 4 wind turbine. A dispatchable wind
power generation system was achieved using only a
minute-level BESS as an energy buffer. The wind turbine
contributed to the inertial response during certain modes. BESS
sizing design was also introduced in the paper. A novel inertial
control method based on the torque limit control (TLC) for a
permanent magnet synchronous generator-wind turbine
generator (PMSG-WTG) under variable wind speed conditions
was proposed in Paper [52]. A coordinated control strategy
between a small-scale BESS and PMSG-WTG was developed.
The TLC inertial control can be enhanced and the frequency
oscillations after the system frequency event can be eliminated
by adopting BESS. In general, a wind turbine with inherently
more kinetic energy stored within its rotor and blades can
achieve virtual inertial response by decelerating the rotor speed.
In this case, a small-scale BESS can be used to improve the
performance of the overall inertial control. However, inertial
control applications in PV systems are more reliant on BESS to
export the instant power demand.
For other implementations of virtual inertia using BESS,
Paper [53] proposed a VSG architecture using the joint
application of a battery/ultra-capacitor. The ultra-capacitor was
used to mimic the fast-varying power fluctuations introduced
by the virtual inertia while the battery provided the relatively
sustained power. Battery life can be extended by employing
Hybrid BESS (HESS) to reduce the power fluctuations of the
battery. Paper [54] expanded the usage of VSM into
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) services. An EV charger based on VSM
technology contributed to the spinning reserve and frequency
regulation of power systems. The methodology of the optimal
placement of virtual inertia in power systems was proposed in
Paper [55] and [56]. The robust and optimal virtual inertia
allocation problem was solved thus providing strategy for
building BESS service station in the future to improve modern
power system frequency response.
Aside from imitating inertial response and providing
primary frequency control, BESS is also widely applied as an
AGC unit and system reserve. Under different BESS
penetration levels, Paper [57] and [58] proposed a sizing
method for an aggregated BESS according to system level
performance tests. Paper [59] developed an optimization model
considering the regional integrated energy system with BESS.
The pay-for-performance was proposed in the regulation
market and a balance between the power trading and regulation
market revenue was provided to achieve the maximum profit.
Paper [60] proposed a cooperative frequency regulation scheme
using BESS in improving the performance of AGC units. A
successful demonstration project with a 2-MW BESS was
presented. A specific kind of BESS, LiFePO4 was used in
Paper [61]. The methodology for the economic optimization of
the parameters was proposed to achieve the lowest tender price
in the UK FFR market. Distinct from the design of virtual
inertia using BESS, the implementations of secondary and
tertiary frequency control using BESS involve more economic
and planning research. Extensive stability and dynamic
response analysis need to be investigated to obtain a satisfying
performance of BESS at the beginning of power system
frequency regulation.
In conclusion, a summary table which highlights the key
features of various applications of BESS in power system
frequency regulation is presented in Table III.
AUTHOR et. al.: TITLE IS LIMITED TO 50 WORDS 7

TABLE III safety-related devices, like relay protection, and safety-control

THE KEY FEATURES OF BESS APPLICATION FOR FREQUENCY REGULATION
devices, are added to BESS for power grid side application to
Key features Papers improve its reliability. Based on this architecture, power grid
side BESS can perform functions like frequency regulation,
FBIC  Add-on controller; [28], [31], [32], power flow optimization, emergency response, etc.
 Maintaining original [33], [34]
control structure of
BESS;
 More suitable for
transmission
networks;
 Potential instability
due to the derivative
component
SEBIC  Imitating swing Adaptive virtual
equation of an SG; inertia and droop:
 Maintaining a [45], [46], [47],
frequency response [48], [49]
model;
 Potential severe Single-phase
oscillation problem; VSG using
 Difficulty in direct BESS: Fig. 8. Typical network architecture of Jiangsu grid-side BESS
application in PV [50]
and WTGs; In 2018, a number of power grid side BESS projects in
Virtual inertia China were completed and operated. On June 16, the first phase
 Multiple achieved by
derivatives, of the 9.6 MW/9.6 MWh project of Henan 100 MW grid side
renewable DGs
including VSG, distributed BESS was successfully integrated to the grid. This
assisted by
VSM, was the first grid-side BESS in China. On December 28, the
BESS:
Synchro-inverter, [43], [44], [47], second phase of the 91.2 MW/116.2 MWh (distributed in 14
etc. [50], [51], [52] substations) was completed. At the end of 2018, Henan 100.8
MW/125.8 MWh distributed BESS completed and operated a
Frequency  BESS/HESS sizing; [53], [54], [55],
total of 84 battery storage containers. On July 18th, Jiangsu 101
regulation  V2G; [56], [57], [58],
MW/202 MWh distributed power grid side BESS project was
using  Secondary [59], [60], [61]
BESS at frequency control; officially put into operation and became the largest grid side
steady  Tertiary frequency BESS in China. This project meets the regional peak demand
state control; along with functions to provide a strong guarantee for safe and
 Optimal virtual stable operation of the grid during summer. These functions
inertia placement include emergency response, frequency regulation, and voltage
regulation among others.
IV APPLICATIONS OF BESS IN THE POWER GRID SIDE A. Frequency regulation
The application of BESS in the power grid side has higher With the rapid development of large-scale centralized and
requirements for equipment and network architecture. It is distributed BESS along with the continuous expansion of its
necessary to establish an independent communication loop to capacity, BESS directly takes part in frequency regulation
directly communicate with the PCS as BESS needs to perform thereby gradually becoming an effective mean of grid
various functions such as emergency power support. A typical frequency stability control in developed regions. Compared
network architecture of BESS in the power grid side is shown in with the power supply side BESS, the grid side BESS
Fig. 8. Different equipment information is delivered to the participates in the frequency modulation without relying on the
dispatching automation system safety zone I or II according to conventional power source or the new energy power source,
the real-time and non-real-time requirements of its control and it can participate in the grid frequency control as an
progress. The device information used for assisting decision independent entity.
making and information presentation is sent to information area
III via the horizontal isolation device. This kind of control Presently, through centralized integration into the power grid,
BESS already possessed a strong research foundation and
architecture satisfies the requirements of the grid for
application demonstration by participating in the power grid
information security while ensuring that BESS fully realizes its
frequency regulation. In relevant standard specifications
functions. Through an independent communication loop, the introduced in China, it is stipulated that BESS must have a
response time of BESS can be improved to 100 ms level. Many frequency regulation capability when connected to the power
CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 1, MARCH 2015
grid. Primary frequency regulation is often directly involved by
the PCS to ensure the response speed of the process. Therefore,
PCS must have the grid frequency acquisition capability and
the primary frequency regulation function.
Mainstream PCS primary frequency regulation currently
adopts the droop control, and sets the performance parameters
of the primary frequency regulation according to actual
operating conditions. A typical frequency regulation control
curve of the 500-kW converter of the Jiangsu power grid side
BESS is shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Typical primary frequency regulation control curve
The South Australian 100 MW/129 MWh Tesla lithium
battery energy storage project, which was put into operation on
December 1, 2017, is equipped with a frequency adjustment
function. Fig. 10 shows the system frequency and output of the
BESS in response to a grid frequency anomaly event. The
energy output of the blue curve (corresponding to the right
ordinate) reacted immediately after the red curve frequency
(corresponding to the left ordinate) fell and produced the active
power to 02:03. This demonstrated the excellent ability of the
Tesla to adjust quickly [62]. As the access scale of energy
storage systems continues to expand, the role of future energy
storage systems in the field of system frequency support also
increases. Frequency control strategy for large-scale battery
energy storage power plants is among the important future
development in the field to fully use widely distributed energy
storage devices and eventually, to propose corresponding
aggregation control methods.
Fig. 10. System frequency and BESS power output
B. Optimize network power flow distribution
With the large-scale integration of random and
intermittent renewable energy, scheduling and optimization of
active and reactive power flow for the whole network is more
difficult. Moreover, this greatly affects the transmission
capacity of new energy delivery lines. Coordination of the
output distribution of traditional power source, new energy
source and energy storage systems, along with the realization of
the optimal distribution of active and reactive power in the
whole network is of great significance for improving the
network security level and line transmission capacity.
Construction of a network power flow optimization model
with battery energy storage system is the research focus in this
field. Many literatures took the network transmission economy
as the goal, and modelled and solved different energy storage
integration systems. In [23], Dynamic active-reactive optimal
power flow (DAROPF) was adopted to cover multiple time
periods. Paper [24] proposed an online optimal active power
flow installed at feeder nodes for local BESS. Paper [25]
presented a novel multi-period optimal power flow (OPF)
algorithm for the micro-grid considering the states of charge of
BESSs and reactive power flows. Paper [26] used the optimal
power flows to develop an advanced energy management
system that achieved good economic benefits. Paper [27]
presented a BESS control method applied in wind energy
conversion system (WECS) with a diesel generator (DG),
regulating the loading of the DG to achieve a low specific fuel
consumption.
The application of large-scale energy storage systems can
significantly improve the economics of grid operation.
Combination of stability and scheduling information to achieve
multi-target network power flow optimization and improve the
stability limit of transmission lines, and system security level
may be considered by for future research.
C. Improve system angle stability level
The integration of energy storage system into the grid will
result in a series of effects on the power angle stability of the
grid. BESS changes the distribution of system power flow
through its charging and discharging process. Moreover, it uses
virtual synchronous machine technology to mechanically
couple the virtual inertia generated by the energy storage
system with other generators in the system. Studies have been
conducted on the stability of systems containing energy storage
systems in the said functions of BESS.
Battery energy storage system quickly absorbs or sends
active and reactive power according to the current state of the
system. Active and reactive power are independent from each
other and can be carried out simultaneously without disrupting
each other. Therefore, BESS can affect the power flow
distribution to a certain extent. Paper [28, 29] applied
STATCOM/BESS stabilizers in a real large-scale Chinese
power system to alleviate inter-area power oscillations. As
STATCOM/BESS can exchange both active and reactive
power with the power grid, stabilizers attached to it suppressed
AUTHOR et. al.: TITLE IS LIMITED TO 50 WORDS
power system oscillations via regulation of active and/or
reactive power. Paper [30] presented the small signal stability
of BESS used in a low-voltage islanded micro-grid for an
ohmic load case using eigenvalue sensitivity analysis.
However, the relationship between the power flow and system
stability was closely related to different operating conditions of
the system. Adaptively adjusting the control strategy of energy
storage system are among the areas in need of future research.
Energy storage systems also affects the system stability
after the introduction of virtual synchronous machine
technology. The virtual synchronous machine technology
refers to the technology of simulating the electromechanical
transient characteristics of a synchronous machine. This allows
the power source to adopt the current transformer and obtain
operation external characteristics of the synchronous machine
such as inertia, damping, frequency and voltage adjustment.
Paper [31] proposed using a storage integrated on the DC link
to synthesize extra inertia by programming the storage power
electronics controller to achieve an emulated capacitance.
Paper [32] emphasized the importance of BESS for frequency
stability in low-inertia power systems.
The impact of new energy integration process on system
power angle stability is more evident with the increasing
proportion of new energy installed capacity. Large-scale
battery energy storage devices are significant in reducing the
impact thereby improving grid capacity of new energy.
D. Peak regulation
The energy storage can flexibly perform two-way
regulation of charge and discharge according to the load
characteristics of the power grid, and has the peak-shaving
capability twice that of its own installed capacity. The BESS
participation in peak shaving is often carried out by directly
receiving the grid AGC command.
In recent years, the reaserch of large-scale electrochemical
energy storage in power system peak shaving focus on the
optimization of energy storage configuration for power grid
peaking demand. In paper [119], aiming at saving the
maximum fuel cost of the system, the optimal scheduling
model of BESS for load stabilization was established, and the
capacity allocation problem was discussed. Paper [120] takes
account of both total costs and peak-load regulation benefits of
BESS, and proposed a benefit-evaluation model for the optimal
configuration of BESS.
From the existing research, the current research on energy
storage participating in power grid peak regulation is still in its
infancy, and how to coordinate with conventional power supply
in capacity allocation and coordinated control is still a problem
in this field.
9
V APPLICATIONS OF BESS IN THE POWER DISTRIBUTION SIDE
A. Energy management for cost-saving
The ability to save electricity cost and reduce energy
consumption is the direct reason for energy storage on the user
side. Many documents proposed various BESS energy
management methods to save electricity cost for users. Paper
[33] presented the estimation method for the optimal capacity
of BESS to reduce the electric charges of common consumers.
The daily optimal charge and discharge plan of BESS which
satisfied the given constraints was established using linear
programming through the change of rated output/capacity of a
certain time. The electric charges in the highest-reduced rate
was selected. Paper [34] proposed an energy management
system to coordinate the use of PV generation and BESS in an
existing university campus. Paper [35] proposed a novel
optimization technique using Linear Programming (LP)
method to solve the optimal scheduling problem of BESS and
obtain the dual objective function of economics and
peak-shaving. Paper [36] analyzed the customer daily load
patterns to determine the optimal charging and discharging
schedule that can minimize the electrical charges through the
BESS installed.
The application of energy storage in cost-saving is relatively
mature. Future research in this field will deepen and expand
combinations of various application scenarios such as electric
vehicle charging.
B. Power supply in remote areas
In remote areas, power supply cannot be obtained from the
backbone network. Instead, it can only be acquired through the
micro-grid from power sources such as DG, wind power, and solar
power. Fully utilizing the energy storage function of BESS
maintains the stability of the micro-grid system [37, 38]. Paper
[39] presented a PI controller used as BESS in the charge and
discharge process in a micro-grid for islanded operation to achieve
frequency and voltage stability. Paper [40] advocated an effective
way of energy management in a micro-grid through a synchronous
reluctance generator (SynRG) based on wind energy conversion
system (WECS) connected to a DC bus that maintained voltage
through BESS. Paper [41] proposed a new DC output voltage
control for BESS based on the battery SOC. The proposed control
scheme was verified through computer simulations for a typical
stand-alone DC micro-grid. Paper [42] analyzed the factors that
affect the power sharing when the energy storage system is
connected in parallel to the micro-grid. A method of proportionally
distributing the power of the energy storage system was also
designed.
There are many operational control theories of energy
storage in the micro-grid, however, there are fewer large-scale
projects for demonstration operations. Nonetheless, the
micro-grid is still important for future energy storage
applications.
C. Application of distributed energy storage system
As the price of battery drops in recent years, a large
number of BESSs are connected to the grid from different
CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 1, MARCH 2015
locations. These formed a big decentralized energy network in
the power system making the traditional power system more
distributed. Managing and controlling these distributed BESSs
to ensure the safety and efficiency of the power system is a
challenging task. Along with it, new operation strategies are
needed to exploit the potential benefits of distributed ESS.
The decentralized nature of the ESS network makes its
distributed control and optimization techniques very useful for
the operation of ESSs. One of the most popular distributed
methods for ESS is ADMM (Alternating Direction Method of
Multipliers) [43, 44]. ADMM is a distributed optimization
method that divides the global optimization problem into a set
of sub-problems to obtain optimal solution for the entire system
by solving local problems by the distributed facilities. This
method can be explained as follows: Suppose that the global
optimization problem is in Eq. (10) and (11):
min + h
th
ttt + ih = c
where f(x and g(x are the decomposed (local) problems of the
global optimization problem, x and y are variables of the local
problem, and A, B and c are the parameters of the constraints. In
the ADMM, the augmented Lagrangian Lρ xtytλ of this
problem is:
thtλ = + h +λ + ih −
ih −
where λ is the Lagrangian multiplier, and ρ is the penalty
parameter. The global optimization problem can then be locally
solved locally by the following ADMM algorithm：
+h
= arg min th tλ
+h
h +h
= arg min thtλ
h P-f/Q-V droop control was realized by the consensus-based
+h +h +h
λ =λ + + ih
The stopping criterion of the algorithm is:
+h
+ ih +h
− 䁘
Many papers were published with proposed solutions for
different problems of ESSs in power systems with ADMM
techniques. In [45], dynamic optimization of the active power
dispatch with ESSs was discussed. To achieve the dynamic
optimization, ADMM was employed to develop a fully
distributed optimization algorithm for the ESSs. The optimal
placement and sizing problems of ESSs was discussed in [46].
To minimize the cost of electricity purchased from external grid
and realize the congestion management by considering the
voltage support and network losses minimization, ADMM was
used to develop a distributed algorithm to achieve the optimal
solution for the entire power system. In [47], a versatile
decentralized energy management system (d-EMS) for ESS
was developed on the basis of ADMM. The d-EMS provided
the decentralized solution to the economic dispatch problem
(EDP) to minimize the cost of the power system operation.
Paper [48] proposed a distributed model predictive control
(MPC) approach based on the ADMM to obtain a better control
performance in the power system with ESSs. Similarly, in [49],
ADMM was also integrated with MPC to achieve the optimal
management of ESSs with consideration on the stochastic
nature of renewable energy. Paper [50] also used ADMM in
stochastic programming problems to obtain the distributed
optimal solution. However, both the intermittence of renewable
energy and randomness of the energy market was considered in
the optimization. In addition, the ADMM was adopted to
control and manage the shipboard power system with ESSs in
[51].
Another important method for the control and operation of
the distributed ESS is the consensus-based method based on the
(10) consensus protocol [52]. The consensus protocol is in the
following form:
(11)
䁘 +h = 䁘 + 䁘 − 䁘 (17)
䁘
where 䁘 is the state of the 䁘 th node, is the time step, 䁘 is a
weight parameter between the 䁘th node and the th node, and 䁘
denotes the set of neighboring nodes. The state 䁘 of all vertices
h
in a graph will converge to lim = 䁘=h 䁘 as the
+ + time approaches infinity when the network is connected, and
(12) , where is the maximum eigenvalue of ,
is the weighted Laplacian of this graph and is the total number
of vertices in the graph.
Consensus-based method is a good tool to solve the control
problems in distributed systems as opposed to ADMM which is
(13) more suitable for the distributed optimization problems. Several
papers addressed distributed control problems using the
consensus-based method. For example, in [53], the distributed
(14)
method with ESSs. The voltage and frequency control by
− (15) consensus-based method in distributed power system with ESS
were discussed in [54-56]. The energy dispatch problems were
solved by the consensus-based method as well. Paper [57]
(16) proposed a distributed algorithm for coordination of flywheel
energy storage matrix system (FESMS) incorporated with wind
farm. The average consensus was employed to build a distributed
ratio consensus algorithm for FESMS dispatch problem. It is worth
noting that in many papers, the consensus-based method was
selected since it has less information exchange. This provides the
advantage of using the method in systems with limited
communication resources. In [58], for example, consensus integral
control was proposed for ESSs in micro-grids to synchronize the
SOC and power levels of batteries with limited transmission of
information. Adaptive/approximate dynamic programming (ADP)
has solved various control problems[99]–[102] in recent years. In [58],
for example, control-limited ADP has proposed to solve the
optimal charging/discharging actions for multi-type BESS.
In addition, distributed energy storage is mainly applied to the
user side in China. By 2018, the user-side energy storage capacity
AUTHOR et. al.: TITLE IS LIMITED TO 50 WORDS
of China was 319.1 MW, accounting for 47% of the total energy
storage capacity of the country. In countries like Germany,
Australia, the United States, Japan, residential electricity price and
peak-valley difference is higher than that of industry and
commerce. Policies encourage photovoltaic-ESS combination
usage to increase the proportion of PV self-use. Therefore, this
combination is the main application form. In China, electricity
price is relatively low, and energy storage configuration is mainly
used to provide peak load shifting and demand management for
industrial and commercial users to reduce the cost of electricity
consumption. Battery enterprise investment+integrated energy
service company operation is the main development model.
D. Application of V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) Technology
With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry,
the charging and discharging capacity of electric vehicles in the
distribution network and the influence of charging and
discharging process on the safe operation of the distribution
network cannot be underestimated. How to Management of the
charging and discharging process of electric vehicles in a
scientific and orderly way through intelligent distribution
network and intelligent transportation technology, and
participating as an energy storage carrier of electric vehicles to
optimize the energy management of the distribution network is
one of the important research directions of future distribution
networks [104-106].
The large-scale access of electric vehicle (EV) in the future
will affect the planning and operation of the power system. The
interaction between EVs and the power grid can realize peak
load cutting, valley filling, frequency regulation and backup.
This is important for the safe and economic operation of the
power grid and the improvement of the absorption capacity of
new energy resources. Grid constraints, battery constraints and
user demands should be considered to propose a control
strategy of distributed energy storage for EVs to realize
two-way exchange of information with the grid and
double-phase exchange with energy [107-109].
V2G technology will cover a broader application prospect
with the development of the EV industry. However, research
works in this field are still in the theoretical framework
construction and application mode exploration thereby lacking
mature technical routes and implementation methods. It is
urgent to carry out continuous and in-depth research from the
following aspects: 1) develop the real-time online monitoring
system and big data analysis ability of EVs to achieve the goals
of charging early warning, optimizing charging scheduling, and
improving charging efficiency; 2) expand the Internet
application of EVs, promote its interconnection and data
interaction, charging pile, charging service platform, power
battery traceability system, online monitoring platform, etc. to
realize the safety management of the whole life cycle of EVs
and improve its safety level; and 3) establish standards for
connectivity and data interaction among EVs, charging piles
and platforms, and promote the research and development of
relevant standards for wireless communication safety, platform
and application safety, data safety and user personal
information protection of the Internet of vehicles [110-116].
11
E. UPS+ arbitrage mode
The use of lithium battery energy storage in data center power
supply systems will become a trend. For the data center
industry, it is especially important to maximize the use of
existing space and minimize operating expenses, especially
UPS power cooling energy consumption, battery maintenance
and battery replacement service costs. Lithium batteries are the
key to solving these problems because of their excellent
performance. In addition to playing the role of emergency
power supply, UPS can also play the function of energy storage
system. It can be charged when the price is lower than the peak
price, and it can discharge at the peak high price, so as to
achieve the win-win benefit for the data center.
VI CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
This paper introduced the development of BESS applications
and monitoring technology. The application of energy storage
technology in the power system was also analyzed in detail
from the power supply side, power grid side and power
distribution side.
With the planning and construction of
large-scale/ultra-large-scale BESSs[117-118], continuous
development of different sizes and capacities distributed, and
mobile plug-and-play BESSs, battery storage system can
potentially achieve multi-target synergy in smart grid and
energy Internet systems. Aside from its application at new
energy generation and distribution side, BESS also provides a
positive effect for the power grid security, stability and
economic operation under the corresponding constraints.
Hence, future developments and applications of grid BESS
needs to focus on some of the following aspects:
1) Consideration on the safety boundary, fault early warning
and fire protection issues of different types of energy storage
systems to effectively avoid the occurrence and spread of
accidents for the entire process of production, integration,
design, installation, operation and monitoring of multi-type and
multi-specification energy storage batteries.
2) Effectively utilize methods such as big data, cloud
computing, Ubiquitous Internet/Internet of Things, artificial
intelligence, cyber physical systems, Edge computing, Parallel
System Theory, etc. to ensure safe, stable, reliable operation,
and modeling and simulation accuracy of large-scale
centralized/distributed BESS.
3) Innovatively develop system integration, energy
management, and control and operation method for large-scale
centralized/distributed BESS, considering the various
requirements of intelligent operation scheduling, safety and
stability control, life-cycle management, multi-objective
control and management, and optimal operation efficiency.
4) Develop a method to improve the technical economy of
BESS planning, layout and grid-connected operation in the
auxiliary services of the power market, and quantify and
standardize relevant indicators.
5) The energy and ancillary markets should make rules and
policy for BESS participating in the market as soon as possible,
so that the multiple values of energy storage can be measured
and rewarded.
Although a lot of work has been done on the control structure
CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 1, MARCH 2015
and strategy of large-scale BESS, the research objective was
mainly aimed at the scale of 10-MW level or less. The results
cannot effectively meet the needs of a 100-MW and GW level
ultra-large-scale grid BESS, and there is a clear lag in
theoretical research for this area. With the multi-scenario and
multi-objective application requirements of large-scale and
ultra-large-scale centralized or distributed BESS, it is urgent to
start with the control architecture and strategy of BESS, and
carry out a series of original designs and intensive research
aiming at the complexity of the information interaction network
architecture, the dynamic optimization of power and energy,
control effectiveness and stability, multi-time scale and
multi-scenario coordinated control issues.
The above research will serve as a solid foundation for
grid-connected operation and multi-scenario application of grid
BESS, increase the utilization rate of clean energy and improve
the level of power system security and stability. The authors
have great expectations for the future of BESS.
VII ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The State Key Laboratory of Control and Operation of
Renewable Energy and Storage Systems is managed and
operated by China Electric Power Research Institute. The
laboratory is now under the supervision of the State-owned
Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the
State Council. The author Xiangjun Li would like to thank
“High-end Innovation Thousand Talents Plan” Leading Talents
project of Qinghai Province, China and Prof. Xiaoxin Zhou for
the guidance until the final document, as well as the reviewers
who provided very thoughtful feedback.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Hidalgo-Leon et al., "A survey of battery energy storage system
(BESS), applications and environmental impacts in power systems," in
2nd IEEE Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting, ETCM 2017, Oct. 2017,
pp. 1-6.
[2] Xiangjun Li, Liangzhong Yao, Dong Hui. Optimal control and
management of a large-scale battery energy storage system to mitigate
fluctuation and intermittence of renewable generations. Journal of
Modern Power Systems & Clean Energy, 2016, 4(4):593-603.
[3] J. Servotte, E. Acha, and L. M. Castro, "Smart frequency control in power
transmission systems using a BESS," in 2015 IEEE Innovative Smart
Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT ASIA), 2015, pp. 1-7.
[4] H.-W. Jeong, J.-m. Cha, U. Oh, and J. Choi, "Reliability Assessment of
BESS integrated with PCS by Using Operation Data,"
IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 49, no. 27, pp. 235-237, 2016.
[5] M. T. Lawder et al., "Battery energy storage system (BESS) and battery
management system (BMS) for grid-scale applications," Proceedings of
the IEEE, vol. 102, no. 6, pp. 1014-1030, 2014.
[6] Raymond H. Byrne et al., "Energy Management and Optimization
Methods for Grid Energy Storage Systems," IEEE Access, 2018(6),
pp.13231 - 13260.
[7] Y. Guo, Y. Jiang, J. Yu, and Y. Tang, "Service life of EV batteries used in
power grid frequency regulation," in 2016 UKACC 11th International
Conference on Control (CONTROL), 2016, pp. 1-6.
[8] A. Sattar, A. Al Durra, C. Caruana, S. M. Muyeen, and J. Tamura,
"Real-time implementation of BESS to Smooth the Output Power
Fluctuation of Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator," IEEJ Journal of
Industry Applications, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 198-205, 2014.
[9] A. Sattar, A. Al Durra, C. Caruana, S. M. Muyeen, and J. Tamura, "Real
time implementation of the BESS to smoothen the output power
fluctuation of the variable speed wind turbine generator," in 15th
International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS
2012, October 21, 2012 - October 24, 2012, Sapporo, Japan, 2012, pp.
DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, ltd.; et al.; Hitachi Industrial Equipment
Systems Co., Ltd.; Hokkaido Electric Power Co., Inc.; Hokkaido Railway
Company; Honda R and D Co., Ltd.: IEEE Computer Society.
[10] M. Ding, N. Xu, and R. Bi, "Modeling of BESS for smoothing renewable
energy output fluctuations," Dianli Xitong Zidonghua/Automation of
Electric Power Systems, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 66-72, 2011.
[11] W. D. Kim, M. K. Jin, H. S. Kim, and H. E. Kim, "Determination of bess
capacity for the mitigation of wind power fluctuation in the Je Ju Island
(case study)," in 6th IASTED Asian Conference on Power and Energy
Systems, AsiaPES 2013, April 10, 2013 - April 12, 2013, Phuket,
Thailand, 2013, pp. 49-52: Acta Press.
[12] M. Kiuchi, M. Mizutani, and T. Yamada, "Study of control method for
wind power BESS capacity reduction," in International Conference on
Power Engineering, ICOPE 2015, November 30, 2015 - December 4,
2015, Yokohama, Japan, 2015, p. The Japan Society of Mechanical
Engineers: Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers.
[13] M. Jannati, S. H. Hosseinian, B. Vahidi, and G.-j. Li, "ADALINE
(ADAptive Linear NEuron)-based coordinated control for wind power
fluctuations smoothing with reduced BESS (battery energy storage
system) capacity," Energy, vol. 101, pp. 1-8, 2016.
[14] F.-J. Lin, H.-C. Chiang, J.-K. Chang, and Y.-R. Chang, "Intelligent wind
power smoothing control with BESS," IET Renewable Power Generation,
vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 398-407, 2017.
[15] X. Li, D. Hui, and X. Lai, "Battery Energy Storage Station (BESS)-Based
Smoothing Control of Photovoltaic (PV) and Wind Power Generation
Fluctuations," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp.
464-473, 2013.
[16] X. Zhang, F. Zhang, N. Gong, H. Liu, J. Liang, and L. Yang, "BESS
capacity planning based on dynamic SOC adjustment," Dianli Zidonghua
Shebei/Electric Power Automation Equipment, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 20-25,
2015.
[17] D. D. Budh and V. B. Virulkar, "Smoothing control for BESS based
hybrid renewable energy system," in 2014 IEEE Students' Conference on
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science, 2014, pp. 1-4.
[18] B. Liu et al., "Control and sizing methodology of BESS in wind farms
considering adaptive adjustment of SOC," in 2017 Chinese Automation
Congress (CAC), 2017, pp. 2738-2743.
[19] B. Liu et al., "Control strategy of BESS for smoothing fluctuation of
photovoltaic power based on fuzzy control theory," in 2017 Chinese
Automation Congress (CAC), 2017, pp. 2744-2749.
[20] B. Gundogdu, D. T. Gladwin, and D. A. Stone, "Battery SOC
management strategy for enhanced frequency response and day-ahead
energy scheduling of BESS for energy arbitrage," in 43rd Annual
Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2017,
October 29, 2017 - November 1, 2017, Beijing, China, 2017, vol.
2017-January, pp. 7635-7640.
[21] B. Lou, H. Huang, P. Chen, H. Lu, and H. Dai, "A new method for
planning of stand-alone hybrid PV/WT/BESS/diesel microgrids
considering DR based on DARTP," in 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy
Internet and Energy System Integration, EI2 2017, November 27, 2017 -
November 28, 2017, Beijing, China, 2018, vol. 2018-January, pp. 1-6.
[22] Y. Xu, T. Zhao, S. Zhao, J. Zhang, and Y. Wang, "Multi-objective
chance-constrained optimal day-ahead scheduling considering BESS
degradation," CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 4, no. 3,
pp. 316-325, 2018.
[23] T. Yang, X. Li, L. Qi, D. Hui, and X. Jia, "A schedule method of battery
energy storage system (BESS) to track day-ahead photovoltaic output
power schedule based on short-term photovoltaic power prediction," in
International Conference on Renewable Power Generation (IET RPG
2015), 2015, pp. 1-4.
[24] T. Masuta, D. Kobayashi, N. H. H. Viet, and H. Ohtake, "Annual
Evaluation of Supply-Demand with BESS Charging/Discharging
Schedule and UC Updating Based on Intraday Forecasted PV Power
Outputs," in 2018 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC),
2018, pp. 1-7.
[25] K. Uchida and Y. Ueda, "Study on SOC schedul and BESS control for
harmonized EMS in power grid with PV," in 2014 IEEE Innovative Smart
Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT ASIA), 2014, pp. 492-497.
[26] N. Li, Y. Liu, J. Wang, Y. Ji, and B. Xie, "Dynamic allocation method of
DC side power based on the SoC of battery for STATCOM/BESS,"
Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 125, pp. 141-149, 2015.
[27] Xiangjun Li, Heming Yan, "Fuzzy Logic-based Coordinated Control
Method for Multi-type Battery Energy Storage Systems," Artificial
Intelligence Review, Volume 49, Issue 2, pp 227-243, February 2018.
[28] Ziping Wu, Wenzhong Gao, Tianqi Gao, Weihang Yan, Huaguang Zhang,
Shijie Yan, and Xiao Wang, “State-of-the-art review on frequency
AUTHOR et. al.: TITLE IS LIMITED TO 50 WORDS
response of wind power plants in power systems,” Journal of Modern
Power Systems, vol. 6, no.1, pp. 1-16, Jan 2018.
[29] Ujjwol Tamrakar, Dipesh Shrestha, Manisha Maharjan, Bishnu P.
Bhattarai, Timothy M. Hansen, and Reinaldo Tonkoski, “Virtual Inertia:
Current Trends and Future Directions,” Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 7, pp.
654, Jun. 2017.
[30] W. Gao, Z. Wu, J. Wang and S. Gu, " A review of inertia and frequency
control technologies for variable speed wind turbines," 2013 25th Chinese
Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), Guiyang, 2013, pp.
2527-2533.
[31] Wang, X., Gao, W., Wang, J., et al.: “Inertial response of wind power
plants: a comparison of frequency-based inertial control and stepwise
inertial control”. North American Power Symp. (NAPS), Denver,
Colorado, 2016, pp. 1–6
[32] X. Wang, W. Gao, A. Scholbrock, E. Muljadi, V. Gevorgian, J. Wang, W.
Yan and H. Zhang, “Evaluation of different inertial control methods for
variable-speed wind turbines simulated by fatigue, aerodynamic,
structures and turbulence (FAST),” IET Renewable Power Generation,
vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 1534-1544, 2017.
[33] J. Lee, E. Muljadi, P. Srensen and Y. C. Kang, "Releasable Kinetic
Energy-Based Inertial Control of a DFIG Wind Power Plant," IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 279-288, Jan. 2016.
[34] X. Wang, W. Gao, W. Yan, J. Wang, E. Muljadi, V. Gevorgian, and A.
Scholbrock. “Evaluation of the inertial response of variable-speed wind
turbines using advanced simulation,” in Proc. 2017 IEEE Power &
Energy Society General Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2017, pp. 1-5.
[35] D. Wang, B. Zhang, D. Qiu and F. Xie, "On the Super-Lorenz Chaotic
Model for the Virtual Synchronous Generator," in IEEE Transactions on
Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 511-515, April
2018.
[36] J. Liu, Y. Miura and T. Ise, "Comparison of Dynamic Characteristics
Between Virtual Synchronous Generator and Droop Control in
Inverter-Based Distributed Generators," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3600-3611, May 2016.
[37] J. Liu, Y. Miura, H. Bevrani and T. Ise, "Enhanced Virtual Synchronous
Generator Control for Parallel Inverters in Microgrids," in IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2268-2277, Sept. 2017.
[38] H. Wu, X. Ruan, D. Yang, X. Chen, W. Zhao, Z. Lv, and Q. C. Zhang,
"Small-Signal Modeling and Parameters Design for Virtual Synchronous
Generators," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 63, no.
7, pp. 4292-4303, July 2016.
[39] B. Li, L. Zhou, X. Yu, C. Zheng and J. Liu, "Improved power decoupling
control strategy based on virtual synchronous generator," in IET Power
Electronics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 462-470, 31 3 2017.
[40] H. Beck and R. Hesse, "Virtual synchronous machine," 2007 9th
International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation,
Barcelona, 2007, pp. 1-6.
[41] Salvatore D’Arco, Jon Are Suul, Olav B. Fosso, “A Virtual Synchronous
Machine implementation for distributed control of power converters in
SmartGrids,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 122, pp. 180-197,
May 2015.
[42] Q. Zhong, P. Nguyen, Z. Ma and W. Sheng, "Self-Synchronized
Synchronverters: Inverters Without a Dedicated Synchronization Unit,"
in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 617-630,
Feb. 2014.
[43] X. Wang, M. Yue and E. Muljadi, "PV generation enhancement with a
virtual inertia emulator to provide inertial response to the grid," 2014
IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Pittsburgh,
PA, 2014, pp. 17-23.
[44] S. D'Arco and J. A. Suul, "Equivalence of Virtual Synchronous Machines
and Frequency-Droops for Converter-Based MicroGrids," in IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 394-395, Jan. 2014.
[45] M. Torres and L. Lopes, "Virtual Synchronous Generator: A Control
Strategy to Improve Dynamic Frequency Control in Autonomous Power
Systems," Energy and Power Engineering, Vol. 5 No. 2A, 2013, pp.
32-38. doi: 10.4236/epe.2013.52A005.
[46] M. A. Torres L., L. A. C. Lopes, L. A. Morán T. and J. R. Espinoza C.,
"Self-Tuning Virtual Synchronous Machine: A Control Strategy for
Energy Storage Systems to Support Dynamic Frequency Control," in
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 833-840,
Dec. 2014.
[47] J. Liu, D. Yang, W. Yao, R. Fang, H. Zhao, and B. Wang, “PV-based
virtual synchronous generator with variable inertia to enhance power
system transient stability utilizing the energy storage system,” Protection
and Control of Modern Power Systems, vol.2, no. 39, Nov. 2017.
13
[48] Rikos, E., Syed, M., Caerts, C., Rezkalla, M. M. N., Marinelli, M., & Burt,
G. M. (2017). Implementation of fuzzy logic for mitigating conflicts of
frequency containment control. Cired - Open Access Proceedings Journal,
2017(1), 1206-10. DOI: 10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0788.
[49] Kerdphol , T , Rahman, F S , Mitani , Y, Hongesombut , K & Küfeoğlu ,S,
“Virtual inertia control-based model predictive control for microgrid
frequency stabilization considering high renewable energy integration,”
SUSTAINABILITY , vol. 9 , no. 5 , 773, 2017.
[50] S. Mishra, D. Pullaguram, S. Achary Buragappu and D.
Ramasubramanian, "Single-phase synchronverter for a grid-connected
roof top photovoltaic system," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol.
10, no. 8, pp. 1187-1194, 9 2016.
[51] Y. Ma, W. Cao, L. Yang, F. (. Wang and L. M. Tolbert, "Virtual
Synchronous Generator Control of Full Converter Wind Turbines With
Short-Term Energy Storage," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 8821-8831, Nov. 2017.
[52] Z. Wu, D. W. Gao, H. Zhang, S. Yan and X. Wang, "Coordinated Control
Strategy of Battery Energy Storage System and PMSG-WTG to Enhance
System Frequency Regulation Capability," in IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1330-1343, July 2017.
[53] J. Fang, Y. Tang, H. Li and X. Li, "A Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid
Energy Storage System for Implementing the Power Management of
Virtual Synchronous Generators," in IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 2820-2824, April 2018.
[54] J. A. Suul, S. D'Arco and G. Guidi, "Virtual Synchronous Machine-Based
Control of a Single-Phase Bi-Directional Battery Charger for Providing
Vehicle-to-Grid Services," in IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 3234-3244, July-Aug. 2016.
[55] B. K. Poolla, S. Bolognani and F. Dörfler, "Optimal Placement of Virtual
Inertia in Power Grids," in IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol.
62, no. 12, pp. 6209-6220, Dec. 2017.
[56] Poolla B.K., Groß D., Borsche T., Bolognani S., Dörfler F. (2018) Virtual
Inertia Placement in Electric Power Grids. In: Meyn S., Samad T.,
Hiskens I., Stoustrup J. (eds) Energy Markets and Responsive Grids. The
IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, vol 162. Springer,
New York, NY.
[57] S. Chen, T. Zhang, H. B. Gooi, R. D. Masiello and W. Katzenstein,
"Penetration rate and effectiveness studies of aggregated BESS for
frequency regulation," 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General
Meeting (PESGM), Boston, MA, 2016, pp. 1-1.
[58] S. Chen, T. Zhang, H. B. Gooi, R. D. Masiello and W. Katzenstein,
"Penetration Rate and Effectiveness Studies of Aggregated BESS for
Frequency Regulation," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 1,
pp. 167-177, Jan. 2016.
[59] Ma, H.; Wang, B.; Gao, W.; Liu, D.; Sun, Y.; Liu, Z. Optimal
Scheduling of an Regional Integrated Energy System with Energy
Storage Systems for Service Regulation. Energies 2018, 11, 195.
[60] X. Xie, Y. Guo, B. Wang, Y. Dong, L. Mou and F. Xue, "Improving AGC
Performance of Coal-Fueled Thermal Generators Using Multi-MW Scale
BESS: A Practical Application," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol.
9, no. 3, pp. 1769-1777, May 2018.
[61] B. Lian, A. Sims, D. Yu, C. Wang and R. W. Dunn, "Optimizing LiFePO4
Battery Energy Storage Systems for Frequency Response in the UK
System," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp.
385-394, Jan. 2017
[62] Giles Parkinson. Tesla big battery outsmarts lumbering coal units after
Loy Yang trips[EB/OL].
http://reneweconomy.com.au/tesla-big-battery-outsmarts-lumbering-coal
- units-after-loy-yang-trips-70003/,2017-11-19/2018-01-30
[63] J. Chen, Y. Liu, and G. Bao, "Optimal operating strategy for distribution
networks with PV and BESS considering flexible energy storage," in
2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2016,
pp. 1-5.
[64] K. L. Dinh and Y. Hayashi, "Online optimal power flow based on
HPSO-TVAC coordinates with centralized BESS and LRT control to
stabilize voltage in a PV-supplied microgrid," in 2013 4th IEEE/PES
Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, ISGT Europe 2013, October
6, 2013 - October 9, 2013, Lyngby, Denmark, 2013: IEEE Computer
Society.
[65] T.-H. Kim, H.-S. Shin, H.-T. Kim, S.-W. Lee, and W. Kim, "A
multi-period optimal power flow algorithm for microgrid in consideration
with the state-of-charge of BESS's," in 2016 IEEE Transportation
Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific, ITEC Asia-Pacific
2016, June 1, 2016 - June 4, 2016, Busan, Korea, Republic of, 2016, pp.
635-640: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 1, NO. 1, MARCH 2015
[66] R. Martins, P. Kromer, and P. Musilek, "LP-based predictive energy
management system for residential PV/BESS," in 2017 IEEE
International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC 2017,
October 5, 2017 - October 8, 2017, Banff, AB, Canada, 2017, vol.
2017-January, pp. 3727-3732: Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers Inc.
[67] S. K. Tiwari, B. Singh, and P. K. Goel, "Control of Wind-Diesel Hybrid
System with BESS for Optimal Operation," IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, pp. 1-1, 2018.
[68] S. Baros and M. D. Ilic, "Multi-objective Lyapunov-based control of a
STATCOM/BESS," in 2015 IEEE Power and Energy Society Innovative
Smart Grid Technologies Conference, ISGT 2015, February 18, 2015 -
February 20, 2015, Washington, DC, United states, 2015: Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
[69] Y. Ge, W. Du, and T. Littler, "Applying STATCOM/BESS stabilizers in a
real large-scale power system," in 2nd IET Renewable Power Generation
Conference (RPG 2013), 2013, pp. 1-4.
[70] A. Rahmoun, N. Beg, A. Rosin, and H. Biechl, "Stability and eigenvalue
sensitivity analysis of a BESS model in a microgrid," in 2018 IEEE
International Energy Conference, ENERGYCON 2018, June 3, 2018 -
June 7, 2018, Limassol, Cyprus, 2018, pp. 1-6: Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers Inc.
[71] E. Shoubaki, S. Essakiappan, M. Manjrekar, and J. Enslin, "Synthetic
inertia for BESS integrated on the DC-link of grid-tied PV inverters," in
2017 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Power Electronics for
Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), 2017, pp. 1-5.
[72] L. Toma et al., "On the virtual inertia provision by BESS in low inertia
power systems," in 2018 IEEE International Energy Conference,
ENERGYCON 2018, June 3, 2018 - June 7, 2018, Limassol, Cyprus,
2018, pp. 1-6: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
[73] J.-K. Park, Y.-S. Baek, K.-S. Jeong, and J.-H. Park, "Optimal capacity
determination of BESS for customer using investment cost and electric
cost," Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.
64, no. 2, pp. 208-213, 2015.
[74] J. H. Angelim and C. M. Affonso, "Energy management on university
campus with photovoltaic generation and BESS using simulated
annealing," in 2nd IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference, TPEC
2018, February 8, 2018 - February 9, 2018, 275 Joe Routt Blvd #2240,
College Station, TX, United states, 2018, vol. 2018-February, pp. 1-6:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
[75] S. Chouhan, D. Tiwari, H. Inan, S. Khushalani-Solanki, and A. Feliachi,
"DER optimization to determine optimum BESS charge/discharge
schedule using Linear Programming," in 2016 IEEE Power and Energy
Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2016, pp. 1-5.
[76] H.-A. Park, S.-K. Kim, E.-S. Kim, J.-W. Yu, and S.-S. Kim, "Study on
BESS charging and discharging scheduling using particle swarm
optimization," Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical
Engineers, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 547-554, 2016.
[77] H.-L. Lee and Y.-H. Chun, "Operational strategy for a BESS-based
microgrid," Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers,
vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 1666-1672, 2015.
[78] M. C. Such and G. Y. Masada, "BESS control on an microgrid with
significant wind generation," in 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society
General Meeting, 2017, pp. 1-5.
[79] H. Lee, B. Koo, S. Lee, W. Kim, and J. Park, "Optimal Control of BESS
in Microgrid for Islanded Operation Using Fuzzy Logic," in 2014 5th
International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and
Simulation, 2014, pp. 468-473.
[80] M. Deepu Vijay, B. Singh, and G. Bhuvaneswari, "Standalone and grid
connected operations of a SynRG based WECS with BESS," in 2018
IEEMA Engineer Infinite Conference, eTechNxT 2018, March 13, 2018 -
March 14, 2018, New Delhi, India, 2018, pp. 1-6: Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers Inc.
[81] B. Han, "Battery SoC-based DC output voltage control of BESS in
stand-alone DC microgrid," in 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference
(TENCON), 2016, pp. 1445-1449.
[82] J. Liu, Z. Wang, G. Zhu, H. Xu, E. Bian, and C. Kang, "Island operation
control strategy for BESS in parallel based on droop control," in 2017
IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration
(EI2), 2017, pp. 1-5.
[83] S. Boyd, N. Parikh, E. Chu, B. Peleato, and J. Eckstein, "Distributed
optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of
multipliers," Foundations and Trends® in Machine learning, vol. 3, no. 1,
pp. 1-122, 2011.
[84] D. Gabay and B. Mercier, A dual algorithm for the solution of non linear
variational problems via finite element approximation. Institut de
recherche d'informatique et d'automatique, 1975.
[85] W.-J. Liu, M. Chi, Z.-W. Liu, Z.-H. Guan, J. Chen, and J.-W. Xiao,
"Distributed optimal active power dispatch with energy storage units and
power flow limits in smart grids," International Journal of Electrical Power
& Energy Systems, vol. 105, pp. 420-428, 2019.
[86] M. Nick, R. Cherkaoui, and M. Paolone, "Optimal siting and sizing of
distributed energy storage systems via alternating direction method of
multipliers," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
vol. 72, pp. 33-39, 2015.
[87] C. Eksin, A. Hooshmand, and R. Sharma, "A decentralized energy
management system," in Control Conference (ECC), 2015 European, 2015,
pp. 2260-2267: IEEE.
[88] H. Fang, D. Wu, and T. Yang, "Cooperative management of a lithium-ion
battery energy storage network: A distributed MPC approach," in Decision
and Control (CDC), 2016 IEEE 55th Conference on, 2016, pp. 4226-4232:
IEEE.
[89] R. Gupta et al., "An ADMM-based Coordination and Control Strategy for
PV and Storage to Dispatch Stochastic Prosumers: Theory and
Experimental Validation," arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.07641, 2018.
[90] O. Kilkki, I. Seilonen, K. Zenger, and V. Vyatkin, "Optimizing residential
heating and energy storage flexibility for frequency reserves,"
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 100, pp.
540-549, 2018.
[91] K. Lai and M. S. Illindala, "A distributed energy management strategy for
resilient shipboard power system," Applied Energy, vol. 228, pp. 821-832,
2018.
[92] M. Mesbahi and M. Egerstedt, Graph theoretic methods in multiagent
networks. Princeton University Press, 2010.
[93] L.-Y. Lu and C.-C. Chu, "Consensus-based Pf/QV droop control in
autonomous micro-grids with wind generators and energy storage
systems," in PES General Meeting| Conference & Exposition, 2014 IEEE,
2014, pp. 1-5: IEEE.
[94] Y. Xu, W. Zhang, G. Hug, S. Kar, and Z. Li, "Cooperative control of
distributed energy storage systems in a microgrid," IEEE Transactions on
smart grid, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 238-248, 2015.
[95] L.-Y. Lu and C.-C. Chu, "Consensus-based secondary frequency and
voltage droop control of virtual synchronous generators for isolated AC
micro-grids," IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits
and Systems, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 443-455, 2015.
[96] J. Khazaei, D. H. Nguyen, and N. G. M. Thao, "Primary and secondary
voltage/frequency controller design for energy storage devices using
consensus theory," in Renewable Energy Research and Applications
(ICRERA), 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on, 2017, pp. 447-453:
IEEE.
[97] Q. Cao, Y.-D. Song, J. M. Guerrero, and S. Tian, "Coordinated control for
flywheel energy storage matrix systems for wind farm based on
charging/discharging ratio consensus algorithms," IEEE Transactions on
Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1259-1267, 2016.
[98] J. Khazaei and Z. Miao, "Consensus control for energy storage systems,"
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2016.
[99] Xiangjun Li , Jingqiong Zhang, Yuting He, Dong Hui. "Optimal Control
Method of Energy Storage System Based on Adaptive Dynamic
Programming," Power System Technology, 2016.
[100]Yuanheng Zhu, Dongbin Zhao, Xiangjun Li."Iterative Adaptive Dynamic
Programming for Solving Unknown Nonlinear Zero-Sum Game Based on
Online Data," IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks & Learning
Systems, 2017, 28(3):714-725.
[101]Xianchao Sui, Yufei Tan, Haibo He, Jinyu Wen. "Energy-Storage-Based
Low-Frequency Oscillation Damping Control Using Particle Swarm
Optimization and Heuristic Dynamic Programming," IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, 2014, 29(5):2539-2548.
[102]Guoqiang Li, Daniel Gorges. "Ecological Adaptive Cruise Control and
Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on
Heuristic Dynamic Programming," IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, 2018:1-10.
[103]Yuanheng Zhu, Dongbin Zhao, Xiangjun Li, Ding Wang. "Control-limited
adaptive dynamic programming for multi-battery energy storage systems,"
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2018, PP(99), 1-1.
[104]M. Mao, T. Tao, Y. Ding, L. Chang, and N. Hatziargyriou, "Power
balance control and circulation current suppression for MMC-based EV
integration system considering users' requirements," in 2016 IEEE
Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2016, pp. 1-7.
AUTHOR et. al.: TITLE IS LIMITED TO 50 WORDS 15

[105]X. Xu, D. Ke, L. Li, and B. Xu, "Optimal Charging Strategy for battery energy storage system/stations, distributed generation systems, electric
Heterogeneous EVs for Cyber-Physical-Social Systems," in 2018 2nd vehicle, and micro-grids. His research interests include renewable energy
IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration power generation, electric energy saving/storage technology, and power system
(EI2), 2018, pp. 1-5. engineering. He has served as the Executive Vice Secretary-General of IEEE
[106]E. Alghsoon, A. Harb, and M. Hamdan, "Power quality and stability Power and Energy Society China Council, and the Chair of the IEEE CIS Task
impacts of Vehicle to grid (V2G) connection," in 2017 8th International Force on “ADP and RL in Power and Energy Internets”. He has also served as
Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), 2017, pp. 1-6.
the editor of the IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, editor of Protection
[107]M. Wang, P. Zeng, Y. Mu, H. Jia, W. Liang, and Y. Qi, "An efficient
and Control of Modern Power Systems (Springer journal), and guest editor of
power plant model of electric vehicles considering the travel behaviors of
EV users," in 2014 International Conference on Power System Engineering (Elsevier journal). He has been authorized 2 US Patent of
Technology, 2014, pp. 3322-3327. Invention and 43 Chinese Patents of Invention. Prof. Li is a Fellow of IET,
[108]L. Cheng, Y. Chang, Q. Wu, W. Lin, and C. Singh, "Evaluating Charging chartered engineer, and the senior members of IEEE, CSEE, CAS, and CES, etc.
Service Reliability for Plug-In EVs From the Distribution Network
Aspect," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 5, no. 4, pp.
1287-1296, 2014. Shangxing Wang received the B.S. in electrical
[109]Y. Li, P. Han, J. Wang, and X. Song, "Modeling and optimization engineering from South China University of
oriented to the micro-grid-EV joint system," in 2016 12th International Technology in 2011 and the M.S.& Ph.D. degree in
Conference on Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Power System and Automation from North China
Discovery (ICNC-FSKD), 2016, pp. 336-341. Electrical Power University in 2013/2017. Now, he is
[110]U. C. Chukwu and S. M. Mahajan, "V2G electric power capacity
working as an engineer in China Electrical Power
estimation and ancillary service market evaluation," in 2011 IEEE Power
and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1-8. Research Institute.
[111]D. Liu, Q. Zhong, Y. Wang, and G. Liu, "Modeling and control of a V2G Mr. Wang’s research directions include energy
charging station based on synchronverter technology," CSEE Journal of storage control and application, power grid security
Power and Energy Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 326-338, 2018. and stability analysis. He has several papers published
[112]O. Simon and D. Shkadarevich, "Application of V2G communication for on SCI/EI Search Publications.
wireless interoperable power transfer," in 2017 Twelfth International
Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER),
2017, pp. 1-5.
[113] S. Kulkarni, A. R. Thorat, and I. Korachagaon, "Bidirectional converter
for vehicle to grid (V2G) reactive power operation," in 2017 International
Conference on Circuit ,Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT),
2017, pp. 1-6
[114] Xiangjun Li, Shangxing Wang, Dong Hui. Summary and Prospect of
Operation Control and Application Method for Battery Energy Storage
Systems[J]. Power System Technology, Vol. 41 No. 10, Oct.2017.
[115] H. Liu, K. Huang, Y. Yang, H. Wei and S. Ma. Real-time vehicle-to-grid
control for frequency regulation with high frequency regulating signal.
Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 2018, 3(3): 141-148.
[116] Hui Cai, Qiyu Chen, Zhijian Guan and Junhui Huang."Day-ahead optimal
charging/discharging scheduling for electric vehicles in microgrids,"
Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 2018, 3(3): 93-107.
[117] Yihui Zuo, Xiangjun Li, Game theory applied in system of renewable
power generation with HVDC out-sending facilitated by hundred
megawatts Battery Energy Storage Station, 2016 IEEE Symposium Series
on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) , Dec.2016:1-5.
[118] Xiangjun Li, Dong Zhang, "Coordinated Control and Energy Management
Strategies for Hundred Megawatt-level Battery Energy Storage Stations
Based on Multi-agent Theory," 2018 International Conference on
Advanced Mechatronic Systems (ICAMechS), Sept.2018:1-5.
[119]Chakraborty S, Senjyu T, Toyama H, et al. Determination methodology
for optimizing the energy storage size for power system. IET
Generation,Transmission & Distribution, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 987-999, Nov.
2009.
[120]G Xu, H Cheng, S. Fang, et al. Optimal configuration of battery energy
storage system for peak-load regulation[C]. 2015 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific
Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), pp. 1-5.

Xiangjun Li (M’06–SM’12) was born in 1979. He

received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering
from Shenyang University of Technology, China, in
July 2001, and the M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical and electronic engineering from Kitami
Institute of Technology (KIT), Japan, in March 2004
and March 2006, respectively. From May 2006 to
March 2010, he worked as a postdoctoral research
fellow at Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER),
Daejeon, Korea, and Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, respectively. In
March 2010, he joined the Electrical Engineering and New Material
Department, China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI), Beijing, China,
where he has been engaged in the topic of
integration/control/SCADA/application technologies for large-scale multi-type